Syntax
Pavel Caha
11 Oct 2020
<□► < [S1 ► < -E *■ < -š ►      š Q, O
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Recap
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The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the meal.
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(1)
The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the meal.
sentence
subject
?predicate? object
adverbial
the customer in the corner     will order     the drinks     before the meal
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(1)     The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the meal.
sentence
subject
?predicate? object
adverbial
the customer in the corner     will order     the drinks     before the meal
(2)     Constituents can be
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(1)     The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the meal.
sentence
subject
?predicate? object
adverbial
the customer in the corner     will order     the drinks     before the meal
(2)     Constituents can be
a.    replaced by a pronoun
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(1)     The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the meal.
sentence
subject
?predicate? object
adverbial
the customer in the corner     will order     the drinks     before the meal
(2)
Constituents can be
a. replaced by a pronoun
b. moved around
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(1)     The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the meal.
sentence
subject ?predicate?      object adverbial
the customer in the corner     will order     the drinks     before the meal
(2)     Constituents can be
a. replaced by a pronoun
b. moved around
c. provided as an answer to a question
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(1)     The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the meal.
sentence
subject ?predicate?      object adverbial
the customer in the corner     will order     the drinks     before the meal
(2)     Constituents can be
a. replaced by a pronoun
b. moved around
c. provided as an answer to a question
d. co-ordinated
□ S1
(1)     The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the meal.
sentence
subject ?predicate?      object adverbial
the customer in the corner     will order     the drinks     before the meal
(2)     Constituents can be
a. replaced by a pronoun
b. moved around
c. provided as an answer to a question
d. co-ordinated
e. elided
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(1)     The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the meal.
sentence
subject ?predicate?      object adverbial
the customer in the corner     will order     the drinks     before the meal
(2)     Constituents can be
a. replaced by a pronoun
b. moved around
c. provided as an answer to a question
d. co-ordinated
e. elided
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The predicate
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► So far, there is no rule that targets the predicate will order
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► So far, there is no rule that targets the predicate will order
► Is the predicate a constituent?
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► So far, there is no rule that targets the predicate will order
► Is the predicate a constituent?
► Well, no...
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Pronoun replacement
(3)     The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the meal.
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Pronoun replacement
(3) The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the meal.
(4) He will pay for them later.
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Pronoun replacement
(3) The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the meal.
(4) He will pay for them later.
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Pronoun replacement
(3) The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the meal.
(4) He will pay for them later.
(5) The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the meal but in order to do so before the meal he will first need a wine list.
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Pronoun replacement
(3) The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the meal.
(4) He will pay for them later.
(5) The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the meal but in order to do so before the meal he will first need a wine list.
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Pronoun replacement
(3) The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the meal.
(4) He will pay for them later.
(5) The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the meal but in order to do so before the meal he will first need a wine list.
(6) The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the meal but in order to do so he needs a wine list now.
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Pronoun replacement
(3) The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the meal.
(4) He will pay for them later.
(5) The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the meal but in order to do so before the meal he will first need a wine list.
(6) The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the meal but in order to do so he needs a wine list now.
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sentence
subject ?predicate?      object adverbial
the customer in the corner     will order     the drinks     before the mea
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sentence
subject ?predicate?      object adverbial
the customer in the corner     will order     the drinks     before the meal
□ i5"
event
event adverbial
hit    thing    with a hat
the dog
event
event
event
adverbial
event
adverbial
hit    thing    with a hat
order
the dog
before the meal
the drinks
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event
event
adverbial
order
before the meal
the drinks
event
anchored event
event
adverbial
will event
order
the drinks
before the meal event
order
adverbial
before the meal
the drinks
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The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the meal but in order to do so before the meal he will first need a wine list.
(7)     The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the
meal but in order to do so before the meal he will first need a wine list.
anchored event
will event
event
adverbial
order
thing     before the meal
the drinks
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The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the meal but in order to do so he needs a wine list now.
