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Ordering typology
Pavel Caha
3 Oct 2023
1 / 14
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SVO
2 / 14
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Typology: 3 kinds of explanations
(1) a. functional: language serves a certain function, its
properties reflect this
3 / 14
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Typology: 3 kinds of explanations
(1) a. functional: language serves a certain function, its
properties reflect this
b. formal: language is a computational system that
assembles symbols by certain rules, and universals
reflect the properties of the system
3 / 14
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Typology: 3 kinds of explanations
(1) a. functional: language serves a certain function, its
properties reflect this
b. formal: language is a computational system that
assembles symbols by certain rules, and universals
reflect the properties of the system
c. parsing: the listener must decode the message, and
universals may reflect the need to decode the message
3 / 14
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Meaning and ordering
(2) a. 1 + ( 2 x 3 )
4 / 14
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Meaning and ordering
(2) a. 1 + ( 2 x 3 )
b. 1 + ( 3 x 2 )
4 / 14
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Meaning and ordering
(2) a. 1 + ( 2 x 3 )
b. 1 + ( 3 x 2 )
c. ( 3 x 2 ) + 1
4 / 14
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Meaning and ordering
(2) a. 1 + ( 2 x 3 )
b. 1 + ( 3 x 2 )
c. ( 3 x 2 ) + 1
d. ( 2 x 3 ) + 1
4 / 14
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Meaning and ordering
(1) a. 1 + ( 2 x 3 )
b. 1 + ( 3 x 2 )
c. ( 3 x 2 ) + 1
d. ( 2 x 3 ) + 1
(3) a. 123
5 / 14
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Meaning and ordering
(1) a. 1 + ( 2 x 3 )
b. 1 + ( 3 x 2 )
c. ( 3 x 2 ) + 1
d. ( 2 x 3 ) + 1
(3) a. 123
b. 132
5 / 14
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Meaning and ordering
(1) a. 1 + ( 2 x 3 )
b. 1 + ( 3 x 2 )
c. ( 3 x 2 ) + 1
d. ( 2 x 3 ) + 1
(3) a. 123
b. 132
c. 321
5 / 14
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Meaning and ordering
(1) a. 1 + ( 2 x 3 )
b. 1 + ( 3 x 2 )
c. ( 3 x 2 ) + 1
d. ( 2 x 3 ) + 1
(3) a. 123
b. 132
c. 321
d. 231
5 / 14
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Meaning and ordering
(1) a. 1 + ( 2 x 3 )
b. 1 + ( 3 x 2 )
c. ( 3 x 2 ) + 1
d. ( 2 x 3 ) + 1
(3) a. 123
b. 132
c. 321
d. 231
e. 213
5 / 14
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Meaning and ordering
(1) a. 1 + ( 2 x 3 )
b. 1 + ( 3 x 2 )
c. ( 3 x 2 ) + 1
d. ( 2 x 3 ) + 1
(3) a. 123
b. 132
c. 321
d. 231
e. 213
f. 312
5 / 14
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Meaning and ordering
(1) a. 1 + ( 2 x 3 )
b. 1 + ( 3 x 2 )
c. ( 3 x 2 ) + 1
d. ( 2 x 3 ) + 1
(3) a. 123
b. 132
c. 321
d. 231
e. 213
f. 312
g. 3! (= 3 x 2 x 1)
5 / 14
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(4) Subject verb object
6 / 14
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(4) Subject verb object
a. S ( O V )
6 / 14
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(4) Subject verb object
a. S ( O V )
b. S ( V O )
6 / 14
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(4) Subject verb object
a. S ( O V )
b. S ( V O )
c. ( O V ) S
6 / 14
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(4) Subject verb object
a. S ( O V )
b. S ( V O )
c. ( O V ) S
d. ( V O ) S
6 / 14
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(4) Subject verb object
a. S ( O V )
b. S ( V O )
c. ( O V ) S
d. ( V O ) S
e. V S O*
6 / 14
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(4) Subject verb object
a. S ( O V )
b. S ( V O )
c. ( O V ) S
d. ( V O ) S
e. V S O*
f. O S V*
6 / 14
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(4) Subject verb object
a. S ( O V )
b. S ( V O )
c. ( O V ) S
d. ( V O ) S
e. V S O*
f. O S V*
(5) WALS (1187)
6 / 14
