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Syntax
Pavel Caha
1 Nov 2021
1 / 62
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Recap
Noun phrase
Does the mirror principle describe di erences among lan-
guages?
Head movement
Chosing between head-movement and a x hopping
Back to Czech
2 / 62
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Cons tuency tests
(1) Cons tuents can be
a. replaced by a pronoun
b. moved around
c. provided as an answer to a ques on
d. co-ordinated
e. elided
3 / 62
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Cons tuency tests
(1) Cons tuents can be
a. replaced by a pronoun
b. moved around
c. provided as an answer to a ques on
d. co-ordinated
e. elided
(2) The head
a. determines the type of meaning
b. determines the distribu on of the whole
c. determines the form of the sister node
3 / 62
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TP
NP
The customer in the corner
TP
T
will
VP
VP
V
order
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
4 / 62
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TP
NP
The customer in the corner
TP
T
will
VP
VP
V
order
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
(3) a. VP → describe an event
b. TP → anchor it in me with respect to the speech me
4 / 62
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TP
NP
the customer in the corner
TP
T
will
AspP
Asp
be
VP
VP
V
ordering
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
(4) a. VP → describe an event
b. AspP → perspec ve: event seen from inside/outside
c. TP → anchor it in me with respect to the speech me
5 / 62
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CP
C
that
TP
NP
the customer in the corner
TP
T
will
AspP
Asp
be
VP
VP
V
ordering
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
(5) a. VP → describe an event
b. AspP → perspec ve: event as a whole/part of the event
c. TP → anchor it in me with respect to the speech me
d. CP → the anchored event is a fact/wish/query/condi on 6 / 62
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Czech
(6) a. objedn
order
-at
‘to
order’
7 / 62
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Czech
(6) a. objedn
order
-at
‘to
order’
b. objedn
order
-áv
-
-at
‘to
be ordering’
7 / 62
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Czech
(6) a. objedn
order
-at
‘to
order’
b. objedn
order
-áv
-
-at
‘to
be ordering’
c. objedn
order
-áv
-
-á
-
-š
-2.
‘you are ordering’
7 / 62
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Czech
(6) a. objedn
order
-at
‘to
order’
b. objedn
order
-áv
-
-at
‘to
be ordering’
c. objedn
order
-áv
-
-á
-
-š
-2.
‘you are ordering’
d. objedn
order
-áv
-
-á
-
-m
-1.
‘I am ordering’
7 / 62
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Czech
(6) a. objedn
order
-at
‘to
order’
b. objedn
order
-áv
-
-at
‘to
be ordering’
c. objedn
order
-áv
-
-á
-
-š
-2.
‘you are ordering’
d. objedn
order
-áv
-
-á
-
-m
-1.
‘I am ordering’
e. objedn
order
-áv
-
-á
-
-š
-2.
-li
‘if
you are ordering’
7 / 62
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Czech
(7) objedn
order
-áv
-
-á
-
-š
-2.
-li
‘if
you are ordering’
(8) Czech order
event > asp > tense > subject > mood
8 / 62
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Czech
(7) objedn
order
-áv
-
-á
-
-š
-2.
-li
‘if
you are ordering’
(8) Czech order
event > asp > tense > subject > mood
(9) English order:
that you will be ordering the drinks
mood > subject > tense > aspect > event
8 / 62
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Czech
(7) objedn
order
-áv
-
-á
-
-š
-2.
-li
‘if
you are ordering’
(8) Czech order
event > asp > tense > subject > mood
(9) English order:
that you will be ordering the drinks
mood > subject > tense > aspect > event
▶ The English order is the mirror image of the Czech one
8 / 62
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C
T
T
Asp
V
objedn
Asp
-áv
T
-á
subj
-š
C
-li
C
C
that
T
subj
you
T
T
will
Asp
Asp
be
V
ordering
9 / 62
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(10) The Mirror Principle
a. The order of morphemes inside words is the mirror
image of the order of words in syntax
10 / 62
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(10) The Mirror Principle
a. The order of morphemes inside words is the mirror
image of the order of words in syntax
b. The order of morphemes mirrors the syntac c
deriva on
10 / 62
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Recap
Noun phrase
Does the mirror principle describe di erences among lan-
guages?
