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Semantic maps
Pavel Caha
Masaryk University (Brno)
Oct 31, 2022
1 / 110
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dat-all-loc
numerals
How does this help
An important footnote on ‘singular’
Tripartite systems
Split systems I: Gender/Class
Conclusions
Appendix Adding case
2 / 110
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(1) Japanese (Takamine 2010: 55,57)
a. Taro-ga
Taro-nom
tomodach-ni
friend-dat
hon-o
book-acc
ageta.
gave
‘Taro gave a book to his friend.’ Recipient
b. Kodomotachi-wa
children-top
futatu-no
two.cl-gen
kooen-ni
park-all
itta.
went
‘The children went to two parks.’ Goal
c. Akiyama & Akiyama (2002: 51)
Ginza-wa
Ginza-top
Tokyo-ni
Tokyo-loc
arimasu.
is
‘Ginza is in Tokyo.’ Location
3 / 110
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(2) Pite Saami (Wilbur 2014: 86-7,90)
a. vadda
give.imp
Jåssjå-j
Josh-dat
aj
too
‘Give (one) to Josh, too!’ Recipient
b. da
now
vuodja
drive.3pl
bijla-jn
car.com
Ornvika-j
Ornvika-all
‘Now one drives to Ornvika by car.’ Goal
c. vágge-n
valley-loc
Sálvo-jåhkkå
Sálvo-creek.nom.sg
=l
is
‘Sálvo Creek is in the valley.’ Location
4 / 110
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(3) Chol (Vázquez Álvarez 2011: 281-2)
a. mi
impf
k-mäñ-ø
1st-buy-3rd
ts’ak
medicin
cha’añ
for
k-papaj
my-father
‘I buy medicin for my father.’ Recipient
b. tyi
perf
majliy-o’
go-3.pl
tyi
prep
Jolsibakil
Jolsibakil
‘They went to Jolsibakil.’ Goal
c. käläx=ix
many=already
kixtyañuj
people
tyi
prep
Mexikuj
Mexico
‘Many people are in Mexico’ Location
5 / 110
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(4) The syncretism patterns summed up
dative allative locative
Japanese
Pite Saami
Chol
not attested A B A
6 / 110
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(5) Macedonian allative: dat-loc-N
a. Mu
him.textscdat
go
it.acc
dal
gave
podarokot
present.def
na
dat
sina
son
i
her
‘He gave the present to her son.’ (Tomič 2006: p.78)
Recipient
b. Odam
I-go
na
dat
kaj
loc
parkot.
park
‘I am going to the park.’ (Pantcheva 2011: 36) Goal
c. Kaj
loc
parkot
park.def
sum.
am
‘I am at the park.’ (Pantcheva 2011: 36) Location
7 / 110
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(6) Malayalam allative: N-loc-dat (Asher & Kumari 1997:
107,113)
a. Hanipha
Hanifa
eni-kk@
I-dat
ii
this
pustakan
book
tannu
gave
‘Hanifa gave me this book.’ Recipient
b. kiíihaí
birds
kunúú-il-eekk@
nest-loc-dat
parannu
fly-pp
pookunnu
gopres
‘The birds fly to their nests.’ Goal
c. Viiúú-il
house-loc
aarokke
who all
uïú@
be-pres
‘Who are there at home?’ Location
8 / 110
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(7) Meaning decomposition
a. dat = [ dat]
b. all = [loc, dat]
c. loc = [loc ]
9 / 110
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(7) Meaning decomposition
a. dat = [ dat]
b. all = [loc, dat]
c. loc = [loc ]
(8) The syncretism patterns to be derived
dative allative locative
[b] [a,b] [a]
Japanese -ni
Pite Saami -j -n
Chol cha’añ tyi
not attested A B A
9 / 110
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(9) ni ⇔ [loc,dat]
(10) The syncretism patterns to be derived
dative allative locative
[dat] [loc,dat] [loc]
Japanese -ni
Pite Saami -j -n
Chol cha’añ tyi
not attested A B A
10 / 110
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(11) -n wins in competition (it is more specific)
dative allative locative
[dat] [loc,dat] [loc]
-n ⇔ [K loc]
-j ⇔ [K loc,dat]
after competition -j -j -n
11 / 110
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(12) cha’añ wins in competition (it is more specific)
dative allative locative
[dat] [loc,dat] [loc]
cha’añ ⇔ [K dat]
tyi ⇔ [K loc,dat]
after competition cha’añ tyi tyi
12 / 110
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dat-all-loc
numerals
How does this help
An important footnote on ‘singular’
Tripartite systems
Split systems I: Gender/Class
Conclusions
Appendix Adding case
13 / 110
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The basic facts
(13) English
a. one boy
b. two boy-s
c. *two boy
14 / 110
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The basic facts
(13) English
a. one boy
b. two boy-s
c. *two boy
(14) Turkish
a. bir
one
çocuk
boy(sg)
b. iki
two
çocuk
boy(sg)
c. *iki
two
çocuk-lar
boy-pl
14 / 110
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A semantic-parameter account
▶ Semantic parameter: the noun denotes something else in
English and Turkish
15 / 110
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A semantic-parameter account
▶ Semantic parameter: the noun denotes something else in
English and Turkish
(15) Bale et al. (2010)
a. ⟦çocuk⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
b. ⟦boy⟧ = { a, b, c }
15 / 110
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A semantic-parameter account
▶ Semantic parameter: the noun denotes something else in
English and Turkish
(15) Bale et al. (2010)
a. ⟦çocuk⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
b. ⟦boy⟧ = { a, b, c }
15 / 110
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Martí (2020)
▶ Semantic parameter: the plural denotes something else in
English and Turkish
16 / 110
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Martí (2020)
▶ Semantic parameter: the plural denotes something else in
English and Turkish
NumberP
NumeralP
Numeral
two
NP
cat
Number
s
16 / 110
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Martí (2020)
▶ Semantic parameter: the plural denotes something else in
English and Turkish
NumberP
NumeralP
Numeral
two
NP
cat
Number
s
(16) a. ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
16 / 110
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Martí (2020)
▶ Semantic parameter: the plural denotes something else in
English and Turkish
NumberP
NumeralP
Numeral
two
NP
cat
Number
s
(16) a. ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
b. ⟦two NP⟧ = { ab, ac, bc }
16 / 110
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numerals
NumberP
NumeralP
Numeral
two
NP
cat
Number
s
(17) English-style language: [+/- atomic]
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & atom(x)
b. ⟦−atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & ¬atom(x)
17 / 110
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.
