1
Peasants, Wars and Lots of Treaties.
The Medieval Swiss Confederation II
Dr. phil. Heinrich Speich MAS
Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.2022
2
2. To the origins of the Confederation:
of abbeys, lords, peasants and urban elites.
Dr. phil. Heinrich Speich MAS
Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.2022
Exercise: “Federal Charters” from 1291 to 1513
3 Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.2022
Content: 30.09.2022
1. Questions on 23.09. 5’
1. Topography, political structures
2. Sources to medieval Swiss history
3. Archaeological records
4. Historiography
4 Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.2022
Content: 30.09.2022
1. Questions on 23.09. 5’
2. Short presentations of further battles 30’
3. How it all began: the early middle ages 30’
4. Abbeys, lords, peasants and towns 60’
5. Break
6. Exercise: The Federal Charter of 1291 45’
5
Presentations of further battles
1. Morgarten 1315 Bendová, Anastázie
2. Marignano 1515 Kotek, Matěj
3. Sdf Lukášová, Marie
4. Sdf Pavlíčková, Aneta
5. Sdf Šmídová, Vendula
6. Sdf Urahigashi, Kazane
Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.2022
6
Content 30.9.
1. Of abbeys, lords etc… The heritage of the early middle ages 15’
2. Economy in the later middle ages 15’
3. Towns and City-states 20’
4. Rural communities 20’
5. The emerging Swiss Confederation and its foundation-myths 20’
6. Exercise: The Federal Charter of 1291 45’
Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.2022
7
1. Lordship
August Bachelin 1867: Settlement of stilt-houses in the neolithics.
8
Prehistory
August Bachelin 1867: Settlement of stilt-houses in the neolithics.
9
Late Roman Empire
10
Burgundy (6th c.)
The reign of Burgundy at the
Council of Epao (517).
1) Burgundy, 2) Alamannia,
3) Raetia, 4) Ostrogoths,
5) Wisigoths, 6) Francs.
Cities named: bishops present at
Epao.
Dates to save:
450: Burgunds in Sapaudia
500: King Gundobad wins against his
brother helped by the Franks
535: Franks conquer Burgundy
568: Longobards in Italy
630: King Dagobert I. king of Franks
11
Alamannia (6./ 7. c.)
Burgundy (6th c.)
The empires at the death of
Dagobert I. (634/635).
1: Neustro-Burgundian part
2: Austro-frankish part
3: Longobards
in green: diocese of Constance in
the circumscriptio of Dagobert I.
Dates to save:
496: battle of Zülpich
506: battle of Strasbourg
730: Frank Campaign agains Allamania
746: blood court at Cannstatt
12
Alamannic settlement
(5th-8th c.)
Toponymics of settlements 7th/8th c. : green: Alemannic names, red: romanic names.
13
Dates to save:
755: Pippin, king of Franks
774: Longobards defeated by Franks
506: battle of Strasbourg
746: blood court at Cannstatt
911: refoundation of the duchy of Swabia
Suabia in the early
Carolingian era
14
Suabia in the later Carolingian era:
The Golden Age of the Monasteries
15
Suabia in the later Carolingian era: St. Gall
Wolfcoz-Psalterium (Psalterium
Gallicanum cum Cantica). St. Gallen,
Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. Sang. 20;
Pergament · 362 pp. · 30.5 x 23.5 cm ·
St. Gallen , 820-830
Library cathalogue (mid 9th c.). St. Gallen,
Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. Sang. 728, Pergament ·
220 pp. · 25.5 x 16 cm · Mitte des 9.
Jahrhunderts (Capitularia Ansegis, Lex Salica,
Lex Ribuaria)
Folchart-Psalter (Psalterium
Gallicanum cum Cantica). St.
Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. Sang.
23, Pergament · 368 pp. · 38 x 29
cm · St. Gallen, 872-883
16
Suabia in the later Carolingian era: St. Gall
17
Suabia in the later Carolingian era: St. Gall
Sources from posessions of the abbey of St. Gall in the 8th/9th. c.