Head movement
Chosing between head-movement and a x hopping
Back to Czech
11 / 62
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Czech
(11) a. nosorožec
rhino
12 / 62
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Czech
(11) a. nosorožec
rhino
b. nosorožc
rhino
-em
‘by (the) rhino’
12 / 62
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Czech
(11) a. nosorožec
rhino
b. nosorožc
rhino
-em
‘by (the) rhino’
c. nosorožc
rhino
-i
‘to (the) rhino’
12 / 62
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Czech
(11) a. nosorožec
rhino
b. nosorožc
rhino
-em
‘by (the) rhino’
c. nosorožc
rhino
-i
‘to (the) rhino’
K
K
by/to
N
rhino
K
N
nosorožc
K
-i/-em
12 / 62
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(12) youngsters
a. nosoržc
rhino
-em
-
13 / 62
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.
(12) youngsters
a. nosoržc
rhino
-em
b.
nosoržč
rhino
-et
-
-em
‘by
(the) baby
rhino’
13 / 62
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.
(12) youngsters
a. nosoržc
rhino
-em
b.
nosoržč
rhino
-et
-
-em
‘by
(the) baby
rhino’
c. nosoržc
rhino
-i
-
13 / 62
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.
(12) youngsters
a. nosoržc
rhino
-em
b.
nosoržč
rhino
-et
-
-em
‘by
(the) baby
rhino’
c. nosoržc
rhino
-i
d.
nosoržč
rhino
-et
-
-i
‘to
(the) baby rhino’
13 / 62
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(12) youngsters
a. nosoržc
rhino
-em
b.
nosoržč
rhino
-et
-
-em
‘by
(the) baby
rhino’
c. nosoržc
rhino
-i
d.
nosoržč
rhino
-et
-
-i
‘to
(the) baby rhino’
K
K
by/to
Young
Young
baby
N
rhino
K
Young
N
nosorožč
baby
-et
K
-i/-em
13 / 62
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.
(13) youngsters
a. nosoržč
rhino
-et
-
-em
‘by
(the) baby rhino’
14 / 62
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.
(13) youngsters
a. nosoržč
rhino
-et
-
-em
‘by
(the) baby rhino’
b. nosoržč
rhino
-át
-
-k
-
-em
‘by
(the) small baby rhino’
14 / 62
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(13) youngsters
a. nosoržč
rhino
-et
-
-em
‘by
(the) baby rhino’
b. nosoržč
rhino
-át
-
-k
-
-em
‘by
(the) small baby rhino’
K
K
by
Size
size
small
Age
Young
baby
N
rhino
K
Size
Age
N
nosorožc
baby
-át
Size
-k
K
-em
14 / 62
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The construc on of the noun phrase
(14) (you can open the lock) with these two old keys
15 / 62
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The construc on of the noun phrase
(14) (you can open the lock) with these two old keys
▶ describe the thing by lis ng its proper es (old keys)
15 / 62
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The construc on of the noun phrase
(14) (you can open the lock) with these two old keys
▶ describe the thing by lis ng its proper es (old keys)
▶ say how many they are (two)
15 / 62
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The construc on of the noun phrase
(14) (you can open the lock) with these two old keys
▶ describe the thing by lis ng its proper es (old keys)
▶ say how many they are (two)
▶ ‘anchor’ the object in space (these/those)
15 / 62
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The construc on of the noun phrase
(14) (you can open the lock) with these two old keys
▶ describe the thing by lis ng its proper es (old keys)
▶ say how many they are (two)
▶ ‘anchor’ the object in space (these/those)
▶ say what role this object has in the event (with = instrument)
15 / 62
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The construc on of the noun phrase
(15) (you can open the lock) with these two old keys
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The construc on of the noun phrase
(15) (you can open the lock) with these two old keys
NP
A
old
N
keys
16 / 62
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The construc on of the noun phrase
(16) (you can open the lock) with these two old keys
?P
Num
two
NP
A
old
N
keys
17 / 62
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(17) He wants to sell (one thousand) apples
18 / 62
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(17) He wants to sell (one thousand) apples
(18) a. Chce
he.wants
prodat
to.sell
(* síc)
one.thousand
jabka
apples
18 / 62
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(17) He wants to sell (one thousand) apples
(18) a. Chce
he.wants