numerals
NumberP
NumeralP
Numeral
two
NP
cat
Number
s
(17) English-style language: [+/- atomic]
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & atom(x)
b. ⟦−atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & ¬atom(x)
(18) ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
17 / 110
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.
numerals
NumberP
NumeralP
Numeral
two
NP
cat
Number
s
(17) English-style language: [+/- atomic]
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & atom(x)
b. ⟦−atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & ¬atom(x)
(18) ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { a, b, c }
17 / 110
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.
numerals
NumberP
NumeralP
Numeral
two
NP
cat
Number
s
(17) English-style language: [+/- atomic]
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & atom(x)
b. ⟦−atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & ¬atom(x)
(18) ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { a, b, c }
b. ⟦-atomic⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { ab, ac, bc, abc }
17 / 110
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numerals
NumberP
NumeralP
Numeral
two
NP
cat
Number
s
(17) English-style language: [+/- atomic]
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & atom(x)
b. ⟦−atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & ¬atom(x)
(18) ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { a, b, c }
b. ⟦-atomic⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { ab, ac, bc, abc }
(19) ⟦two NP⟧ = { ab, ac, bc }
17 / 110
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numerals
NumberP
NumeralP
Numeral
two
NP
cat
Number
s
(17) English-style language: [+/- atomic]
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & atom(x)
b. ⟦−atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & ¬atom(x)
(18) ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { a, b, c }
b. ⟦-atomic⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { ab, ac, bc, abc }
(19) ⟦two NP⟧ = { ab, ac, bc }
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ (⟦two NP⟧) = —
17 / 110
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numerals
NumberP
NumeralP
Numeral
two
NP
cat
Number
s
(17) English-style language: [+/- atomic]
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & atom(x)
b. ⟦−atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & ¬atom(x)
(18) ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { a, b, c }
b. ⟦-atomic⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { ab, ac, bc, abc }
(19) ⟦two NP⟧ = { ab, ac, bc }
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ (⟦two NP⟧) = —
b. ⟦-atomic⟧ (⟦two NP⟧) = { ab, ac, bc } 17 / 110
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numerals
NumberP
NumeralP
Numeral
iki
two
NP
çocuk
boy
Number
Ø
(20) Turkish-style language: [+/- minimal]
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ¬∃y P(y) y⊏x
b. ⟦−minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ∃y P(y) y⊏x
18 / 110
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numerals
NumberP
NumeralP
Numeral
iki
two
NP
çocuk
boy
Number
Ø
(20) Turkish-style language: [+/- minimal]
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ¬∃y P(y) y⊏x
b. ⟦−minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ∃y P(y) y⊏x
(21) ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
18 / 110
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numerals
NumberP
NumeralP
Numeral
iki
two
NP
çocuk
boy
Number
Ø
(20) Turkish-style language: [+/- minimal]
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ¬∃y P(y) y⊏x
b. ⟦−minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ∃y P(y) y⊏x
(21) ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { a, b, c }
18 / 110
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numerals
NumberP
NumeralP
Numeral
iki
two
NP
çocuk
boy
Number
Ø
(20) Turkish-style language: [+/- minimal]
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ¬∃y P(y) y⊏x
b. ⟦−minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ∃y P(y) y⊏x
(21) ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { a, b, c }
b. ⟦-minimal⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { ab, ac, bc, abc }
18 / 110
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numerals
NumberP
NumeralP
Numeral
iki
two
NP
çocuk
boy
Number
Ø
(20) Turkish-style language: [+/- minimal]
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ¬∃y P(y) y⊏x
b. ⟦−minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ∃y P(y) y⊏x
(21) ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { a, b, c }
b. ⟦-minimal⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { ab, ac, bc, abc }
(22) ⟦two NP⟧ = { ab, ac, bc }
18 / 110
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numerals
NumberP
NumeralP
Numeral
iki
two
NP
çocuk
boy
Number
Ø
(20) Turkish-style language: [+/- minimal]
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ¬∃y P(y) y⊏x
b. ⟦−minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ∃y P(y) y⊏x
(21) ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { a, b, c }
b. ⟦-minimal⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { ab, ac, bc, abc }
(22) ⟦two NP⟧ = { ab, ac, bc }
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ (⟦two NP⟧) = = { ab, ac, bc }
18 / 110
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numerals
NumberP
NumeralP
Numeral
iki
two
NP
çocuk
boy
Number
Ø
(20) Turkish-style language: [+/- minimal]
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ¬∃y P(y) y⊏x
b. ⟦−minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ∃y P(y) y⊏x
(21) ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { a, b, c }
b. ⟦-minimal⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { ab, ac, bc, abc }
(22) ⟦two NP⟧ = { ab, ac, bc }
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ (⟦two NP⟧) = = { ab, ac, bc }
b. ⟦-minimal⟧ (⟦two NP⟧) = — 18 / 110
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Split system: gender
(23) Estonian Swedish (Ionin & Matushansky 2018: 108-9)
a. tri
three
mann
man.sg
‘three men’
b. fem
five
bärkiar
birch.pl
‘five birches’
19 / 110
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Split system: gender
(23) Estonian Swedish (Ionin & Matushansky 2018: 108-9)
a. tri
three
mann
man.sg
‘three men’
b. fem
five
bärkiar
birch.pl
‘five birches’
▶ difficult to see how one should extend the system in Martí
(2020)
19 / 110
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Split system: gender
(23) Estonian Swedish (Ionin & Matushansky 2018: 108-9)
a. tri
three
mann
man.sg
‘three men’
b. fem
five
bärkiar
birch.pl
‘five birches’
▶ difficult to see how one should extend the system in Martí
(2020)
▶ Bale et al. (2010): masculine/feminine nouns denote
something else.