(8)     The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the meal but in order to do so he needs a wine list now.
anchored event
event adverbial
order    thing     before the meal
the drinks
□ S1
anchored event
subject
the customer in the corner event
order
adverbial
before the meal
the drinks
sentence
subject
anchored event
the customer in the corner    will event
event
adverbial
order
before the meal
the drinks
Movement
(9)     The drinks, the customer in the corner will order before the meal (but the dessert, they will order later).
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Movement
(9) The drinks, the customer in the corner will order before the meal (but the dessert, they will order later).
(10) Order their drinks before the meal, they will.
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Movement
(9) The drinks, the customer in the corner will order before the meal (but the dessert, they will order later).
(10) Order their drinks before the meal, they will.
(11) Order their drinks, they will before the meal.
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Order their drinks before the meal, they will.
(12)     Order their drinks before the meal, they will,
sentence
subject
?predicate? object
adverbia
the customer in the corner     will order     their drinks     before the mea
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(13)     Order their drinks, they will before the meal.
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(13)     Order their drinks, they will before the meal.
sentence
subject     ?predicate?       object adverbial
they        will order     their drinks     before the meal
□ S1
Order their drinks, they will before the meal.
(14)     Order their drinks, they will before the mea
anchored event
event
adverbia
order
before the meal
their drinks
□ S1
=
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(15)     Order their drinks before the meal, they will.
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(15)     Order their drinks before the meal, they will,
anchored event
will event
event
adverbial
order
before the meal
their drinks
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A: The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the meal.
B: Actually, I wouldn't be so sure that he will —.
ellipsis
(16)
A: The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the meal.
(17)     B: Actually, I wouldn't be so sure that he will —.
sentence
subject
?predicate? object
adverbia
the customer in the corner     will order     the drinks     before the mea
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(18) A: The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the meal.
(19) B: Actually, I wouldn't be so sure that he will —.
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(18) A: The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the meal.
(19) B: Actually, I wouldn't be so sure that he will —.
anchored event
event adverbial
order    thing     before the meal
the drinks
Coordination
(20)     The customer in the corner will order the dessert and the drinks before the meal.
□ if?1
Coordination
(20) The customer in the corner will order the dessert and the drinks before the meal.
(21) a.    The customer in the corner will order the drinks before
the meal and accompany his guests into the dining room.
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Coordination
(20) The customer in the corner will order the dessert and the drinks before the meal.
(21) a.    The customer in the corner will order the drinks before
the meal and accompany his guests into the dining room.
b.   The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the meal and accompany his guests into the dining room.
Coordination
(20) The customer in the corner will order the dessert and the drinks before the meal.
(21) a.    The customer in the corner will order the drinks before
the meal and accompany his guests into the dining room.
b. The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the meal and accompany his guests into the dining room.
c. The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the meal and accompany his guests into the dining room.
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Coordination
(20) The customer in the corner will order the dessert and the drinks before the meal.
(21) a.    The customer in the corner will order the drinks before
the meal and accompany his guests into the dining room.
b. The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the meal and accompany his guests into the dining room.
c. The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the meal and accompany his guests into the dining room.
d. The customer in the corner will [ order the drinks before the meal ] and accompany his guests into the dining room.
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Coordination
(22)     a.    The customer will order the drinks before the meal and
is waiting for the wine list.
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Coordination
(22)     a.    The customer will order the drinks before the meal and
is waiting for the wine list, b.   The customer will order the drinks before the meal and is waiting for the wine list.
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Coordination
(22)     a.    The customer will order the drinks before the meal and
is waiting for the wine list.
b. The customer will order the drinks before the meal and is waiting for the wine list.
c. The customer will order the drinks before the meal and is waiting for the wine list.
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Coordination
(22)     a.    The customer will order the drinks before the meal and
is waiting for the wine list.
b. The customer will order the drinks before the meal and is waiting for the wine list.
c. The customer will order the drinks before the meal and is waiting for the wine list.
d. The customer will order the drinks before the meal and is waiting for the wine list.
