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Ordering typology
Pavel Caha
9 Oct 2023
1 / 23
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Recap
Language variation beyond odering
Formalist explanations, more variation
2 / 23
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Meaning and ordering
(1) a. 1 + ( 2 x 3 )
3 / 23
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Meaning and ordering
(1) a. 1 + ( 2 x 3 )
b. 1 + ( 3 x 2 )
3 / 23
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Meaning and ordering
(1) a. 1 + ( 2 x 3 )
b. 1 + ( 3 x 2 )
c. ( 3 x 2 ) + 1
3 / 23
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Meaning and ordering
(1) a. 1 + ( 2 x 3 )
b. 1 + ( 3 x 2 )
c. ( 3 x 2 ) + 1
d. ( 2 x 3 ) + 1
3 / 23
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Meaning and ordering
(1) a. 1 + ( 2 x 3 )
b. 1 + ( 3 x 2 )
c. ( 3 x 2 ) + 1
d. ( 2 x 3 ) + 1
(2) a. 123
4 / 23
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Meaning and ordering
(1) a. 1 + ( 2 x 3 )
b. 1 + ( 3 x 2 )
c. ( 3 x 2 ) + 1
d. ( 2 x 3 ) + 1
(2) a. 123
b. 132
4 / 23
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Meaning and ordering
(1) a. 1 + ( 2 x 3 )
b. 1 + ( 3 x 2 )
c. ( 3 x 2 ) + 1
d. ( 2 x 3 ) + 1
(2) a. 123
b. 132
c. 321
4 / 23
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Meaning and ordering
(1) a. 1 + ( 2 x 3 )
b. 1 + ( 3 x 2 )
c. ( 3 x 2 ) + 1
d. ( 2 x 3 ) + 1
(2) a. 123
b. 132
c. 321
d. 231
4 / 23
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Meaning and ordering
(1) a. 1 + ( 2 x 3 )
b. 1 + ( 3 x 2 )
c. ( 3 x 2 ) + 1
d. ( 2 x 3 ) + 1
(2) a. 123
b. 132
c. 321
d. 231
e. 312
4 / 23
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Meaning and ordering
(1) a. 1 + ( 2 x 3 )
b. 1 + ( 3 x 2 )
c. ( 3 x 2 ) + 1
d. ( 2 x 3 ) + 1
(2) a. 123
b. 132
c. 321
d. 231
e. 312
f. 213
4 / 23
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Meaning and ordering
(1) a. 1 + ( 2 x 3 )
b. 1 + ( 3 x 2 )
c. ( 3 x 2 ) + 1
d. ( 2 x 3 ) + 1
(2) a. 123
b. 132
c. 321
d. 231
e. 312
f. 213
(3) Left right asymmetry:
Non‐isomorphic orders are only found after the lexical head
4 / 23
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5 / 23
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Motion
(4) a. thing = noun
6 / 23
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Motion
(4) a. thing = noun
b. location = noun + place marker (in, on, at, above, ...)
6 / 23
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Motion
(4) a. thing = noun
b. location = noun + place marker (in, on, at, above, ...)
c. path = location + path marker (to, from, via...)
6 / 23
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Motion
(4) a. thing = noun
b. location = noun + place marker (in, on, at, above, ...)
c. path = location + path marker (to, from, via...)
(5) a. PATH ( PLACE N )
6 / 23
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Motion
(4) a. thing = noun
b. location = noun + place marker (in, on, at, above, ...)
c. path = location + path marker (to, from, via...)
(5) a. PATH ( PLACE N )
b. from ( under the‐box )
6 / 23
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Motion
(4) a. thing = noun
b. location = noun + place marker (in, on, at, above, ...)
c. path = location + path marker (to, from, via...)
(5) a. PATH ( PLACE N )
b. from ( under the‐box )
c. through ( under the‐box )
6 / 23
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Motion
(4) a. thing = noun
b. location = noun + place marker (in, on, at, above, ...)
c. path = location + path marker (to, from, via...)
(5) a. PATH ( PLACE N )
b. from ( under the‐box )
c. through ( under the‐box )
d. to ( under the‐box )
6 / 23
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(6) Expectations
a. PATH ( PLACE N )
7 / 23
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(6) Expectations
a. PATH ( PLACE N )
b. PATH ( N PLACE )
7 / 23
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(6) Expectations
a. PATH ( PLACE N )
b. PATH ( N PLACE )
c. ( PLACE N ) PATH
7 / 23
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(6) Expectations
a. PATH ( PLACE N )
b. PATH ( N PLACE )
c. ( PLACE N ) PATH
d. ( N PLACE ) PATH
7 / 23
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(6) Expectations
a. PATH ( PLACE N )
b. PATH ( N PLACE )
c. ( PLACE N ) PATH
d. ( N PLACE ) PATH
e. N PATH PLACE – ?
7 / 23
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(6) Expectations
a. PATH ( PLACE N )
b. PATH ( N PLACE )
c. ( PLACE N ) PATH
d. ( N PLACE ) PATH
e. N PATH PLACE – ?
f. PLACE PATH N – ?
