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Syntax
Pavel Caha
29 Nov 2020
1 / 61
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▶ Last lecture: Dec 6
2 / 61
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▶ Last lecture: Dec 6
▶ Test: Dec 13 mul ple choice, a-b-c
2 / 61
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▶ Last lecture: Dec 6
▶ Test: Dec 13 mul ple choice, a-b-c
▶ There will be more op ons later on
2 / 61
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Where we are at...
wh-ques ons
Split phrases
Embedded Interroga ves
Move closest
Long-distance wh-movement
Floa ng quan ers in intermediate posi on
Scope-marking construc on
3 / 61
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VP-internal ‘subject’
VP
NP
Agent
V′
V NP
Pa ent
4 / 61
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VP-internal ‘subject’
VP
NP
Mary
V′
V
visit
NP
John
5 / 61
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VP-internal ‘subject’
TP
T
will
VP
NP
Mary
V′
V
visit
NP
John
6 / 61
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VP-internal ‘subject’
TP
?? TP
T
will
VP
NP
Mary
V′
V
visit
NP
John
7 / 61
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VP-internal ‘subject’
TP
NP
Mary
TP
T
will
VP
NP
Mary
V′
V
visit
NP
John
Ø
8 / 61
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VP-internal ‘subject’
(1) a. Three students are now three students working on this
project.
9 / 61
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VP-internal ‘subject’
(1) a. Three students are now three students working on this
project.
b. There are now three students working on this project.
9 / 61
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VP-internal ‘subject’
TP
?? TP
T
are
VP
AdvP
now
VP
NP
three students
V′
V
working
PP
on the project
10 / 61
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VP-internal ‘subject’
TP
EXPL
there
TP
T
are
VP
AdvP
now
VP
NP
three students
V′
V
working
PP
on the project
11 / 61
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VP-internal ‘subject’
TP
NP
three students
T′
T
are
VP
AdvP
now
VP
NP
three students
V′
V
working
PP
on the project
Ø
12 / 61
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Floa ng quan ers
(2) All astronauts don’t all astronauts speak the same language
13 / 61
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Floa ng quan ers
(2) All astronauts don’t all astronauts speak the same language
(3) Astronauts don’t all speak the same language
13 / 61
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Floa ng quan ers
(2) All astronauts don’t all astronauts speak the same language
(3) Astronauts don’t all speak the same language
VP
NP
Q
all
NP
astronauts
V′
V
speak
NP
the same language
13 / 61
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(4) Astronauts don’t all speak the same language
VP
Neg
n’t
V′
NP
Q
all
NP
astronauts
V′
V
speak
NP
the same language
14 / 61
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(5) Astronauts don’t all speak the same language
TP
T
do
VP
Neg
n’t
VP
NP
Q
all
NP
astronauts
V′
V
speak
NP
the same language
15 / 61
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(6) Astronauts don’t all speak the same language
TP
?? T′
T
do
VP
Neg
n’t
VP
NP
Q
all
NP
astronauts
V′
V
speak
NP
the same language
16 / 61
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(7) Astronauts don’t all speak the same language
TP
?? T′
T
do
VP
Neg
n’t
VP
NP
Q
all
NP
astronauts
V′
V
speak
NP
the same language
17 / 61
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Economy of movement
(8) Astronauts don’t all speak the same language
TP
NP
astronauts
T′
T
do
VP
Neg
n’t
VP
NP
Q
all
NP
astronauts
V′
V
speak
NP
the same language
Ø
18 / 61
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Economy of movement
(9) All astronauts don’t speak the same language
TP
NP
Q
all
NP
astronauts
T′
T
do
VP
Neg
n’t
VP
NP
Q
all
NP
astronauts
V′
V
speak
NP
the same langua
Ø
19 / 61
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▶ VP-internal subject hypothesis
20 / 61
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▶ VP-internal subject hypothesis
▶ all arguments are part of the core event
20 / 61
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▶ VP-internal subject hypothesis
▶ all arguments are part of the core event
▶ there exists a subject func on, independent of argument-status
(exple ves)
20 / 61
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▶ VP-internal subject hypothesis
▶ all arguments are part of the core event
▶ there exists a subject func on, independent of argument-status
(exple ves)
▶ the subject moves there
20 / 61
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Recap
▶ ‘Universal’ part
▶ Describe the event
21 / 61
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Recap
▶ ‘Universal’ part
▶ Describe the event
▶ Anchor it in me
21 / 61
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Recap
▶ ‘Universal’ part
▶ Describe the event
▶ Anchor it in me
▶ Specify inten on: ques on, fact, condi on, ...