19 / 110
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Split systems: case
(24) South Saami paradigm fragment (Bergsland 1946: 263,
264)
house two houses houses
nom goåtie g<ekt’ə goåtieh goåtieh
gen goåtien g<ekt’ən goåtien goåtiej
ill goåtan g<ekt’ən goåtan goåt’əjdə
ine goåt’əsn g<ekt’əńə goåt’əsn goåt’ə(j)ńə
ela goåt’əst’ə g<ekt’əŕə goåt’əst’ə goåtəjsťə
com goåťə(j)ńə g<ekt’əńə goåťə(j)ńə (goåtiej gu̇jmie)
20 / 110
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Split systems: case
(24) South Saami paradigm fragment (Bergsland 1946: 263,
264)
house two houses houses
nom goåtie g<ekt’ə goåtieh goåtieh
gen goåtien g<ekt’ən goåtien goåtiej
ill goåtan g<ekt’ən goåtan goåt’əjdə
ine goåt’əsn g<ekt’əńə goåt’əsn goåt’ə(j)ńə
ela goåt’əst’ə g<ekt’əŕə goåt’əst’ə goåtəjsťə
com goåťə(j)ńə g<ekt’əńə goåťə(j)ńə (goåtiej gu̇jmie)
▶ For the case-based split, I find it hard to extend the account
by Bale et al. (2010).
20 / 110
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A morphology-centered alternative
▶ The NP denotation is the same across languages and genders
21 / 110
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A morphology-centered alternative
▶ The NP denotation is the same across languages and genders
▶ The singular and plural mean the same
21 / 110
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A morphology-centered alternative
▶ The NP denotation is the same across languages and genders
▶ The singular and plural mean the same
▶ Numerals do not combine with either the singular or the plural.
21 / 110
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A morphology-centered alternative
▶ The NP denotation is the same across languages and genders
▶ The singular and plural mean the same
▶ Numerals do not combine with either the singular or the plural.
▶ They combine with a special number: the counting number.
21 / 110
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A morphology-centered alternative
▶ The NP denotation is the same across languages and genders
▶ The singular and plural mean the same
▶ Numerals do not combine with either the singular or the plural.
▶ They combine with a special number: the counting number.
(25) a. ⟦singular⟧ = { a, b, c }
21 / 110
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A morphology-centered alternative
▶ The NP denotation is the same across languages and genders
▶ The singular and plural mean the same
▶ Numerals do not combine with either the singular or the plural.
▶ They combine with a special number: the counting number.
(25) a. ⟦singular⟧ = { a, b, c }
b. ⟦counting number⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
21 / 110
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A morphology-centered alternative
▶ The NP denotation is the same across languages and genders
▶ The singular and plural mean the same
▶ Numerals do not combine with either the singular or the plural.
▶ They combine with a special number: the counting number.
(25) a. ⟦singular⟧ = { a, b, c }
b. ⟦counting number⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
c. ⟦plural⟧ = { ab, ac, bc, abc }
21 / 110
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A morphology-centered alternative
▶ The NP denotation is the same across languages and genders
▶ The singular and plural mean the same
▶ Numerals do not combine with either the singular or the plural.
▶ They combine with a special number: the counting number.
(25) a. ⟦singular⟧ = { a, b, c }
b. ⟦counting number⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
c. ⟦plural⟧ = { ab, ac, bc, abc }
▶ Whenever the counting number looks identical either to the singular
or plural, this is because of syncretism
21 / 110
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A morphology-centered alternative
▶ The NP denotation is the same across languages and genders
▶ The singular and plural mean the same
▶ Numerals do not combine with either the singular or the plural.
▶ They combine with a special number: the counting number.
(25) a. ⟦singular⟧ = { a, b, c }
b. ⟦counting number⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
c. ⟦plural⟧ = { ab, ac, bc, abc }
▶ Whenever the counting number looks identical either to the singular
or plural, this is because of syncretism
(26) English pronouns
sg pl
1st I we
2nd you
21 / 110
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dat-all-loc
numerals
How does this help
An important footnote on ‘singular’
Tripartite systems
Split systems I: Gender/Class
Conclusions
Appendix Adding case
22 / 110
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How does this help
(27) Patterns of syncretism in Estonian Swe
sg counting plural
masculine A A B
feminine A B B
23 / 110
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How does this help
(27) Patterns of syncretism in Estonian Swe
sg counting plural
masculine A A B
feminine A B B
(28) Patterns of syncretism in South Saami
sg counting plural
oblique A A B
nominative A B B
23 / 110
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How does this help
(27) Patterns of syncretism in Estonian Swe
sg counting plural
masculine A A B
feminine A B B
(28) Patterns of syncretism in South Saami
sg counting plural
oblique A A B
nominative A B B
(29) Patterns of syncretism in Turkish vs. English
sg counting plural
Turkish A A B
English A B B
23 / 110
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A preview
(30) a. English: ABB
24 / 110
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A preview
(30) a. English: ABB
b. Turkish: AAB
24 / 110
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A preview
(30) a. English: ABB
b. Turkish: AAB
c. North Saami: ABB, AAB
24 / 110
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A preview
(30) a. English: ABB
b. Turkish: AAB
c. North Saami: ABB, AAB
d. ...