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(4) Subject verb object
a. S ( O V )
b. S ( V O )
c. ( O V ) S
d. ( V O ) S
e. V S O*
f. O S V*
(5) WALS (1187)
a. 564
6 / 14
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(4) Subject verb object
a. S ( O V )
b. S ( V O )
c. ( O V ) S
d. ( V O ) S
e. V S O*
f. O S V*
(5) WALS (1187)
a. 564
b. 488
6 / 14
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(4) Subject verb object
a. S ( O V )
b. S ( V O )
c. ( O V ) S
d. ( V O ) S
e. V S O*
f. O S V*
(5) WALS (1187)
a. 564
b. 488
c. 11
6 / 14
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(4) Subject verb object
a. S ( O V )
b. S ( V O )
c. ( O V ) S
d. ( V O ) S
e. V S O*
f. O S V*
(5) WALS (1187)
a. 564
b. 488
c. 11
d. 25
6 / 14
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(4) Subject verb object
a. S ( O V )
b. S ( V O )
c. ( O V ) S
d. ( V O ) S
e. V S O*
f. O S V*
(5) WALS (1187)
a. 564
b. 488
c. 11
d. 25
e. 95 !
6 / 14
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(4) Subject verb object
a. S ( O V )
b. S ( V O )
c. ( O V ) S
d. ( V O ) S
e. V S O*
f. O S V*
(5) WALS (1187)
a. 564
b. 488
c. 11
d. 25
e. 95 !
f. 4 :)
6 / 14
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(4) Subject verb object
a. S ( O V )
b. S ( V O )
c. ( O V ) S
d. ( V O ) S
e. V S O*
f. O S V*
(5) WALS (1187)
a. 564
b. 488
c. 11
d. 25
e. 95 !
f. 4 :)
(6) Left right asymmetry:
Semantically strange orders are only found after the lexical
head
6 / 14
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Greenberg’s Universal 20
7 / 14
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(7) a. those four thick books
8 / 14
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(7) a. those four thick books
b. qimmi‐t
dog‐pl
qaqurtu‐t
white‐pl
marluk
two
taakku
those
‘those two white dogs’
8 / 14
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(7) a. those four thick books
b. qimmi‐t
dog‐pl
qaqurtu‐t
white‐pl
marluk
two
taakku
those
‘those two white dogs’
c. mabuku
book
mara
those
mathatu
three
manene
big
muno
very
8 / 14
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locations and paths
9 / 14
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location and paths
10 / 14
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(8) a. location = noun + place marker (in, on, at, above, ...)
11 / 14
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(8) a. location = noun + place marker (in, on, at, above, ...)
b. path = location + path marker (to, from, via...)
11 / 14
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(8) a. location = noun + place marker (in, on, at, above, ...)
b. path = location + path marker (to, from, via...)
(9) a. PATH ( PLACE N )
11 / 14
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(8) a. location = noun + place marker (in, on, at, above, ...)
b. path = location + path marker (to, from, via...)
(9) a. PATH ( PLACE N )
b. from ( under the‐box )
11 / 14
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(8) a. location = noun + place marker (in, on, at, above, ...)
b. path = location + path marker (to, from, via...)
(9) a. PATH ( PLACE N )
b. from ( under the‐box )
c. through ( under the‐box )
11 / 14
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(8) a. location = noun + place marker (in, on, at, above, ...)
b. path = location + path marker (to, from, via...)
(9) a. PATH ( PLACE N )
b. from ( under the‐box )
c. through ( under the‐box )
d. to ( under the‐box )
11 / 14
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(8) a. location = noun + place marker (in, on, at, above, ...)
b. path = location + path marker (to, from, via...)
(9) a. PATH ( PLACE N )
b. from ( under the‐box )
c. through ( under the‐box )
d. to ( under the‐box )
e. 1 + ( 2 x 3 )
11 / 14
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If language was like math...
(10) Expectations
a. PATH ( PLACE N )
12 / 14
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If language was like math...