18
Sapaudia/Burgundy: St. Maurice
Burial church 380
Founded 515
Grew fast (6th)
Royal abbey of the
kings of Burgundy (6th)
Spiritual impact (7th)
Rich library
Important treasure
19
Sapaudia (Jura): Moutier-Granval
Founded 640
Grew fast 8th
Wealthy
Importance 9th
Decadence 15th
Disappeares 16th
20
Raetia Curiensis: Müstair
Founded 800
Buildings 800
21
Devisions of the Carolingian
Empire 843 / 870 / 879
22
The Ottonian Empire (10th c.)
23
Dioceses move to fortified towns
24
Dioceses move to fortified towns Augusta Raurica
Lists of Bishops from
330 onwards
Basel
Transfered to Basel
before 400
Grew fast 6-8th
Wealthy town from 10th
25
Between Burgundy and Suabia: the 9th/10th. c.
Dates to save:
455: expansion towards Burgundy
496: battle of Zülpich
506: battle of Strasbourg
746: blood court at Cannstatt
911: refoundation of the duchy
26
Between Burgundy and Suabia: the 11th/ 12th c.
Lenzburg (950-1173)
27
Princely dynasties in the 12th c.
dukes/counts
Burgundy / Savoie
Zähringen (†1218)
Habsburg (1040-)
Kyburg (†1264)
Montfort
28
Noble dynasties in the 13th c.
(counts)
Habsburg-Laufenburg (1232-1408)
Rapperswil (1192-1289)
Frohburg (Thierstein) (1000-1519)
Toggenburg (1209-1436)
Sargans-Werdenberg (1245-1534)
Savoie (1033-)
Neu-Kiburg (1250-1414)
Neuchâtel (FenisNidau/Aarberg) (1040-1395)
Gruyères (Ogoz) (1073-1575)
29
Foundation of towns
Towns founded before 1100
Founded 1100-1200
Founded 1200-1300
30
Long-distance trade routes (alpine-passes)
ResiaResia
Lukmanier
Splügen
Sempione
Simplon
St. Bernard
31
Long-distance trade routes (alpine-passes)
Resia
Lukmanier
Splügen
Sempione
Simplon
St. Bernard
Gotthard
32
Synopsis on the Swiss high middle-ages (-1300)
1. No geostrategic importance of the region
2. agricultural subsistence
3. Power gap after the extinction of the dynasties of Zähringen 1218,
Kyburg 1264, Rapperswil 1289
4. New route opened for long distance trade: Gotthard (13th c.)
5. Emerging towns in the Swiss Midlands
6. Genesis of Rural communities in the prealpine and alpine valleys
33
Content
1. Of abbeys, lords etc… The heritage of the early middle ages 15’
2. Economy in the later middle ages 15’
3. Towns and City-states 20’
4. Rural communities 20’
5. The emerging Swiss Confederation and its foundation-myths 20’
6. Exercise: The Federal Charter of 1291
Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.2022
34 Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.2022
2. Economy
35 Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.2022
Economy in the later middle ages :
36
Alpine forest-clearing
Northern prealps
Central alps
Southern prealps
37
Alpine economy based on lifestock farming
1. High-medieval warm period (900-1260)
2. stable supply of cereals and salt to the mountain regions
3. demand for meat in the cities of the surrounding urbanised regions
4. new milk processing technologies (hard cheese)
5. Inclusion of all levels in the production process
6. one-sided, highly specialised export economy (cheese, living animals)
Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.2022
38
Alpine economy - development
1. Subsistcence-agriculture prevail in the alpine valleys until the 14th century
2. Clearing of alpine forests pushed by abbeys and their manorial organisations
in the 13th century
3. Local takeover, organisation of clearing and posession
4. Conversion to capital-intensive cattle farming, financed by the cities
5. Emergence of a rural elite based on the surpluses of cattle farming
6. Buying-out of «rights» and collective «freedoms»
7. Political claims on lordship
Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.2022
Economy
Politics
39
Content
1. Of abbeys, lords etc… The heritage of the early middle ages 15’
2. Economy in the later middle ages 15’
3. Towns and City-states 20’
4. Rural communities 20’
5. The emerging Swiss Confederation and its foundation-myths 20’
6. Exercise: The Federal Charter of 1291 45’
Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.2022
40
3. Towns and city-states
41
Foundation of towns before 1300
Towns founded before 1100
Founded 1100-1200
Founded 1200-1300
Towns founded before 1100
Founded 1100-1200
Founded 1200-1300
City-rule
Counts of Habsburg
Habsburg collateral lines
1st half of the 14th c.