24 / 110
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A preview
(30) a. English: ABB
b. Turkish: AAB
c. North Saami: ABB, AAB
d. ...
▶ Can all three numbers be different? (yes)
24 / 110
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A preview
(30) a. English: ABB
b. Turkish: AAB
c. North Saami: ABB, AAB
d. ...
▶ Can all three numbers be different? (yes)
▶ Can they all be the same? (yes)
24 / 110
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A preview
(30) a. English: ABB
b. Turkish: AAB
c. North Saami: ABB, AAB
d. ...
▶ Can all three numbers be different? (yes)
▶ Can they all be the same? (yes)
▶ Are there any observable limits/restrictions on what can be
syncretic? (yes)
24 / 110
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A preview
(30) a. English: ABB
b. Turkish: AAB
c. North Saami: ABB, AAB
d. ...
▶ Can all three numbers be different? (yes)
▶ Can they all be the same? (yes)
▶ Are there any observable limits/restrictions on what can be
syncretic? (yes)
(31) In the sequence
singular – counting – plural
syncretism only targets adjacent regions
24 / 110
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A preview
(30) a. English: ABB
b. Turkish: AAB
c. North Saami: ABB, AAB
d. ...
▶ Can all three numbers be different? (yes)
▶ Can they all be the same? (yes)
▶ Are there any observable limits/restrictions on what can be
syncretic? (yes)
(31) In the sequence
singular – counting – plural
syncretism only targets adjacent regions
▶ A constraint like this places some interesting constraints on
grammatical representations (Caha 2009, Bobaljik 2012)
24 / 110
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A standard approach to *ABA
SgP
Sg NP
...
25 / 110
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A standard approach to *ABA
CountingP
counting SgP
Sg NP
...
26 / 110
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A standard approach to *ABA
PlP
Pl CountingP
Counting SgP
Sg NP
...
27 / 110
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dat-all-loc
numerals
How does this help
An important footnote on ‘singular’
Tripartite systems
Split systems I: Gender/Class
Conclusions
Appendix Adding case
28 / 110
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An important footnote on ‘singular’
(32) a. one dog
29 / 110
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An important footnote on ‘singular’
(32) a. one dog
b. There was dog on the wall
29 / 110
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An important footnote on ‘singular’
(32) a. one dog
b. There was dog on the wall
c. one fence
29 / 110
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An important footnote on ‘singular’
(32) a. one dog
b. There was dog on the wall
c. one fence
d. a meter of fence
29 / 110
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(33) Dutch (Fenna Bergsma, p.c.)
a. een
one
(meter)
meter
touw-Ø
rope
‘one (meter of) rope’ (sg/mass)
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.
(33) Dutch (Fenna Bergsma, p.c.)
a. een
one
(meter)
meter
touw-Ø
rope
‘one (meter of) rope’ (sg/mass)
b. twee
two
touw-en
rope-pl
‘two ropes’ (counting)
30 / 110
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(33) Dutch (Fenna Bergsma, p.c.)
a. een
one
(meter)
meter
touw-Ø
rope
‘one (meter of) rope’ (sg/mass)
b. twee
two
touw-en
rope-pl
‘two ropes’ (counting)
c. Er
there
liggen
lie
touw-en
rope-pl
op
on
de
the
grond.
ground
‘There are (some) ropes on the ground.’ (plural)
30 / 110
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An important footnote on ‘singular’
(9) Dutch (Fenna Bergsma, p.c.)
a. een
one
(meter)
meter
touw-Ø
rope
‘one (meter of) rope’ (sg/mass)
b. two
two
touw-en
rope-pl
‘two ropes’ (counting)
c. Er
there
liggen
lie
touw-en
rope-pl
op
on
de
the
grond.
ground
‘There are (some) ropes on the ground.’ (plural)
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.
An important footnote on ‘singular’
(34) Turkish (Utku Turk, p.c.)
a. bir
a
(parça)
piece
kek-Ø
cake
‘a (piece of) cake’ (sg/mass)
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.
An important footnote on ‘singular’
(34) Turkish (Utku Turk, p.c.)
a. bir
a
(parça)
piece
kek-Ø
cake
‘a (piece of) cake’ (sg/mass)
b. üç
three
kek-Ø
cake
‘three cakes’ (counting)
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An important footnote on ‘singular’
(34) Turkish (Utku Turk, p.c.)
a. bir
a
(parça)
piece
kek-Ø
cake
‘a (piece of) cake’ (sg/mass)
b. üç
three
kek-Ø
cake
‘three cakes’ (counting)
c. kek-ler
cake-pl
‘cakes’ (plural)
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An important footnote on ‘singular’
(10) Turkish (Utku Turk, p.c.)
a. bir
a
(parça)
piece
kek-Ø
cake
‘a (piece of) cake’ (sg/mass)
b. üç
three
kek-Ø
cake
‘three cakes’ (counting)
c. kek-ler
cake-pl
‘cakes’ (plural)
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An important footnote on ‘singular’
MassP
Mass NP
...
34 / 110
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An important footnote on ‘singular’
DivP
Div MassP
Mass NP
...
35 / 110
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An important footnote on ‘singular’
PlP
Pl DivP
Div MassP
Mass NP
...
36 / 110
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.
Finnish
(35) a. Jääkaapissa
fridge.ine
on
is
greippi.
grapefruit.nom
‘There is a grapefruit in the refrigerator.’
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.