21 / 61
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Recap
▶ ‘Universal’ part
▶ Describe the event
▶ Anchor it in me
▶ Specify inten on: ques on, fact, condi on, ...
▶ Variable part
21 / 61
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Recap
▶ ‘Universal’ part
▶ Describe the event
▶ Anchor it in me
▶ Specify inten on: ques on, fact, condi on, ...
▶ Variable part
▶ Is each meaning/func on expressed by an independent marker?
21 / 61
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Recap
▶ ‘Universal’ part
▶ Describe the event
▶ Anchor it in me
▶ Specify inten on: ques on, fact, condi on, ...
▶ Variable part
▶ Is each meaning/func on expressed by an independent marker?
▶ ‘Movement’: One item – mul ple func ons
21 / 61
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Recap
▶ ‘Universal’ part
▶ Describe the event
▶ Anchor it in me
▶ Specify inten on: ques on, fact, condi on, ...
▶ Variable part
▶ Is each meaning/func on expressed by an independent marker?
▶ ‘Movement’: One item – mul ple func ons
▶ Express event – host an a x
21 / 61
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Recap
▶ ‘Universal’ part
▶ Describe the event
▶ Anchor it in me
▶ Specify inten on: ques on, fact, condi on, ...
▶ Variable part
▶ Is each meaning/func on expressed by an independent marker?
▶ ‘Movement’: One item – mul ple func ons
▶ Express event – host an a x
▶ Be an agent in the event – be the subject
21 / 61
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Recap
▶ ‘Universal’ part
▶ Describe the event
▶ Anchor it in me
▶ Specify inten on: ques on, fact, condi on, ...
▶ Variable part
▶ Is each meaning/func on expressed by an independent marker?
▶ ‘Movement’: One item – mul ple func ons
▶ Express event – host an a x
▶ Be an agent in the event – be the subject
▶ Movement has a principled part – move shortest
21 / 61
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Recap
▶ ‘Universal’ part
▶ Describe the event
▶ Anchor it in me
▶ Specify inten on: ques on, fact, condi on, ...
▶ Variable part
▶ Is each meaning/func on expressed by an independent marker?
▶ ‘Movement’: One item – mul ple func ons
▶ Express event – host an a x
▶ Be an agent in the event – be the subject
▶ Movement has a principled part – move shortest
▶ Agent becomes the subject – not the pa ent
21 / 61
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Recap
▶ ‘Universal’ part
▶ Describe the event
▶ Anchor it in me
▶ Specify inten on: ques on, fact, condi on, ...
▶ Variable part
▶ Is each meaning/func on expressed by an independent marker?
▶ ‘Movement’: One item – mul ple func ons
▶ Express event – host an a x
▶ Be an agent in the event – be the subject
▶ Movement has a principled part – move shortest
▶ Agent becomes the subject – not the pa ent
▶ We move the highest auxiliary
21 / 61
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Recap
▶ ‘Universal’ part
▶ Describe the event
▶ Anchor it in me
▶ Specify inten on: ques on, fact, condi on, ...
▶ Variable part
▶ Is each meaning/func on expressed by an independent marker?
▶ ‘Movement’: One item – mul ple func ons
▶ Express event – host an a x
▶ Be an agent in the event – be the subject
▶ Movement has a principled part – move shortest
▶ Agent becomes the subject – not the pa ent
▶ We move the highest auxiliary
▶ And a variable part – Move as light as possible vs. Move as short
as possible
21 / 61
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Recap
▶ ‘Universal’ part
▶ Describe the event
▶ Anchor it in me
▶ Specify inten on: ques on, fact, condi on, ...
▶ Variable part
▶ Is each meaning/func on expressed by an independent marker?
▶ ‘Movement’: One item – mul ple func ons
▶ Express event – host an a x
▶ Be an agent in the event – be the subject
▶ Movement has a principled part – move shortest
▶ Agent becomes the subject – not the pa ent
▶ We move the highest auxiliary
▶ And a variable part – Move as light as possible vs. Move as short
as possible
▶ Split phrases – oa ng quan ers
21 / 61
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Where we are at...
wh-ques ons
Split phrases
Embedded Interroga ves
Move closest
Long-distance wh-movement
Floa ng quan ers in intermediate posi on
Scope-marking construc on
22 / 61
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(10) a. What are you reading?