(10) Expectations
a. PATH ( PLACE N )
b. PATH ( N PLACE )
12 / 14
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If language was like math...
(10) Expectations
a. PATH ( PLACE N )
b. PATH ( N PLACE )
c. ( PLACE N ) PATH
12 / 14
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If language was like math...
(10) Expectations
a. PATH ( PLACE N )
b. PATH ( N PLACE )
c. ( PLACE N ) PATH
d. ( N PLACE ) PATH
12 / 14
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If language was like math...
(10) Expectations
a. PATH ( PLACE N )
b. PATH ( N PLACE )
c. ( PLACE N ) PATH
d. ( N PLACE ) PATH
e. N PATH PLACE – ?
12 / 14
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If language was like math...
(10) Expectations
a. PATH ( PLACE N )
b. PATH ( N PLACE )
c. ( PLACE N ) PATH
d. ( N PLACE ) PATH
e. N PATH PLACE – ?
f. PLACE PATH N – ?
12 / 14
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If language was like math...
(10) Macedonian
(11) Expectations
a. PATH ( PLACE N )
b. PATH ( N PLACE )
c. ( PLACE N ) PATH
d. ( N PLACE ) PATH
e. N PATH PLACE – ?
f. PLACE PATH N – ?
(12) Reality
a. English, Czech, ...
12 / 14
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If language was like math...
(10) Fongbe
(11) Expectations
a. PATH ( PLACE N )
b. PATH ( N PLACE )
c. ( PLACE N ) PATH
d. ( N PLACE ) PATH
e. N PATH PLACE – ?
f. PLACE PATH N – ?
(12) Reality
a. English, Czech, ...
b. Fongbe, ...
12 / 14
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If language was like math...
(10) Dutch
(11) Expectations
a. PATH ( PLACE N )
b. PATH ( N PLACE )
c. ( PLACE N ) PATH
d. ( N PLACE ) PATH
e. N PATH PLACE – ?
f. PLACE PATH N – ?
(12) Reality
a. English, Czech, ...
b. Fongbe, ...
c. Dutch, ...
12 / 14
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If language was like math...
(10) Waris
(11) Expectations
a. PATH ( PLACE N )
b. PATH ( N PLACE )
c. ( PLACE N ) PATH
d. ( N PLACE ) PATH
e. N PATH PLACE – ?
f. PLACE PATH N – ?
(12) Reality
a. English, Czech, ...
b. Fongbe, ...
c. Dutch, ...
d. Waris, ...
12 / 14
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If language was like math...
(10) Iatmul
(11) Expectations
a. PATH ( PLACE N )
b. PATH ( N PLACE )
c. ( PLACE N ) PATH
d. ( N PLACE ) PATH
e. N PATH PLACE – ?
f. PLACE PATH N – ?
(12) Reality
a. English, Czech, ...
b. Fongbe, ...
c. Dutch, ...
d. Waris, ...
e. Iatmul (rare)
12 / 14
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If language was like math...
(10) Expectations
a. PATH ( PLACE N )
b. PATH ( N PLACE )
c. ( PLACE N ) PATH
d. ( N PLACE ) PATH
e. N PATH PLACE – ?
f. PLACE PATH N – ?
(11) Reality
a. English, Czech, ...
b. Fongbe, ...
c. Dutch, ...
d. Waris, ...
e. Iatmul (rare)
f. unattested
12 / 14
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If language was like math...
(10) Expectations
a. PATH ( PLACE N )
b. PATH ( N PLACE )
c. ( PLACE N ) PATH
d. ( N PLACE ) PATH
e. N PATH PLACE – ?
f. PLACE PATH N – ?
(11) Reality
a. English, Czech, ...
b. Fongbe, ...
c. Dutch, ...
d. Waris, ...
e. Iatmul (rare)
f. unattested
(12) Left right asymmetry:
Semantically strange orders are only found after the lexical
head
12 / 14
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Stack sorting algorithm
(13) a. In the assumed structure, assign highest number to the
element that needs to be semantically processed first
b. Any surface order must map onto the sequence ...‐3‐2‐1
c. What is stack sorting?
link
13 / 14
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References
14 / 14