prodat
to.sell
(* síc)
one.thousand
jabka
apples
b. Chce
he.wants
prodat
to.sell
síc
one.thousand
jablek
apples
18 / 62
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(17) He wants to sell (one thousand) apples
(18) a. Chce
he.wants
prodat
to.sell
(* síc)
one.thousand
jabka
apples
b. Chce
he.wants
prodat
to.sell
síc
one.thousand
jablek
apples
c. ??Chce
he.wants
prodat
to.sell
jablek
apples
18 / 62
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The construc on of the noun phrase
(19) (you can open the lock) with these two old keys
NumP
Num
two
NP
A
old
N
keys
19 / 62
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The construc on of the noun phrase
(20) (you can open the lock) with these two old keys
DemP
Dem
these
NumP
Num
two
NP
A
old
N
keys
20 / 62
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The construc on of the noun phrase
(20) (you can open the lock) with these two old keys
DemP
Dem
these
NumP
Num
two
NP
A
old
N
keys
(21) a. *He found key
20 / 62
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The construc on of the noun phrase
(20) (you can open the lock) with these two old keys
DemP
Dem
these
NumP
Num
two
NP
A
old
N
keys
(21) a. *He found key
b. He found { the / this } key
20 / 62
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The construc on of the noun phrase
(22) (you can open the lock) with these two old keys
KP
K
with
DemP
Dem
these
NumP
Num
two
NP
A
old
N
keys
21 / 62
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The construc on of the noun phrase
(22) (you can open the lock) with these two old keys
KP
K
with
DemP
Dem
these
NumP
Num
two
NP
A
old
N
keys
21 / 62
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Dime (Omo c)
22 / 62
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Dime (Omo c)
23 / 62
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Dime (Omo c)
24 / 62
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Dime (Omo c)
25 / 62
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KP
DetP
NumP
NP
N
woman
A
black
Num
pl
Det
def
K
dat
26 / 62
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.
KP
DetP
NumP
NP
N
woman
A
black
Num
pl
Det
def
K
dat
KP
K
with
DetP
Det
the
NumP
Num
two
NP
A
old
N
keys
27 / 62
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Recap
Noun phrase
Does the mirror principle describe di erences among lan-
guages?
Head movement
Chosing between head-movement and a x hopping
Back to Czech
28 / 62
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(23) a. jeden
one
velký
big
starý
old
stůl
table
‘number > size > age > thing’
29 / 62
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.
(23) a. jeden
one
velký
big
starý
old
stůl
table
‘number > size > age > thing’
b. nosorožč
rhino
-át
-
-k
-
-a
- / ‘number
< size < age < thing’
29 / 62
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.
(23) a. jeden
one
velký
big
starý
old
stůl
table
‘number > size > age > thing’
b. nosorožč
rhino
-át
-
-k
-
-a
- / ‘number
< size < age < thing’
c. nosorožč
rhino
-át
-
-k
-
-o
‘number
< size < age < thing’
29 / 62
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.
(23) a. jeden
one
velký
big
starý
old
stůl
table
‘number > size > age > thing’
b. nosorožč
rhino
-át
-
-k
-
-a
- / ‘number
< size < age < thing’
c. nosorožč
rhino
-át
-
-k
-
-o
‘number
< size < age < thing’
▶ It is not only something that di eren ates languages
▶ It is also about word/a x di erence within a single language
29 / 62
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.
▶ It is not a di erence between languages
▶ It is about word/a x di erence
(24) a. jestli
if
Petr
Petr
bude
will
běhat,
run
...
‘mood > subject > tense > event’
30 / 62
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▶ It is not a di erence between languages
▶ It is about word/a x di erence
(24) a. jestli
if
Petr
Petr
bude
will
běhat,
run
...
‘mood > subject > tense > event’
b. běh
run
-á
-
-te
- .
-li,
-
...
‘mood < subject < tense < event’
30 / 62
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Recap
Noun phrase
Does the mirror principle describe di erences among lan-
guages?
Head movement
Chosing between head-movement and a x hopping
Back to Czech
31 / 62
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(25) The customer in the corner is ordering the drinks.