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(10) a. What are you reading?
b. Where are you staying?
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(10) a. What are you reading?
b. Where are you staying?
▶ wh-word: what, where, why, who, which, when, ... how
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(10) a. What are you reading?
b. Where are you staying?
▶ wh-word: what, where, why, who, which, when, ... how
(11) a. wh
what
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-place
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(10) a. What are you reading?
b. Where are you staying?
▶ wh-word: what, where, why, who, which, when, ... how
(11) a. wh
what
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-place
b. wh
what
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person
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(10) a. What are you reading?
b. Where are you staying?
▶ wh-word: what, where, why, who, which, when, ... how
(11) a. wh
what
-ere
-place
b. wh
what
-o
person
c. wh
what
-y
reason
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(10) a. What are you reading?
b. Where are you staying?
▶ wh-word: what, where, why, who, which, when, ... how
(11) a. wh
what
-ere
-place
b. wh
what
-o
person
c. wh
what
-y
reason
d. wh
what
-en
me
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(10) a. What are you reading?
b. Where are you staying?
▶ wh-word: what, where, why, who, which, when, ... how
(11) a. wh
what
-ere
-place
b. wh
what
-o
person
c. wh
what
-y
reason
d. wh
what
-en
me
▶ What is the thing such that ... you are reading that thing
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(10) a. What are you reading?
b. Where are you staying?
▶ wh-word: what, where, why, who, which, when, ... how
(11) a. wh
what
-ere
-place
b. wh
what
-o
person
c. wh
what
-y
reason
d. wh
what
-en
me
▶ What is the thing such that ... you are reading that thing
▶ What is the place such that ... you are staying at that place
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(10) a. What are you reading?
b. Where are you staying?
▶ wh-word: what, where, why, who, which, when, ... how
(11) a. wh
what
-ere
-place
b. wh
what
-o
person
c. wh
what
-y
reason
d. wh
what
-en
me
▶ What is the thing such that ... you are reading that thing
▶ What is the place such that ... you are staying at that place
▶ The idea: ques ons are derived from declara ves (by adding
what is the X such that ... X ...)
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(10) a. What are you reading?
b. Where are you staying?
▶ wh-word: what, where, why, who, which, when, ... how
(11) a. wh
what
-ere
-place
b. wh
what
-o
person
c. wh
what
-y
reason
d. wh
what
-en
me
▶ What is the thing such that ... you are reading that thing
▶ What is the place such that ... you are staying at that place
▶ The idea: ques ons are derived from declara ves (by adding
what is the X such that ... X ...)
23 / 61
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(12) What will you eat?
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(12) What will you eat?
VP
NP
agent
VP
V
eat
NP
pa ent
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(17) What will you eat?
VP
NP
you
VP
V
eat
NP
what
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(17) What will you eat?
TP
T
will
VP
NP
you
VP
V
eat
NP
what
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(17) What will you eat?
TP
?? TP
T
will
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NP
you
VP
V
eat
NP
what
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(17) What will you eat?
TP
NP
you
TP
T
will
VP
NP
you
VP
V
eat
NP
whatØ
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(17) What will you eat?
TP
NP
you
TP
T
will
VP
V
eat
NP
what
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(17) What will you eat?
CP
C
Ø
TP
NP
you
TP
T
will
VP
V
eat
NP
what
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(17) What will you eat?
CP
C
T
will
C
Ø
TP
NP
you
TP
T
will
VP
V
eat
NP
what
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(17) What will you eat?
CP
NP
what
CP
C
T
will
C
Ø
TP
NP
you
TP
T
will
VP
V
eat
NP
what
Ø
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Where we are at...
wh-ques ons
Split phrases
Embedded Interroga ves
Move closest
Long-distance wh-movement
Floa ng quan ers in intermediate posi on
Scope-marking construc on
33 / 61
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(13) West Ulster English
a. Who all did you meet when you were in Derry?
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(13) West Ulster English
a. Who all did you meet when you were in Derry?
b. Who all did you meet who all when you were in Derry?
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(13) West Ulster English
a. Who all did you meet when you were in Derry?
b. Who all did you meet who all when you were in Derry?
c. Who did you meet who all when you were in Derry?