Finnish
(35) a. Jääkaapissa
fridge.ine
on
is
greippi.
grapefruit.nom
‘There is a grapefruit in the refrigerator.’
b. Jääkaapissa
fridge.ine
on
is
maito-a.
milk.part
‘There is milk in the refrigerator.’
37 / 110
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.
Finnish
(35) a. Jääkaapissa
fridge.ine
on
is
greippi.
grapefruit.nom
‘There is a grapefruit in the refrigerator.’
b. Jääkaapissa
fridge.ine
on
is
maito-a.
milk.part
‘There is milk in the refrigerator.’
c. kasa
stack.nom
hiekka-a
sand-sg.part
‘a stack of sand’ (pseudo-partitive)
37 / 110
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.
Finnish
(35) a. Jääkaapissa
fridge.ine
on
is
greippi.
grapefruit.nom
‘There is a grapefruit in the refrigerator.’
b. Jääkaapissa
fridge.ine
on
is
maito-a.
milk.part
‘There is milk in the refrigerator.’
c. kasa
stack.nom
hiekka-a
sand-sg.part
‘a stack of sand’ (pseudo-partitive)
d. kolme
three.nom
talo-a
house-sg.part
‘three houses’ (counting)
37 / 110
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.
Finnish
(35) a. Jääkaapissa
fridge.ine
on
is
greippi.
grapefruit.nom
‘There is a grapefruit in the refrigerator.’
b. Jääkaapissa
fridge.ine
on
is
maito-a.
milk.part
‘There is milk in the refrigerator.’
c. kasa
stack.nom
hiekka-a
sand-sg.part
‘a stack of sand’ (pseudo-partitive)
d. kolme
three.nom
talo-a
house-sg.part
‘three houses’ (counting)
e. talo-t
house-nom.pl
‘houses’ (plural)
37 / 110
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.
Czech paucal pattern: AAA for neuters and feminines
(36) a. litr
liter
piv-a
beer-mass
/
/
vodk-y
vodka-mass
‘a liter of beer/vodka’ (mass)
38 / 110
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Czech paucal pattern: AAA for neuters and feminines
(36) a. litr
liter
piv-a
beer-mass
/
/
vodk-y
vodka-mass
‘a liter of beer/vodka’ (mass)
b. dvě
two
piv-a
beer-count
/
/
vodk-y
vodka-count
‘two glasses of beer/vodka’ (count)
38 / 110
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Czech paucal pattern: AAA for neuters and feminines
(36) a. litr
liter
piv-a
beer-mass
/
/
vodk-y
vodka-mass
‘a liter of beer/vodka’ (mass)
b. dvě
two
piv-a
beer-count
/
/
vodk-y
vodka-count
‘two glasses of beer/vodka’ (count)
c. Na
on
stole
table
stály
stood
piv-a
beer-pl
/
/
vodk-y
vodka-pl
‘There stood some glasses with beer/vodka on the
table.’ (plural)
38 / 110
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.
Czech paucal pattern: AAA for neuters and feminines
(36) a. litr
liter
piv-a
beer-mass
/
/
vodk-y
vodka-mass
‘a liter of beer/vodka’ (mass)
b. dvě
two
piv-a
beer-count
/
/
vodk-y
vodka-count
‘two glasses of beer/vodka’ (count)
c. Na
on
stole
table
stály
stood
piv-a
beer-pl
/
/
vodk-y
vodka-pl
‘There stood some glasses with beer/vodka on the
table.’ (plural)
(37) Na stole stálo jedno piv-o
on table stood one beer-sg
‘There was one beer on the table.’ (sg)
38 / 110
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.
Czech paucal pattern: AAA for neuters and feminines
(36) a. litr
liter
piv-a
beer-mass
/
/
vodk-y
vodka-mass
‘a liter of beer/vodka’ (mass)
b. dvě
two
piv-a
beer-count
/
/
vodk-y
vodka-count
‘two glasses of beer/vodka’ (count)
c. Na
on
stole
table
stály
stood
piv-a
beer-pl
/
/
vodk-y
vodka-pl
‘There stood some glasses with beer/vodka on the
table.’ (plural)
(37) Na stole stálo jedno piv-o
on table stood one beer-sg
‘There was one beer on the table.’ (sg)
(38) Na stole stála jedna vodk-a
on table stood one vodka-sg
‘There was one (glass of) vodka on the table.’ (sg)
38 / 110
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.
An important footnote on ‘singular’
PlP
Pl DivP
Div MassP
Mass NP
...
39 / 110
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.
dat-all-loc
numerals
How does this help
An important footnote on ‘singular’
Tripartite systems
Split systems I: Gender/Class
Conclusions
Appendix Adding case
40 / 110
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.
Tripartite systems
▶ Digor Ossetic, Anatolian variety
mass singular count plural
one bowl water horse ten horses horses
nom eu khoppa don-Ø bæx-Ø dæs bæx-i bæx-tæ-Ø
acc eu khoppa don-Ø bæx-Ø dæs bæx-i bæx-tæ-Ø
gen eu khoppa don-i bæx-i dæs bæx-e -j bæx-t -i
ine eu khoppa don-i bæx-i dæs bæx-em-i bæx-t -i
dat eu khoppa don-æn bæx-æn dæs bæx-em-æn bæx-t -æn
abl eu khoppa don-æj bæx-æj dæs bæx-em-æj bæx-t -æj
ade eu khoppa don-bæl bæx-bæl dæs bæx-e -bæl bæx-tæ-bæl
all eu khoppa don-mæ bæx-mæ dæs bæx-e -mæ bæx-tæ-mæ
41 / 110
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.