32 / 62
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(25) The customer in the corner is ordering the drinks.
TP
NP
The customer in the corner
TP
T
will
VP
VP
V
order
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
32 / 62
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(25) The customer in the corner is ordering the drinks.
TP
NP
The customer in the corner
TP
T
is
VP
VP
V
ordering
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
32 / 62
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(26) The customer in the corner ordered the drinks.
33 / 62
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(26) The customer in the corner ordered the drinks.
TP
NP
The customer in the corner
TP
T
will
VP
VP
V
order
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
33 / 62
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(26) The customer in the corner ordered the drinks.
TP
NP
The customer in the corner
TP
T
?
VP
VP
V
ordered
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
33 / 62
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.
Past Tense Slavic
slovene Czech Russian
AUX par ciple AUX par ciple Aux par ciple
1.sg sem jedla
2.sg si jedla
3.sg je jedla
34 / 62
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.
Past Tense Slavic
slovene Czech Russian
AUX par ciple AUX par ciple Aux par ciple
1.sg sem jedla jsem jedla
2.sg si jedla jsi jedla
3.sg je jedla Ø jedla
34 / 62
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Past Tense Slavic
slovene Czech Russian
AUX par ciple AUX par ciple Aux par ciple
1.sg sem jedla jsem jedla Ø jela
2.sg si jedla jsi jedla Ø jela
3.sg je jedla Ø jedla Ø jela
34 / 62
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.
Past Tense Slavic
slovene Czech Russian
AUX par ciple AUX par ciple Aux par ciple
1.sg sem jedla jsem jedla Ø jela
2.sg si jedla jsi jedla Ø jela
3.sg je jedla Ø jedla Ø jela
English
AUX par ciple AUX par ciple
1.sg Ø slept have slept
2.sg Ø slept have slept
3.sg Ø slept has slept
34 / 62
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(27) The customer in the corner ordered the drinks.
35 / 62
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.
(27) The customer in the corner ordered the drinks.
TP
NP
The customer in the corner
TP
T
will
VP
VP
V
order
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
35 / 62
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.
(27) The customer in the corner ordered the drinks.
TP
NP
The customer in the corner
TP
T
Ø
VP
VP
V
ordered
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
35 / 62
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ellipsis
(28) A: The customer in the corner will order the drinks before
the meal.
(29) B: Actually, I wouldn’t be so sure that he will —.
36 / 62
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.
ellipsis
(28) A: The customer in the corner will order the drinks before
the meal.
(29) B: Actually, I wouldn’t be so sure that he will —.
TP
NP
He
TP
T
will
VP
VP
V
order
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
36 / 62
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.
TP
NP
He
TP
T
Ø
VP
VP
V
ordered
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
37 / 62
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.
TP
NP
He
TP
T
Ø
VP
VP
V
ordered
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
(30) A: The customer in the corner Ø order-ed the drinks.
(31) B: *Actually, I wouldn’t be so sure that he Ø —.
37 / 62
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.
.
TP
NP
He
TP
T
Ø
VP
VP
V
ordered
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
(30) A: The customer in the corner Ø order-ed the drinks.
(31) B: Actually, I wouldn’t be so sure that he did —.
37 / 62
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Structure 1
TP
NP
He
TP
T
did
VP
VP
V
order-Ø
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
38 / 62
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Structure 2
TP
NP
He
TP
T
Ø
VP
VP
V
order-ed
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
39 / 62
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Both structures are the realiza on of an ‘underlying’
structure
TP
NP
He
TP
T
-ed
VP
VP
V
order
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
40 / 62
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Rescue 1: Exple ve inser on
TP
NP
He
TP
T
d-ed
VP
VP
V
order
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
41 / 62
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Rescue 2a: A x Hopping
TP
NP
He
TP
T
-ed
VP
VP
V
order--ed
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
42 / 62
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Rescue 2b: Head movement
TP
NP
He
TP
T
order-
VP
VP
V
order
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
43 / 62
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Recap
Noun phrase
Does the mirror principle describe di erences among lan-
guages?