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(13) West Ulster English
a. Who all did you meet when you were in Derry?
b. Who all did you meet who all when you were in Derry?
c. Who did you meet who all when you were in Derry?
d. Who did you meet all when you were in Derry?
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(14) West Ulster English
a. Who all did you meet when you were in Derry?
b. Who did you meet all when you were in Derry?
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(14) West Ulster English
a. Who all did you meet when you were in Derry?
b. Who did you meet all when you were in Derry?
TP
NP
you
TP
T
did
VP
V
meet
NP
NP
who
Q
all
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(15) West Ulster English
a. Who all did you meet when you were in Derry?
b. Who did you meet all when you were in Derry?
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(15) West Ulster English
a. Who all did you meet when you were in Derry?
b. Who did you meet all when you were in Derry?
CP
C
T
did
C
Ø
TP
NP
you
TP
T
did
VP
V
meet
NP
NP
who
Q
all
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(19) West Ulster English
a. Who all did you meet when you were in Derry?
b. Who did you meet all when you were in Derry?
CP
?? CP
C
T
did
C
Ø
TP
NP
you
TP
T
did
VP
V
meet
NP
NP
who
Q
all 37 / 61
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(19) West Ulster English
a. Who all did you meet when you were in Derry?
b. Who did you meet all when you were in Derry?
CP
NP
who
CP
C
T
did
C
Ø
TP
NP
you
TP
T
did
VP
V
meet
NP
NP
who
Q
all 38 / 61
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(19) West Ulster English
a. Who all did you meet when you were in Derry?
b. Who did you meet all when you were in Derry?
CP
NP
NP
who
Q
all
CP
C
T
did
C
Ø
TP
NP
you
TP
T
did
VP
V
meet
NP
NP
who
Q
all39 / 61
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Where we are at...
wh-ques ons
Split phrases
Embedded Interroga ves
Move closest
Long-distance wh-movement
Floa ng quan ers in intermediate posi on
Scope-marking construc on
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(16) The students wondered whether they should adopt this
analysis.
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(16) The students wondered whether they should adopt this
analysis.
(17) The students wondered which analysis they should adopt.
41 / 61
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(16) The students wondered whether they should adopt this
analysis.
(17) The students wondered which analysis they should adopt.
The students wondered ...
CP
C
whether
TP
NP
they
TP
T
should
VP
V
adopt
NP
this analysis
41 / 61
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(18) The students wondered whether they should adopt this
analysis.
(19) The students wondered which analysis they should adopt.
The students wondered ...
CP
?? CP
C
Ø
TP
NP
they
TP
T
should
VP
V
adopt
NP
which analysis
42 / 61
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(20) The students wondered whether they should adopt this
analysis.
(21) The students wondered which analysis they should adopt.
The students wondered ...
CP
NP
which analysis
CP
C
Ø
TP
NP
they
TP
T
should
VP
V
adopt
NP
which analysis
43 / 61
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Where we are at...
wh-ques ons
Split phrases
Embedded Interroga ves
Move closest
Long-distance wh-movement
Floa ng quan ers in intermediate posi on
Scope-marking construc on
44 / 61
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Superiority
(22) The students wondered who should adopt what.
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Superiority
(22) The students wondered who should adopt what.
The students wondered ...
CP
?? CP
C
Ø
TP
NP
who
TP
T
should
VP
V
adopt
NP
what
45 / 61
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(23) The students wondered who should adopt what.
The students wondered ...
CP
NP
who
CP
C
Ø
TP
NP
who
TP
T
should
VP
V
adopt
NP
what
Ø
46 / 61
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The students wondered ...
CP
NP
what
CP
C
Ø
TP
NP
who
TP
T
should
VP
V
adopt
NP
what
Ø
47 / 61
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The students wondered ...
CP
NP
what
CP
C
Ø
TP
NP
who
TP
T
should
VP
V
adopt
NP
what
Ø
(24) *The students wondered what who should adopt what 47 / 61
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The students wondered ...
CP
NP
what
CP
C
Ø
TP
NP
who
TP
T
should
VP
V
adopt
NP
what
Ø
(24) *The students wondered what who should adopt what 47 / 61
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Where we are at...
wh-ques ons
Split phrases
Embedded Interroga ves
Move closest
Long-distance wh-movement
Floa ng quan ers in intermediate posi on
Scope-marking construc on
48 / 61
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(25)The students thought that they should adopt the wrong analysis.