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(23)     The customer will order the drinks before the meal and is waiting for the wine list.
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(23)     The customer will order the drinks before the meal and is waiting for the wine list.
sentence
subject
anchored event
the customer in the corner    will event
event
adverbial
order
before the meal
the drinks
□ a
(24)     The customer will order the drinks before the meal and is waiting for the wine list.
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(24)     The customer will order the drinks before the meal and is waiting for the wine list.
anchored event
subject
the customer in the corner event
order
adverbial
before the meal
the drinks
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Constituency diagnostics
(25)     Constituents can be
Constituency diagnostics
(25)     Constituents can be
a.    replaced by a pronoun
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Constituency diagnostics
(25)     Constituents can be
a. replaced by a pronoun
b. moved around
Constituency diagnostics
(25)     Constituents can be
a. replaced by a pronoun
b. moved around
c. provided as an answer to a question
□ s
Constituency diagnostics
(25)     Constituents can be
a. replaced by a pronoun
b. moved around
c. provided as an answer to a question
d. co-ordinated
Constituency diagnostics
(25)     Constituents can be
a. replaced by a pronoun
b. moved around
c. provided as an answer to a question
d. co-ordinated
e. elided
□ s
Constituency diagnostics
(25)     Constituents can be
a. replaced by a pronoun
b. moved around
c. provided as an answer to a question
d. co-ordinated
e. elided
□ s
(26)
sentence
subject
anchored event
The customer in the corner
modified event
plain event
adverbial
order    object    before the dinner
the drinks
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The customer will order the drinks before the meal and waiting for the wine list.
(27)     The customer will order the drinks before the meal and is waiting for the wine list.
sentence
subject
anchored event
the customer in the corner    will event
event
adverbia
order
before the meal
the drinks
□ s
(27)     The customer will order the drinks before the meal and is waiting for the wine list.
sentence
subject
anchored event
the customer in the corner
event
adverbial
order
before the meal
the drinks
(28)
Binary composition hypothesis
All syntactic structure is (at most) binary.
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sentence
subject
predicate
object
adverbial
the customer in the corner     will order     the drinks     before the meal
(29)     Binary composition hypothesis
All syntactic structure is (at most) binary.
□ S1
=
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binary branching and co-ordination
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coordination
(30)     John and Mary will go to the movies.
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coordination
(30)     John and Mary will go to the movies.
sentence
subject
anchored event
John     and     Mary    will event
go location
to thing
the movies
coordination
(31)     John and Mary will go to the movies.
sentence
subject     anchored event
John
will event
and     Mary    g0 |ocation
movies
family relations
□ s
mother
daughter 1     daughter 2
• • • • • •
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mother
daughter 1     daughter 2
grand-daughter
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mother
daughter sister
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terminal nodes labels
r-r       I I y T- y r\ /""\
ary
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sentence
subject
anchored event
the customer in the corner    will event
event
adverbial
order
before the meal
the drinks
Parts of speech a.    nouns = things
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Parts of speech
a. nouns = things
b. verbs = events
Parts of speech
a. nouns = things
b. verbs = events
c. adjectives = properties
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Parts of speech
a. nouns = things
b. verbs = events
c. adjectives = properties
d. prepositions = locations, paths
Parts of speech
a. nouns = things
b. verbs = events
c. adjectives = properties
d. prepositions = locations, paths
e. auxiliaries = tense
sentence
subject
anchored event
the customer in the corner TENSE
event
will event
order
adverbial
before the meal
the drinks
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sentence
subject
anchored event
the customer in the corner TENSE
event
will event
adverbial
EVENT
order    the drinks
before the meal
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event thing order    the drinks
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event
thing
event
order    the drinks
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event
thing
event
order    the drinks
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"he head
event event thing order    the drinks
(33)     The head is the daughter that determines the type of meaning that the mother node has
e head
event event thing order    the drinks
(33) The head is the daughter that determines the type of meaning that the mother node has
(34) a.    He drank a cup of coffee
"he head
event
event thing
order    the drinks
(33) The head is the daughter that determines the type of meaning that the mother node has
(34) a.    He drank a cup of coffee
b.    He was holding a cup of coffee
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"he head
(35)     The head
a.    determines the type of meaning that the mother node has
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The head
(35)     The head
a. determines the type of meaning that the mother node has
b. determines the distribution of the whole
□ s
"he head
(35)     The head
a. determines the type of meaning that the mother node has
b. determines the distribution of the whole
c. determines the form of the sister node
<□► < [fP ► <      *■ < -E ►      E Q, O
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John will...