Imperial cities
43
5. Factors for urban communities
1. Freedoms and privileges
2. Municipal law, legal autonomy
3. Jurisdictional autonomy
4. The direct superior is only the King
(payment of taxes, revenue, law)
5. Coinage/fiscal law
44
From town to city-state…
1. Emerging towns in the Swiss midlands:
2. Imperial and Royal cities: Zürich, Berne, Solothurn, Laupen
3. Bishops towns: Basel, Constance, Lausanne, Geneva, Chur
4. Noble rule: Schaffhausen, Winterthur, Zofingen
5. Internal self-organisation and administration since the late 12th c.
6. Political (external) activities since the late 13th c.
45
From town to city-state…
1. Emerging towns in the Swiss midlands:
2. Imperial and Royal cities: Zürich, Berne, Solothurn, Laupen
3. Bishops towns: Basel, Constance, Lausanne, Geneva, Chur
4. Noble rule: Schaffhausen, Winterthur, Zofingen
5. Internal self-organisation and administration since the late 12th c.
6. Political (external) activities since the late 13th c.
46
…from city state to Confederate Canton
1. Lucerne: 1332 pact with Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden
2. Zürich: 1351 pact with Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden and Lucerne
3. Berne: 1353 pact with Uri, Schwyz Unterwalden
47
…from city-state to Confederate Canton
StABE C1a F Eidg.
(1353.03.06)
•Zurich
Bern•
Lucerne•
3 confed.
countries
48
…from city-state to Confederate Canton
StABE C1a F Eidg.
(1353.03.06)
•Zurich
(1351)
Bern•
Lucerne
(1332) •
3 confed.
countries
Epistle for Zurich and Lucerne:
no direct pact between the cities
Berne, Zurich and Lucerne
(bilateral character of the pact)
49
…from city-state to Confederate Canton
Concluded
alliances of
Berne
(1339-1364)
in brackets:
indirect alliances
50
…from city-state to Confederate Canton
Concluded
alliances of
Berne
(1364-1399)
51
4. Rural Communities
52
Content
1. Of abbeys, lords etc… The heritage of the early middle ages 15’
2. Economy in the later middle ages 15’
3. Towns and City-states 20’
4. Rural communities 20’
5. The emerging Swiss Confederation and its foundation-myths 20’
6. Exercise: The Federal Charter of 1291 45’
Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.2022
The Rural Communities
Rural
Communities
Rural
Communities:
• Uri 1291
• Schwyz 1291
• Ob-/Nidwalden 1291
• (Zug) 1352
• Glarus 1352
• Appenzell 1513
The Rural Communities
The Rural Communities
The Rural Communities
58
5. Factors for rural communities
1. Formal independence (privilegies)
2. Territory
3. Self government
4. Economy
5. Warfare
6. Image
59
5. Factors for rural communities
60
5. Factors for rural communities
61
5. Factors for urban communities
1. Freedoms and privileges
2. Municipal law, legal autonomy
3. Jurisdictional autonomy
4. The direct superior is only the King
(payment of taxes, revenue, law)
5. Coinage/fiscal law
62
5. Factors for urban communities
1291: UR 14.c. √
SZ 14.c. √
UW (hw) X
1332: LU (A) X
1351: ZH 13.c. √
1352: GL (A) X
ZG (A) X
1353: BE 14.c. √
1. Contract with CH Formal independence
63
5. Factors of formal indepencence
1. lower iurisdiction
2. higher iurisdiction
3. Lawgiving
4. Ownership/Property
5. Use/usufruct/interests
6. Lordship
7. Overlordship
8. Privilegies
9. Representation
Justice and Law
Posession
Regime
Image
64
5. Factors of formal indepencence: Schwyz
65
5. Factors of self government : Schwyz
mayor
courts
counsil
cantonal
assembly
presides
elects
66
Heiden (AR)
18th c.