Tripartite systems
▶ Digor Ossetic, Anatolian variety
mass singular count plural
one bowl water horse ten horses horses
nom eu khoppa don-Ø-Ø bæx-Ø-Ø dæs bæx-i bæx-tæ-Ø
acc eu khoppa don-Ø-Ø bæx-Ø-Ø dæs bæx-i bæx-tæ-Ø
gen eu khoppa don-Ø-i bæx-Ø-i dæs bæx-e -j bæx-t -i
ine eu khoppa don-Ø-i bæx-Ø-i dæs bæx-em-i bæx-t -i
dat eu khoppa don-Ø-æn bæx-Ø-æn dæs bæx-em-æn bæx-t -æn
abl eu khoppa don-Ø-æj bæx-Ø-æj dæs bæx-em-æj bæx-t -æj
ade eu khoppa don-Ø-bæl bæx-Ø-bæl dæs bæx-e -bæl bæx-tæ-bæl
all eu khoppa don-Ø-mæ bæx-Ø-mæ dæs bæx-e -mæ bæx-tæ-mæ
42 / 110
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.
Tripartite systems
(39) Niuean
a. Ko
pred
[e
abs
lupo
bottle
Ø kava
beer
haau],
your
ne
pst
inu
drink
e
erg
Sione.
Sione
‘Your bottle of beer Sione drank.’
43 / 110
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.
.
Tripartite systems
(39) Niuean
a. Ko
pred
[e
abs
lupo
bottle
Ø kava
beer
haau],
your
ne
pst
inu
drink
e
erg
Sione.
Sione
‘Your bottle of beer Sione drank.’
b. Ne
pst
faka-moui
caus-live
[he
erg
ekekafo]
doctor
[e
abs
Ø
sg
tagata
person
na.]
that
‘The doctor saved that person.’
43 / 110
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.
.
.
Tripartite systems
(39) Niuean
a. Ko
pred
[e
abs
lupo
bottle
Ø kava
beer
haau],
your
ne
pst
inu
drink
e
erg
Sione.
Sione
‘Your bottle of beer Sione drank.’
b. Ne
pst
faka-moui
caus-live
[he
erg
ekekafo]
doctor
[e
abs
Ø
sg
tagata
person
na.]
that
‘The doctor saved that person.’
c. Ne
pst
faka-momoui
caus-live.pl
[he
erg
ekekafo]
doctor
[e
abs
tau
pl
tagata
person
na.]
that
‘The doctor saved those people.’
43 / 110
.
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.
.
Tripartite systems
(39) Niuean
a. Ko
pred
[e
abs
lupo
bottle
Ø kava
beer
haau],
your
ne
pst
inu
drink
e
erg
Sione.
Sione
‘Your bottle of beer Sione drank.’
b. Ne
pst
faka-moui
caus-live
[he
erg
ekekafo]
doctor
[e
abs
Ø
sg
tagata
person
na.]
that
‘The doctor saved that person.’
c. Ne
pst
faka-momoui
caus-live.pl
[he
erg
ekekafo]
doctor
[e
abs
tau
pl
tagata
person
na.]
that
‘The doctor saved those people.’
d. Ne
pst
kitia
see
[e
erg
au]
I
[(e)
abs
tokolima
five
e
div
tagata.]
person
‘I saw five people.’
43 / 110
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dat-all-loc
numerals
How does this help
An important footnote on ‘singular’
Tripartite systems
Split systems I: Gender/Class
Conclusions
Appendix Adding case
44 / 110
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Bulgarian masculines: a tripartite system
(40) Bulgarian
a. edin
one
keks-Ø
cake
45 / 110
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Bulgarian masculines: a tripartite system
(40) Bulgarian
a. edin
one
keks-Ø
cake
b. edno
one
parche
piece
keks-Ø
cake
45 / 110
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Bulgarian masculines: a tripartite system
(40) Bulgarian
a. edin
one
keks-Ø
cake
b. edno
one
parche
piece
keks-Ø
cake
c. dva
two
keks-a
cake-count
45 / 110
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Bulgarian masculines: a tripartite system
(40) Bulgarian
a. edin
one
keks-Ø
cake
b. edno
one
parche
piece
keks-Ø
cake
c. dva
two
keks-a
cake-count
d. Na
on
masata
table-the
ima
has
keks-ove
cake-s
‘There are cakes on the table’
45 / 110
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.
Bulgarian neuters (feminines): ABB
(41) Bulgarian
a. edin
one
meter
meter
v@zhe-Ø
rope
46 / 110
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.
Bulgarian neuters (feminines): ABB
(41) Bulgarian
a. edin
one
meter
meter
v@zhe-Ø
rope
b. edno
one
v@zhe-Ø
rope
46 / 110
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.
Bulgarian neuters (feminines): ABB
(41) Bulgarian
a. edin
one
meter
meter
v@zhe-Ø
rope
b. edno
one
v@zhe-Ø
rope
c. dve
two
v@zhe-ta
rope-count
46 / 110
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.
Bulgarian neuters (feminines): ABB
(41) Bulgarian
a. edin
one
meter
meter
v@zhe-Ø
rope
b. edno
one
v@zhe-Ø
rope
c. dve
two
v@zhe-ta
rope-count
d. Na
on
masata
table-the
ima
has
v@zhe-ta
rope-s
‘There are (some) ropes on the table’
46 / 110
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Split systems I: Gender/Class
(42) Patterns of syncretism in Bulgarian
sg/mass counting plural
masculine -Ø -a -ove
neuter -Ø -ta -ta
47 / 110
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split systems I: Serbian
nom.sg. pseudo-part counting plural
new, masc. nov-Ø nov-og(a) nov-a nov-i ABC
48 / 110
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.
split systems I: Serbian
nom.sg. pseudo-part counting plural
new, masc. nov-Ø nov-og(a) nov-a nov-i ABC
water, fem. vod-a vod-ē vod-e vod-e ABB
48 / 110
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.