Head movement
Chosing between head-movement and a x hopping
Back to Czech
44 / 62
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Introducing an adverb
TP
NP
He
TP
T
will
VP
AdvP
later
VP
V
order
NP
the drinks
45 / 62
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Adverb and lowering
TP
NP
He
TP
T
-
VP
AdvP
later
VP
V
order
NP
the drinks
46 / 62
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TP
NP
He
TP
T VP
AdvP
later
VP
V
order-ed
NP
the drinks
47 / 62
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TP
NP
*He
TP
T
-
VP
AdvP
later
VP
V
order
NP
the drinks
48 / 62
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French
TP
NP
Elle (She)
TP
T
- ( )
VP
AdvP
toujours (always)
VP
V
achete (buy)
NP
le journal (the paper)
49 / 62
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TP
NP
*Elle
TP
T
- ( )
VP
AdvP
toujours
VP
V
achet-ait
NP
le journal
50 / 62
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TP
NP
Elle (She)
TP
T
achet-ait
VP
AdvP
toujours
VP
V
achet
NP
le journal
51 / 62
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TP
NP
Elle (She)
TP
T
V
achet
T
-ait
VP
AdvP
toujours
VP
V
achet
NP
le journal
52 / 62
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Summary
(32) When a head is an a x...
53 / 62
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Summary
(32) When a head is an a x...
a. Rescue 1: insert an exple ve
53 / 62
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Summary
(32) When a head is an a x...
a. Rescue 1: insert an exple ve
b. Rescue 2: move something
53 / 62
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Summary
(32) When a head is an a x...
a. Rescue 1: insert an exple ve
b. Rescue 2: move something
(i) move the a x = a x hopping
53 / 62
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Summary
(32) When a head is an a x...
a. Rescue 1: insert an exple ve
b. Rescue 2: move something
(i) move the a x = a x hopping
(ii) move the host = head movement
53 / 62
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Recap
Noun phrase
Does the mirror principle describe di erences among lan-
guages?
Head movement
Chosing between head-movement and a x hopping
Back to Czech
54 / 62
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Future tense
(33) Petr
Petr
bude
will
číst
read
knihy.
books
TP
NP
Petr
TP
T
bude
VP
V
číst
NP
knihy
55 / 62
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Present tense
(34) a. Petr
Petr
bude
will
číst
read
knihy.
books
56 / 62
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Present tense
(34) a. Petr
Petr
bude
will
číst
read
knihy.
books
b. Petr
Petr
čt-e
read
knihy
- books
56 / 62
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Present tense
(34) a. Petr
Petr
bude
will
číst
read
knihy.
books
b. Petr
Petr
čt-e
read
knihy
- books
TP
NP
Petr
TP
T
-e
VP
V
čt
NP
knihy
56 / 62
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Present tense
(35) a. Petr
Petr
bude
will
číst
read
knihy.
books
b. Petr
Petr
čt-e
read-
knihy
books
TP
NP
Petr
TP
T
V
čt
T
-e
VP
V
čt
NP
knihy
57 / 62
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.
(36) Condi onal
a. Čt-e
reads-
-li
-
Petr
Petr
knihy,
books
...
‘if Petr reads books, ...’
58 / 62
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.
(36) Condi onal
a. Čt-e
reads-
-li
-
Petr
Petr
knihy,
books
...
‘if Petr reads books, ...’
b. Jest
be
-li
-textscif
Petr
Petr
čt-e
read-
knih-y
books
58 / 62
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.
(36) Condi onal
a. Čt-e
reads-
-li
-
Petr
Petr
knihy,
books
...
‘if Petr reads books, ...’
b. Jest
be
-li
-textscif
Petr
Petr
čt-e
read-
knih-y
books
58 / 62
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.
Seman c/underlying structure
CP
C
-li
TP
NP
Petr
TP
T
V
čt
T
-e
VP
V
čt
NP
knihy
59 / 62
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.
Exple ve inser on
CP
C
jest-li
TP
NP
Petr
TP
T
V
čt
T
-e
VP
V
čt
NP
knihy
60 / 62
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.
Seman c/underlying structure
CP
C
-li
TP
NP
Petr
TP
T
V
čt
T
-e
VP
V
čt
NP
knihy
61 / 62
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.
CP
C
T
V
čt
T
-e
C
-li
TP
NP
Petr
TP
T
V
čt
T
-e
VP
V
čt
NP
knihy
Ø
62 / 62