49 / 61
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(25)The students thought that they should adopt the wrong analysis.
(26)What is the analysis such that ...
the students thought that they should adopt that analysis
49 / 61
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(25)The students thought that they should adopt the wrong analysis.
(26)What is the analysis such that ...
the students thought that they should adopt that analysis
(27)What analysis did the students think that they should adopt –
49 / 61
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(25)The students thought that they should adopt the wrong analysis.
(26)What is the analysis such that ...
the students thought that they should adopt that analysis
(27)What analysis did the students think that they should adopt –
(28)What analysis did the students think – that they should adopt –
49 / 61
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(25)The students thought that they should adopt the wrong analysis.
(26)What is the analysis such that ...
the students thought that they should adopt that analysis
(27)What analysis did the students think that they should adopt –
(28)What analysis did the students think – that they should adopt –
CP
NP
what analysis
CP
C
that
TP
they should adopt —
49 / 61
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(29) What analysis did the students think that they should adopt?
CP
?? CP
C
T
did
C
Ø
TP
NP
they
...
... VP
V
think
CP
NP
what analysis
CP
C
that
TP
they should adopt —
50 / 61
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(30) What analysis did the students think that they should adopt?
CP
NP
what analysis
CP
C
T
did
C
Ø
TP
NP
they
...
... VP
V
think
CP
NP
what analysis
CP
C
that
TP
they should adopt —Ø
51 / 61
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Where we are at...
wh-ques ons
Split phrases
Embedded Interroga ves
Move closest
Long-distance wh-movement
Floa ng quan ers in intermediate posi on
Scope-marking construc on
52 / 61
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(31) Who did you meet all when you were in Derry?
53 / 61
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(31) Who did you meet all when you were in Derry?
(32) What all did he say that he wanted?
53 / 61
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(31) Who did you meet all when you were in Derry?
(32) What all did he say that he wanted?
(33) What all did he say that he wanted —?
53 / 61
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(31) Who did you meet all when you were in Derry?
(32) What all did he say that he wanted?
(33) What all did he say that he wanted —?
(34) What all did he say — that he wanted —?
53 / 61
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(31) Who did you meet all when you were in Derry?
(32) What all did he say that he wanted?
(33) What all did he say that he wanted —?
(34) What all did he say — that he wanted —?
(35) What did he say — that he wanted — all?
53 / 61
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(31) Who did you meet all when you were in Derry?
(32) What all did he say that he wanted?
(33) What all did he say that he wanted —?
(34) What all did he say — that he wanted —?
(35) What did he say — that he wanted — all?
(36) What did he say — all that he wanted —?
53 / 61
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Where we are at...
wh-ques ons
Split phrases
Embedded Interroga ves
Move closest
Long-distance wh-movement
Floa ng quan ers in intermediate posi on
Scope-marking construc on
54 / 61
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(37) a. Myslím,
I.think
že
that
Slováci
the.Slovaks
zvolí
will.vote.for
X?
—
55 / 61
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.
(37) a. Myslím,
I.think
že
that
Slováci
the.Slovaks
zvolí
will.vote.for
X?
—
b. Koho
Who
myslíš,
do.you.think
že
that
Slováci
the.Slovaks
zvolí
will.vote.for
—?
—
55 / 61
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.
(37) a. Myslím,
I.think
že
that
Slováci
the.Slovaks
zvolí
will.vote.for
X?
—
b. Koho
Who
myslíš,
do.you.think
že
that
Slováci
the.Slovaks
zvolí
will.vote.for
—?
—
c. Koho
Who
myslíš,
do.you.think
—
—
že
that
Slováci
the.Slovaks
zvolí
will.vote.for
—?
—
55 / 61
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.
(37) a. Myslím,
I.think
že
that
Slováci
the.Slovaks
zvolí
will.vote.for
X?
—
b. Koho
Who
myslíš,
do.you.think
že
that
Slováci
the.Slovaks
zvolí
will.vote.for
—?
—
c. Koho
Who
myslíš,
do.you.think
—
—
že
that
Slováci
the.Slovaks
zvolí
will.vote.for
—?
—
d. Co
What
myslíš,
do.you.think
koho
who
Slováci
the.Slovaks
zvolí
will.vote.for
—?
55 / 61
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.
(37) a. Myslím,
I.think
že
that
Slováci
the.Slovaks
zvolí
will.vote.for
X?