7 / 23
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(6) Expectations
a. PATH ( PLACE N )
b. PATH ( N PLACE )
c. ( PLACE N ) PATH
d. ( N PLACE ) PATH
e. N PATH PLACE – ?
f. PLACE PATH N – ?
(7) Reality
a. English, Czech, ...
7 / 23
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(6) Expectations
a. PATH ( PLACE N )
b. PATH ( N PLACE )
c. ( PLACE N ) PATH
d. ( N PLACE ) PATH
e. N PATH PLACE – ?
f. PLACE PATH N – ?
(7) Reality
a. English, Czech, ...
b. Fongbe, ...
7 / 23
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(6) Expectations
a. PATH ( PLACE N )
b. PATH ( N PLACE )
c. ( PLACE N ) PATH
d. ( N PLACE ) PATH
e. N PATH PLACE – ?
f. PLACE PATH N – ?
(7) Reality
a. English, Czech, ...
b. Fongbe, ...
c. Dutch, ...
7 / 23
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(6) Expectations
a. PATH ( PLACE N )
b. PATH ( N PLACE )
c. ( PLACE N ) PATH
d. ( N PLACE ) PATH
e. N PATH PLACE – ?
f. PLACE PATH N – ?
(7) Reality
a. English, Czech, ...
b. Fongbe, ...
c. Dutch, ...
d. Waris, ...
7 / 23
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(6) Expectations
a. PATH ( PLACE N )
b. PATH ( N PLACE )
c. ( PLACE N ) PATH
d. ( N PLACE ) PATH
e. N PATH PLACE – ?
f. PLACE PATH N – ?
(7) Reality
a. English, Czech, ...
b. Fongbe, ...
c. Dutch, ...
d. Waris, ...
e. Iatmul (rare)
7 / 23
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(6) Expectations
a. PATH ( PLACE N )
b. PATH ( N PLACE )
c. ( PLACE N ) PATH
d. ( N PLACE ) PATH
e. N PATH PLACE – ?
f. PLACE PATH N – ?
(7) Reality
a. English, Czech, ...
b. Fongbe, ...
c. Dutch, ...
d. Waris, ...
e. Iatmul (rare)
f. unattested
7 / 23
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(6) Expectations
a. PATH ( PLACE N )
b. PATH ( N PLACE )
c. ( PLACE N ) PATH
d. ( N PLACE ) PATH
e. N PATH PLACE – ?
f. PLACE PATH N – ?
(7) Reality
a. English, Czech, ...
b. Fongbe, ...
c. Dutch, ...
d. Waris, ...
e. Iatmul (rare)
f. unattested
(8) Left right asymmetry:
Non‐isomorphic orders are only found after the lexical head
7 / 23
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Recap
Language variation beyond odering
Formalist explanations, more variation
8 / 23
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Language variation beyond odering
9 / 23
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Language variation beyond odering
(9) Expressing Path in Cz
a. Nůž
knife
je
is
v
in
šuflíku
drawer
‘The knowf is in the drawer’
10 / 23
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Language variation beyond odering
(9) Expressing Path in Cz
a. Nůž
knife
je
is
v
in
šuflíku
drawer
‘The knowf is in the drawer’
b. Dal
he.put
nůž
knife
do
into
šuflíku
drawer
‘He put the knife in the drawer.’
10 / 23
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Language variation beyond odering
(9) Expressing Path in Cz
a. Nůž
knife
je
is
v
in
šuflíku
drawer
‘The knowf is in the drawer’
b. Dal
he.put
nůž
knife
do
into
šuflíku
drawer
‘He put the knife in the drawer.’
do = PATH+PLACE
c. Vzal
he.took
nůž
knife
z
out.of
šuflíku
drawer
‘He took the knife out of the drawer.’
10 / 23
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Language variation beyond odering
(9) Expressing Path in Cz
a. Nůž
knife
je
is
v
in
šuflíku
drawer
‘The knowf is in the drawer’
b. Dal
he.put
nůž
knife
do
into
šuflíku
drawer
‘He put the knife in the drawer.’
do = PATH+PLACE
c. Vzal
he.took
nůž
knife
z
out.of
šuflíku
drawer
‘He took the knife out of the drawer.’
z = PATH+PLACE
10 / 23
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Language variation beyond odering
(10) Expressing Path in Cz
a. Petr
Petr
stojí
is.standing
u
by
stromu
tree
‘Petr is standing by the tree.’
11 / 23
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Language variation beyond odering
(10) Expressing Path in Cz
a. Petr
Petr
stojí
is.standing
u
by
stromu
tree
‘Petr is standing by the tree.’
b. Petr
Petr
se
refl
loudal
lazy.walk
ke
to
stromu.
tree
‘Petr lazily walked to the tree.’
11 / 23
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Language variation beyond odering
(10) Expressing Path in Cz
a. Petr
Petr
stojí
is.standing
u
by
stromu
tree
‘Petr is standing by the tree.’
b. Petr
Petr
se
refl
loudal
lazy.walk
ke
to
stromu.
tree
‘Petr lazily walked to the tree.’
k = PATH+PLACE
c. Petr
Petr
utíkal
ran
od
away
stromu.
from the tree.