Uri,
1920s
Obwalden 1970s
Appenzell
1930s
5. Self government: Cantonal Assembly
67
5. Self government: Cantonal Assembly
Glarus 2022
68
5. Founding myths
69
Content
1. Of abbeys, lords etc… The heritage of the early middle ages 15’
2. Economy in the later middle ages 15’
3. Towns and City-states 20’
4. Rural communities 20’
5. The emerging Swiss Confederation and its foundation-myths 20’
6. Exercise: The Federal charter of 1291 45’
Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.2022
70 Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.2022
5. Founding myths
71
5. Founding myths “Mythology is not a lie,
mythology is poetry, it is
metaphorical. It has been well
said that mythology is the
penultimate truth – penultimate
because the ultimate cannot be
put into words. It is beyond
words. Beyond images, beyond
that boundering rim of the
buddhist wheel of becoming.
Mythology pitches the mind
beyond that rim, to what can be
known but not told.“
Joseph Campbell, The power of myth (1988)
Jean Renggli,
Oath of the
Rütli (1891)
72
5. Founding myths
1. Until 1798, the founding myth of Switzerland supported solidarity within the alliances
against the outside world.
2. While the modern nation state was being formed, the founding myth contributed to the
formation of a national identity: Switzerland as a "nation of the will", which did not form a
homogeneous community either because of language or religion.
3. Instead, this very heterogeneity, which finds its expression in multilingualism or the
federalist system, became an important aspect of the "national culture". During the world
wars, the founding myth was also used to maintain neutrality: With the Alps as the setting
for its own founding story, as a metaphor of freedom and independence.
Translated from: https://collaboratiohelvetica.ch/en/blog/2018/8/1/wie-schaffen-mythen-realitten
73
Oath on the Rütli (attributed 1291)
1. The Rütli Oath is part of a historical narrative from the late 15th c. and part of the
founding legend of the Old Confederation.
2. According to the liberation tradition, the Rütli, a meadow above Lake Lucerne, was the
secret meeting place of the conspirators from the countries of Uri, Schwyz and
Unterwalden.
3. After the tyrannical murder of the bailiff Gessler by Tell, these conspirators carried out an
armed uprising against the tyrannical Habsburg bailiffs. The oath to mutual assistance of
the comrades is considered the foundation of the Old Confederation
4. According to the tradition, the oath was placed in 1307 or 1315, later in 1291
(abbreviated and translated from https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rütlischwur)
Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.202274
Rütli-meadow: location
Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.202275
76
Wilhelm Tell
1. Tell was an expert mountain climber and marksman with a crossbow who assassinated the
tyrannical reeve of the Austrian dukes of the House of Habsburg. Tell's defiance and
tyrannicide encouraged the population to open rebellion and a pact against the foreign rulers
with neighbouring Schwyz and Unterwalden, marking the foundation of the Swiss
Confederacy. Tell was considered the father of the Swiss Confederacy.