split systems I: Serbian
nom.sg. pseudo-part counting plural
new, masc. nov-Ø nov-og(a) nov-a nov-i ABC
water, fem. vod-a vod-ē vod-e vod-e ABB
rope, masc. konopac-Ø konopc-a konopc-a konopc-i AAB
48 / 110
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.
split systems I: Serbian
nom.sg. pseudo-part counting plural
new, masc. nov-Ø nov-og(a) nov-a nov-i ABC
water, fem. vod-a vod-ē vod-e vod-e ABB
rope, masc. konopac-Ø konopc-a konopc-a konopc-i AAB
salt, fem. so-Ø sol-i sol-i sol-i AAA
48 / 110
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.
split systems I: Serbian
nom.sg. pseudo-part counting plural
new, masc. nov-Ø nov-og(a) nov-a nov-i ABC
water, fem. vod-a vod-ē vod-e vod-e ABB
rope, masc. konopac-Ø konopc-a konopc-a konopc-i AAB
salt, fem. so-Ø sol-i sol-i sol-i AAA
not attested — A B A *ABA
48 / 110
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.
dat-all-loc
numerals
How does this help
An important footnote on ‘singular’
Tripartite systems
Split systems I: Gender/Class
Conclusions
Appendix Adding case
49 / 110
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.
(43) Mass
MassP
Mass NP
...
(44) counting
ClP
Cl MassP
Mass NP
...
(45) plural
PlP
Pl ClP
Cl MassP
Mass NP
...
50 / 110
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(46) In the sequence
mass – counting – plural
syncretism only targets adjacent regions
51 / 110
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(46) In the sequence
mass – counting – plural
syncretism only targets adjacent regions
(47) a. English: ABB
51 / 110
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(46) In the sequence
mass – counting – plural
syncretism only targets adjacent regions
(47) a. English: ABB
b. Turkish AAB
51 / 110
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(46) In the sequence
mass – counting – plural
syncretism only targets adjacent regions
(47) a. English: ABB
b. Turkish AAB
c. Ossetic, Niuean: ABC
51 / 110
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(46) In the sequence
mass – counting – plural
syncretism only targets adjacent regions
(47) a. English: ABB
b. Turkish AAB
c. Ossetic, Niuean: ABC
d. Bulgarian: ABC, ABB
51 / 110
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.
(46) In the sequence
mass – counting – plural
syncretism only targets adjacent regions
(47) a. English: ABB
b. Turkish AAB
c. Ossetic, Niuean: ABC
d. Bulgarian: ABC, ABB
e. Finnish: AAB (mass)
51 / 110
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.
(46) In the sequence
mass – counting – plural
syncretism only targets adjacent regions
(47) a. English: ABB
b. Turkish AAB
c. Ossetic, Niuean: ABC
d. Bulgarian: ABC, ABB
e. Finnish: AAB (mass)
f. Serbian: ABC, AAB, ABB, AAA
51 / 110
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.
(46) In the sequence
mass – counting – plural
syncretism only targets adjacent regions
(47) a. English: ABB
b. Turkish AAB
c. Ossetic, Niuean: ABC
d. Bulgarian: ABC, ABB
e. Finnish: AAB (mass)
f. Serbian: ABC, AAB, ABB, AAA
▶ All these patterns of marking follow naturally in a Borer-style
architecture
51 / 110
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.
(46) In the sequence
mass – counting – plural
syncretism only targets adjacent regions
(47) a. English: ABB
b. Turkish AAB
c. Ossetic, Niuean: ABC
d. Bulgarian: ABC, ABB
e. Finnish: AAB (mass)
f. Serbian: ABC, AAB, ABB, AAA
▶ All these patterns of marking follow naturally in a Borer-style
architecture
▶ The general lesson: since forms can be ambiguous, it is
generally ‘dangerous’ to assign meaning to forms
51 / 110
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.
(46) In the sequence
mass – counting – plural
syncretism only targets adjacent regions
(47) a. English: ABB
b. Turkish AAB
c. Ossetic, Niuean: ABC
d. Bulgarian: ABC, ABB
e. Finnish: AAB (mass)
f. Serbian: ABC, AAB, ABB, AAA
▶ All these patterns of marking follow naturally in a Borer-style
architecture
▶ The general lesson: since forms can be ambiguous, it is
generally ‘dangerous’ to assign meaning to forms
▶ Meanings are assigned to abstract structure-building blocks.
51 / 110
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.
(46) In the sequence
mass – counting – plural
syncretism only targets adjacent regions
(47) a. English: ABB
b. Turkish AAB
c. Ossetic, Niuean: ABC
d. Bulgarian: ABC, ABB
e. Finnish: AAB (mass)
f. Serbian: ABC, AAB, ABB, AAA
▶ All these patterns of marking follow naturally in a Borer-style
architecture
▶ The general lesson: since forms can be ambiguous, it is
generally ‘dangerous’ to assign meaning to forms
▶ Meanings are assigned to abstract structure-building blocks.
▶ Forms have meaning inasmuch they spell out the
meaning-bearing elements (features)
51 / 110
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.
(46) In the sequence
mass – counting – plural
syncretism only targets adjacent regions
(47) a. English: ABB
b. Turkish AAB
c. Ossetic, Niuean: ABC
d. Bulgarian: ABC, ABB
e. Finnish: AAB (mass)
f. Serbian: ABC, AAB, ABB, AAA
▶ All these patterns of marking follow naturally in a Borer-style
architecture
▶ The general lesson: since forms can be ambiguous, it is
generally ‘dangerous’ to assign meaning to forms
▶ Meanings are assigned to abstract structure-building blocks.