‘He took the knife out of the drawer.’
11 / 23
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Language variation beyond odering
(10) Expressing Path in Cz
a. Petr
Petr
stojí
is.standing
u
by
stromu
tree
‘Petr is standing by the tree.’
b. Petr
Petr
se
refl
loudal
lazy.walk
ke
to
stromu.
tree
‘Petr lazily walked to the tree.’
k = PATH+PLACE
c. Petr
Petr
utíkal
ran
od
away
stromu.
from the tree.
‘He took the knife out of the drawer.’
od = PATH+PLACE
11 / 23
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Language variation beyond odering
(10) Expressing Path in Cz
a. Petr
Petr
stojí
is.standing
u
by
stromu
tree
‘Petr is standing by the tree.’
b. Petr
Petr
se
refl
loudal
lazy.walk
ke
to
stromu.
tree
‘Petr lazily walked to the tree.’
k = PATH+PLACE
c. Petr
Petr
utíkal
ran
od
away
stromu.
from the tree.
‘He took the knife out of the drawer.’
od = PATH+PLACE
▶ the emergence of MANNER
11 / 23
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Language variation beyond odering
(10) Expressing Path in Cz
a. Petr
Petr
stojí
is.standing
u
by
stromu
tree
‘Petr is standing by the tree.’
b. Petr
Petr
se
refl
loudal
lazy.walk
ke
to
stromu.
tree
‘Petr lazily walked to the tree.’
k = PATH+PLACE
c. Petr
Petr
utíkal
ran
od
away
stromu.
from the tree.
‘He took the knife out of the drawer.’
od = PATH+PLACE
▶ the emergence of MANNER
▶ MANNER+MOTION+PATH+PLACE+THING
11 / 23
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Language variation beyond odering
(10) Expressing Path in Cz
a. Petr
Petr
stojí
is.standing
u
by
stromu
tree
‘Petr is standing by the tree.’
b. Petr
Petr
se
refl
loudal
lazy.walk
ke
to
stromu.
tree
‘Petr lazily walked to the tree.’
k = PATH+PLACE
c. Petr
Petr
utíkal
ran
od
away
stromu.
from the tree.
‘He took the knife out of the drawer.’
od = PATH+PLACE
▶ the emergence of MANNER
▶ MANNER+MOTION+PATH+PLACE+THING
▶ Manner+Motion > Path+Place > Thing
11 / 23
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Verb framed languages
12 / 23
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Language variation beyond odering
(11) MANNER PATH PLACE THING
a. entered
Path
in
Place
cave
goal
floating
manner
b. plul
manner
do
path+place
jeskyně
ground
13 / 23
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Language variation beyond odering
▶ On the surface, it is not always easy to establish the same
categories across languages
14 / 23
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Language variation beyond odering
▶ On the surface, it is not always easy to establish the same
categories across languages
▶ Some markers conflate multiple meanings (fusion –
agglutination)
14 / 23
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Language variation beyond odering
▶ On the surface, it is not always easy to establish the same
categories across languages
▶ Some markers conflate multiple meanings (fusion –
agglutination)
▶ The argument is still out there
14 / 23
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Recap
Language variation beyond odering
Formalist explanations, more variation
15 / 23
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Case and number
(12) Greenberg’s Universal 39 (Greenberg 1963: 75)
Where morphemes of both number and case are present
and both follow or both precede the noun base, the
expression of number almost always comes between the
noun base and the expression of case.
16 / 23
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Turkish
(13) a. el ‐de
hand ‐LOC
b. el‐ler‐de
hand‐PL‐LOC
17 / 23
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Tagalog
(14) a. sa =bata
DAT =child
b. sa=mga=bata
DAT=PL=child
18 / 23
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Case and number
KP
K
case
NumP
Num
number
NP
noun
19 / 23
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Classical Armenian
(15) a. azg‐aw
nation‐INS
b. azg‐aw‐k’
nation‐INS‐PL
20 / 23
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(16) The updated U39 (Kloudová 2020)
Counterexample are only found after the noun.
21 / 23
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(16) The updated U39 (Kloudová 2020)
Counterexample are only found after the noun.
KP
K
case
NumP
Num
number
NP
noun
21 / 23
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(16) The updated U39 (Kloudová 2020)
Counterexample are only found after the noun.
KP
K
case
NumP
Num
number
NP
noun
KP
NP
...
KP
K NumP
Num NP
...
21 / 23
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Colloquial Czech
SG PL
NOM pán pán‐ové
ACC pán‐a pán‐y
GEN pán‐a pán‐ů
LOC pán‐ovi pán‐ech
DAT pán‐ovi pán‐ům
INS pán‐em pán‐ama
22 / 23
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A late insertion scenario
KP
NP
...
KP
K NumP
Num NP
...
23 / 23
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A late insertion scenario
KP
NP
...
KP
K NumP
Num NP
...
KP
NP
...
KP
K NumP
Num
portmanteau
23 / 23