2. He was important as a symbol during the formative stage of modern Switzerland in the 19th
century, known as the period of Restoration and Regeneration, as well as in the wider history
of 18th- to 19th-century Europe as a symbol of resistance against aristocratic rule,
especially in the Revolutions of 1848 against the House of Habsburg which had ruled Austria
for centuries. (abbreviated from William Tell - Wikipedia)
Link to the czech version of the myth in: Vilém Tell | Národní knihovna České republiky | Kramerius - Digital Library (nkp.cz)
Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.202277
Ernst Stückelberg, Wilhelm Tell (1880) Wilhelm Tell shooting the apple from the head of his son,
attr.to Hans Küng (1507)
Ferdinand Hodler, Wilhelm Tell (1910).Scene of Wilhelm Tell from a dagger sheath (= Schweizerdoch, 1570)
Graphic print, D.T.
Meyer the elder, ,
Wilhelm Tell (1640)
78
5. Founding myths
1. Pact of 1291 as the basis of the Old Swiss Confederation
2. Wilhelm Tell as mythical “National hero”
3. Fusion of the two narrative elements into one master-narrative
in the late 15th c.
4. Focus on the three founding Cantons within the framework of
the national historiography of the federal state after 1848
79
Break
Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.2022
80
Content
1. Of abbeys, lords etc… The heritage of the early middle ages 15’
2. Economy in the later middle ages 15’
3. Towns and City-states 20’
4. Rural communities 20’
5. The emerging Swiss Confederation and its foundation-myths 20’
6. Exercise: The Federal charter of 1291 45’
Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.2022
81 Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.2022
The Federal Charter of 1291
82 Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.2022
83 Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.2022
84 Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.2022
85 Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.2022
In nomine domini amen. Honestati consulitur et utilitate publice providetur ,
dum pacta quietis et pacis statu debito solidantur. Noverint igitur universi,
quod homines vallis Uranie, universitatisque vallis de Switz, ac communitas
hominum intramontanorum vallis inferioris maliciam temporis attendentes, (…).
86 Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.2022
In nomine domini amen. Honestati
consulitur et utilitati publice
providetur, dum pacta quietis et
pacis statu debito solidantur.
Noverint igitur universi, quod
homines vallis Uranie
universitasque vallis de Switz ac
communitas hominum
Intramontanorum Vallis Inferioris
maliciam temporis attendentes,
For the common good
and proper establishment
of peace, the following
rules are agreed :
It is to be known that, view
of the troubled
circumstances of this time,
the people and
communities of Uri,
Schwyz and Nidwalden
87 Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.2022
…ut se et sua magis
defendere valeant et in
statu debito melius
conservare,
fide bona promiserunt
invicem sibi assistere
auxilio, consilio quolibet ac
favore, personis et rebus,
infra valles et extra, toto
posse, toto nisu contra
omnes ac singulos,…
…promise to assist
each other by every
means possible
against one and all
who may inflict on
them violence or
injustice within their
valleys and without.
88 Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.2022
…qui eis vel alicui de ipsis aliquam
intulerint violenciam, molestiam
aut iniuriam in personis et rebus
malum quodlibet machinando, ac
in omnem eventum quelibet
universitas promisit alteri
accurrere, cum necesse fuerit, ad
succurrendum et in expensis
propriis, prout opus fuerit, contra
impetus malignorum resistere,
iniurias vindicare, …
Each community shall
help the other with
every counsel and
favour and at its own
expense in the event
of any assault on
persons or goods
within and without the
valleys…
89 Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.2022
…prestito super hiis corporaliter
iuramento absque dolo
servandis antiquam
confederationis formam
iuramento vallatam presentibus
innovando,
ita tamen, quod quilibet homo
iuxta sui nominis conditionem
domino suo convenienter
subesse teneatur et servire.
… and to this end have
sworn a solemn oath to
uphold this agreement in
confirmation and renewal
of a more ancient accord.
Every man shall continue
to serve his overlord to
the best of his abilities.
90 Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.2022
Communi etiam consilio et
favore unanimi promisimus,
statuimus ac ordinavimus, ut in
vallibus prenotatis nullum
iudicem, qui ipsum officium
aliquo precio vel peccunia
aliqualiter comparaverit vel qui
noster incola vel conprovincialis
non fuerit, aliquatenus
accipiamus vel acceptamus.