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John will...
a.   John will sleep
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John will •••
a. John will sleep
b. ??John will the house
John will...
a. John will sleep
b. ??John will the house
[buy] (event) + [the house] (thing)
(36) John will ...
a. John will sleep
b. ??John will the house
(37) [buy] (event) + [the house] (thing) event
event
thing
buy    the house
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(36) John will ...
a. John will sleep
b. ??John will the house
(37) [buy] (event) + [the house] (thing) event
buy    the house (38)      Joh n will [event buy the house]
event
thing
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Princ       políbil žáb-u the.prince kissed a.frog.ACC
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Princ       políbil žáb-u the.prince kissed a.frog.ACC Princ       pomohl žáb-ě the.prince kissed a.frog-DAT
"he head
(40)     The head
a.    determines the type of meaning that the mother node has
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The head
(40)     The head
a. determines the type of meaning that the mother node has
b. determines the distribution of the whole
□ s
"he head
(40)     The head
a. determines the type of meaning that the mother node has
b. determines the distribution of the whole
c. determines the form of the sister node
<□► < [fP ► <      *■ < -E ►      E Q, O
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(41)
sentence
subject anchored event
The customer in the corner    order    the drinks    before the dinner
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(42)
sentence
sub]^^^^^^^6 event
The customer in the corner    order    the drinks    before the dinner
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(43)
sentence
subjert^^     ^nch^ed event
The customer in the corner    order    the drinks    before the dinner
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(44)
sentence
subjert^^     ^nch^ed event
The customer in the corner    order    the drinks    before the dinner
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(45)
sentence
subjert^^     ^nch^ed event
The customer in the corner    order    the drinks    before the dinner
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V
object
The customer in the corner    order    the drinks    before the dinner
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Mary will [VP wait for some news].
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(47)     a.    Mary will [VP wait for some news].
b. *Mary will [VP waiting for some news].
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Mary will [VP wait for some news]. *Mary will [VP waiting for some news]. *Mary will [VP waited for some news].
Mary will [VP wait for some news]. *Mary will [VP waiting for some news]. *Mary will [VP waited for some news].
*Mary is [VP wait for some news].
Mary will [VP wait for some news]. *Mary will [VP waiting for some news]. *Mary will [VP waited for some news].
*Mary is [VP wait for some news]. Mary is [VP waiting for some news].
(47) a. Mary will [VP wait for some news].
b. *Mary will [VP waiting for some news].
c. *Mary will [VP waited for some news].
(48) a. *Mary is [VP wait for some news].
b. Mary is [VP waiting for some news].
c. *Mary is [VP waited for some news].
□ a
(47) a. Mary will [VP wait for some news].
b. *Mary will [VP waiting for some news].
c. *Mary will [VP waited for some news].
(48) a. *Mary is [VP wait for some news].
b. Mary is [VP waiting for some news].
c. *Mary is [VP waited for some news].
(49) a. Mary has [VP waited for some news].
□ S1
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(47) a.    Mary will [VP wait for some news].
b. *Mary will [VP waiting for some news].
c. *Mary will [VP waited for some news].
(48) a. *Mary is [VP wait for some news].
b. Mary is [VP waiting for some news].
c. *Mary is [VP waited for some news].
(49) a.    Mary has [VP waited for some news], b. *Mary has [VP waiting for some news].
(47) a.    Mary will [VP wait for some news].
b. *Mary will [VP waiting for some news].
c. *Mary will [VP waited for some news].