—
b. Koho
Who
myslíš,
do.you.think
že
that
Slováci
the.Slovaks
zvolí
will.vote.for
—?
—
c. Koho
Who
myslíš,
do.you.think
—
—
že
that
Slováci
the.Slovaks
zvolí
will.vote.for
—?
—
d. Co
What
myslíš,
do.you.think
koho
who
Slováci
the.Slovaks
zvolí
will.vote.for
—?
e. *To
That
myslím,
I.think
koho
who
Slováci
the.Slovaks
zvolí
will.vote.for
—
55 / 61
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.
CP
NP
who
CP
C
Ø
TP
the Slovaks will vote for —
56 / 61
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.
CP
?? CP
C
T
did
C
Ø
TP
NP
you
...
... VP
V
think
CP
NP
who
CP
C
Ø
TP
the Slovaks will vote for —
57 / 61
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.
.
CP
NP
what
CP
C
T
did
C
Ø
TP
NP
you
...
... VP
V
think
CP
NP
who
CP
C
Ø
TP
the Slovaks will vote for —
58 / 61
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Where we are at...
wh-ques ons
Split phrases
Embedded Interroga ves
Move closest
Long-distance wh-movement
Floa ng quan ers in intermediate posi on
Scope-marking construc on
59 / 61
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(38) Islands
a. There is a path between ller and gap (trace)
b. Certain interveners are not allowed
60 / 61
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(38) Islands
a. There is a path between ller and gap (trace)
b. Certain interveners are not allowed
(39) a. The guy who ate a death cap died yesterday
60 / 61
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(38) Islands
a. There is a path between ller and gap (trace)
b. Certain interveners are not allowed
(39) a. The guy who ate a death cap died yesterday
b. What is the thing such that the guy who ate that thing
died yesterday
60 / 61
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(38) Islands
a. There is a path between ller and gap (trace)
b. Certain interveners are not allowed
(39) a. The guy who ate a death cap died yesterday
b. What is the thing such that the guy who ate that thing
died yesterday
c. *What did the guy who ate — die yesterday?
60 / 61
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(38) Islands
a. There is a path between ller and gap (trace)
b. Certain interveners are not allowed
(39) a. The guy who ate a death cap died yesterday
b. What is the thing such that the guy who ate that thing
died yesterday
c. *What did the guy who ate — die yesterday?
d. *What did the guy who ate — die yesterday?
60 / 61
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(38) Islands
a. There is a path between ller and gap (trace)
b. Certain interveners are not allowed
(39) a. The guy who ate a death cap died yesterday
b. What is the thing such that the guy who ate that thing
died yesterday
c. *What did the guy who ate — die yesterday?
d. *What did the guy who ate — die yesterday?
(40) You can’t move a wh-word across another wh-word
(41) a. I wonder what they gave to whom.
60 / 61
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(38) Islands
a. There is a path between ller and gap (trace)
b. Certain interveners are not allowed
(39) a. The guy who ate a death cap died yesterday
b. What is the thing such that the guy who ate that thing
died yesterday
c. *What did the guy who ate — die yesterday?
d. *What did the guy who ate — die yesterday?
(40) You can’t move a wh-word across another wh-word
(41) a. I wonder what they gave to whom.
b. Who is the person such that ... you wonder what they
gave to that person.
60 / 61
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.
(38) Islands
a. There is a path between ller and gap (trace)
b. Certain interveners are not allowed
(39) a. The guy who ate a death cap died yesterday
b. What is the thing such that the guy who ate that thing
died yesterday
c. *What did the guy who ate — die yesterday?
d. *What did the guy who ate — die yesterday?
(40) You can’t move a wh-word across another wh-word
(41) a. I wonder what they gave to whom.
b. Who is the person such that ... you wonder what they
gave to that person.
(42) a. *Who do you wonder what they gave to —
60 / 61
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.
(38) Islands
a. There is a path between ller and gap (trace)
b. Certain interveners are not allowed
(39) a. The guy who ate a death cap died yesterday
b. What is the thing such that the guy who ate that thing
died yesterday
c. *What did the guy who ate — die yesterday?
d. *What did the guy who ate — die yesterday?
(40) You can’t move a wh-word across another wh-word
(41) a. I wonder what they gave to whom.
b. Who is the person such that ... you wonder what they
gave to that person.
(42) a. *Who do you wonder what they gave to —
b. *Who do you wonder what they gave to —
60 / 61