The office of judge
may not be obtained
for any price and may
only be exercised by
those who are natives
or resident with us.
91 Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.2022
Si vero dissensio suborta fuerit
inter aliquos conspiratos,
prudenciores de conspiratis
accedere debent ad sopiendam
discordiam inter partes, prout
ipsis videbitur expedire, et que
pars illam respueret
ordinationem, alii contrarii
deberent fore conspirati.
Any dispute amongst
the Confederates shall
be settled by the
most prudent
amongst us, whose
decision shall be
defended by all.
92 Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.2022
Super omnia autem inter ipsos extitit
statutum, ut, qui alium fraudulenter et
sine culpa trucidaverit, si deprehensus
fuerit, vitam ammittat, nisi suam de
dicto maleficio valeat ostendere
innocenciam, suis nefandis culpis
exigentibus, et si forsan discesserit,
numquam remeare debet.
Receptatores et defensores prefati
malefactoris a vallibus segregandi sunt,
donec a coniuratis provide revocentur.
Those who commit
murder shall
themselves be put to
death. A murderer
who flees may never
return.
Those who protect him
shall themselves be
banished from the
valley until they are
recalled by the
Confederates.
93 Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.2022
Si quis vero quemquam de
conspiratis die seu nocte silentio
fraudulenter per incendium
vastaverit, is numquam haberi debet
pro conprovinciali. Et si quis dictum
malefactorem fovet et defendit infra
valles, satisfactionem prestare debet
dampnificato.
Those who maliciously
injure others by fire
shall lose their rights
as fellow countrymen,
and anyone who
protects and defends
such an evil-doer shall
be held liable for the
damage done.
94 Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.2022
Ad hec si quis de coniuratis alium
rebus spoliaverit vel
dampnificaverit qualitercumque,
si res nocentis infra valles
possunt reperiri, servari debent
ad procurandam secundum
iusticiam lesis satisfactionem.
Any man who robs a
Confederate or injures
him in any way shall
be held liable to the
extent of his property
in the valleys.
95 Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.2022
Insuper nullus capere debet
pignus alterius, nisi sit manifeste
debitor vel fideiussor, et hoc
tantum fieri debet de licencia sui
iudicis speciali.
Preter hec quilibet obedire debet
suo iudici et ipsum, si necesse
fuerit, iudicem ostendere infra
<valles>, sub quo parere potius
debeat iuri.
The property of
debtors or sureties
may only be seized
with the permission of
a judge
Every man shall obey
his judge and must if
need be indicate the
judge in the valley
before whom he must
appear.
96 Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.2022
Et si quis iudicio rebellis
exstiterit ac de ipsius
pertinatia quis de conspiratis
dampnificatus fuerit,
predictum contumacem ad
prestandam satisfactionem
iurati conpellere tenentur
universi.
Any man who rebels
against a verdict and
thereby injures a
Confederate shall be
compelled by all other
Confederates to make
good the damage
done.
97 Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.2022
Si vero guerra vel discordia inter
aliquos de conspiratis suborta
fuerit, si pars una litigantium
iusticie vel satisfactionis non
curat recipere complementum,
reliquam defendere tenentur
coniurati.
War or discord amongst the
Confederates shall be
settled by an arbiter and if
any party fails to accept the
decision or fails to make
good the damage, the
Confederates are bound to
defend the other party.
98 Heinrich Speich – Peasants, wars and lots of treaties. Origins, 30.09.2022
Suprascriptis statutis pro communi
utilitate salubriter ordinatis
concedente domino in perpetuum
duraturis.
In cuius facti evidentiam presens
instrumentum ad peti<ci>onem
predictorum confectum sigillorum
prefatarum trium universitatum et
vallium est munimine roboratum.
Actum anno domini M CC Lxxxx
primo incipiente mense Augusto.
These rules for the
common good shall
endure forever.
Done with the seals of
the three
aforementioned
communities and valleys
at the beginning of
August 1291.