(48) a. *Mary is [VP wait for some news].
b. Mary is [VP waiting for some news].
c. *Mary is [VP waited for some news].
(49) a.    Mary has [VP waited for some news].
b. *Mary has [VP waiting for some news].
c. *Mary has [VP wait for some news].
□ s
V
object
The customer in the corner    order    the drinks    before the dinner
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(51)
sentence
subject
TP
T
will VP
VP
adverbial
NP
V
The customer in the corner    order    the drinks    before the dinner
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(52)
sentence
NP
TP
T
will VP
VP
adverbial
NP
V
The customer in the corner    order    the drinks    before the dinner
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before the meal
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before the meal before that
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before the meal before that
before    the meal
before the meal before that
before    the meal *l will see him the meal
before the meal before that
NP
before    the meal *l will see him the meal I will see him before the meal
□ s
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before the meal before that
before    the meal *l will see him the meal I will see him before the meal
PP
before    the meal
(54)
sentence
NP
TP
T
will VP
VP
PP
NP
V
The customer in the corner    order    the drinks    before the dinner
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(55)
TP
NP
TP
T
will VP
V
VP
PP
NP
The customer in the corner    order    the drinks    before the dinner
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(55)
TP
NP
TP
T
will VP
V
VP
NP
The customer in the corner order the drinks (56)some notions
a.    complement = the sister of the head
□ s1
(55)
TP
NP
TP
NP
T
will VP
V
The customer in the corner order the drinks (56)some notions
a. complement = the sister of the head
b. adjunct = optional modifier
VP
(55)
TP
NP
TP
NP
T
will VP
V
The customer in the corner order the drinks (56)some notions
a. complement = the sister of the head
b. adjunct = optional modifier
c. specifier = obligatory modifier
VP
-r) <\ ry 65/68
(57)     tree = family tree
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tree = family tree mother, sister,...
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tree = family tree mother, sister,...
Parts of speech a.    nouns = things
tree = family tree mother, sister,...
Parts of speech
a. nouns = things
b. verbs = events
tree = family tree mother, sister,...
Parts of speech
a. nouns = things
b. verbs = events
c. adjectives = properties
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tree = family tree mother, sister,...
Parts of speech
a. nouns = things
b. verbs = events
c. adjectives = properties
d. prepositions = locations, paths
tree = family tree mother, sister,...
Parts of speech
a. nouns = things
b. verbs = events
c. adjectives = properties
d. prepositions = locations, paths
e. auxiliaries = tense
(57) tree = family tree mother, sister,...
(58) Parts of speech
a. nouns = things
b. verbs = events
c. adjectives = properties
d. prepositions = locations, paths
e. auxiliaries = tense
(59) The head
a.    determines the type of meaning that the mother node has
(57) tree = family tree mother, sister,...
(58) Parts of speech
a. nouns = things
b. verbs = events
c. adjectives = properties
d. prepositions = locations, paths
e. auxiliaries = tense
(59) The head
a. determines the type of meaning that the mother node has
b. determines the distribution of the whole
□ s
(57) tree = family tree mother, sister,...
(58) Parts of speech
a. nouns = things
b. verbs = events
c. adjectives = properties
d. prepositions = locations, paths
e. auxiliaries = tense
(59) The head
a. determines the type of meaning that the mother node has
b. determines the distribution of the whole
c. determines the form of the sister node
<□► < if? ► < -z ► < -E ►     -E O
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(57) tree = family tree mother, sister,...
(58) Parts of speech
a. nouns = things
b. verbs = events
c. adjectives = properties
d. prepositions = locations, paths
e. auxiliaries = tense
(59) The head
a. determines the type of meaning that the mother node has
b. determines the distribution of the whole
c. determines the form of the sister node
<□► < if? ► < -z ► < -E ►     -E O
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(60) notions
a. complement = the sister of the head
b. adjunct = optional modifier
c. specifier = obligatory modifier
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References
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