▶ Forms have meaning inasmuch they spell out the
meaning-bearing elements (features)
▶ But since one form may realize multiple different feature sets,
it may have different meanings 51 / 110
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.
dat-all-loc
numerals
How does this help
An important footnote on ‘singular’
Tripartite systems
Split systems I: Gender/Class
Conclusions
Appendix Adding case
52 / 110
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(48) KP
K
case
NumP
Num
number
NP
noun
53 / 110
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.
KP
K
case
MassP
Mass
mass
NP
noun
KP
K
case
ClP
Cl
count
MassP
Mass NP
noun
KP
K
case
PlP
Pl ClP
Cl
plural
MassP
Mass NP
noun
54 / 110
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Update I
(49)
singular plural
case: nom ... ...
case: acc ... ...
case: ... ... ...
55 / 110
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Update I
(49)
singular plural
case: nom ... ...
case: acc ... ...
case: ... ... ...
(50)
singular counting plural
case: nom ... ... ...
case: acc ... ... ...
case: ... ... ... ...
55 / 110
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Split systems: case
(51) South Saami paradigm fragment (Bergsland 1946: 263,
264)
house two houses houses
nom goåtie g<ekt’ə goåtieh goåtieh
gen goåtien g<ekt’ən goåtien goåtiej
ill goåtan g<ekt’ən goåtan goåt’əjdə
ine goåt’əsn g<ekt’əńə goåt’əsn goåt’ə(j)ńə
ela goåt’əst’ə g<ekt’əŕə goåt’əst’ə goåtəjsťə
com goåťə(j)ńə g<ekt’əńə goåťə(j)ńə (goåtiej gu̇jmie)
56 / 110
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.
Split systems: case
(51) South Saami paradigm fragment (Bergsland 1946: 263,
264)
house two houses houses
nom goåtie g<ekt’ə goåtieh goåtieh
gen goåtien g<ekt’ən goåtien goåtiej
ill goåtan g<ekt’ən goåtan goåt’əjdə
ine goåt’əsn g<ekt’əńə goåt’əsn goåt’ə(j)ńə
ela goåt’əst’ə g<ekt’əŕə goåt’əst’ə goåtəjsťə
com goåťə(j)ńə g<ekt’əńə goåťə(j)ńə (goåtiej gu̇jmie)
▶ Recall that this is a challenge for the semantic-parameter
accounts (Martí 2020, Bale et al. 2010)
56 / 110
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Bailyn & Nevins (2008)
57 / 110
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.
Bailyn & Nevins (2008)
nom.sg. pseudo-part counting plural
new, masc. nov-Ø nov-og(a) nov-a nov-i ABC
rope, masc. konopac-Ø konopc-a konopc-a konopc-i AAB
water, fem. vod-a vod-ē vod-e vod-e ABB
salt, fem. so-Ø sol-i sol-i sol-i AAA
not attested — A B A *ABA
57 / 110
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.
Update II
(52)
singular counting plural
case: nom ... ... ...
case: acc ... ... ...
case: ... ... ... ...
58 / 110
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.
Update II
(52)
singular counting plural
case: nom ... ... ...
case: acc ... ... ...
case: ... ... ... ...
(53)
singular mass count plural
case: nom ... ... ... ...
case: acc ... ... ... ...
case: ... ... ... ... ...
58 / 110
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.
.
.
.
North Saami
(54) mass = sg
a. Máhtes
Mattis.loc
lei
was
okta/golbma
one/three
gilo
kilo
biergu
meeat.nom.sg
‘Mattis had one/three kilo of meat’
59 / 110
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.
.
.
North Saami
(54) mass = sg
a. Máhtes
Mattis.loc
lei
was
okta/golbma
one/three
gilo
kilo
biergu
meeat.nom.sg
‘Mattis had one/three kilo of meat’
b. Máhtte
Mattis
osttii
bought
ovtta/golbma
one/three
gilo
kilo
bierggu
meat.acc.sg
‘Mattis kjøpte ett/tre kilo kjøtt.’
59 / 110
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.
.
.
.
.
.
North Saami
(54) mass = sg
a. Máhtes
Mattis.loc
lei
was
okta/golbma
one/three
gilo
kilo
biergu
meeat.nom.sg
‘Mattis had one/three kilo of meat’
b. Máhtte
Mattis
osttii
bought
ovtta/golbma
one/three
gilo
kilo
bierggu
meat.acc.sg
‘Mattis kjøpte ett/tre kilo kjøtt.’
c. Máhtte
Mattis
fierui
mixed
jáffuid
flower
viđa
five
lihtter(a)
liter
čáhcái
water.ill.sg
’Mattis rørte melet inn i fem liter vann.’
59 / 110
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.
.
.
.
.
.
North Saami
(54) mass = sg
a. Máhtes
Mattis.loc
lei
was
okta/golbma
one/three
gilo
kilo
biergu
meeat.nom.sg
‘Mattis had one/three kilo of meat’
b. Máhtte
Mattis
osttii
bought
ovtta/golbma
one/three
gilo
kilo
bierggu
meat.acc.sg
‘Mattis kjøpte ett/tre kilo kjøtt.’
c. Máhtte
Mattis
fierui
mixed
jáffuid
flower
viđa
five
lihtter(a)
liter
čáhcái
water.ill.sg
’Mattis rørte melet inn i fem liter vann.’
d. Jáffut
flower
galget
should.be
luvvat
dissolved
viđa
five
lihtter(a)
liter
čázis
water.loc.sg
’Melet skal løses opp i fem liter vann.’
59 / 110
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
North Saami
(54) mass = sg
a. Máhtes
Mattis.loc
lei
was
okta/golbma
one/three
gilo
kilo
biergu
meeat.nom.sg
‘Mattis had one/three kilo of meat’
b. Máhtte
Mattis
osttii
bought
ovtta/golbma
one/three
gilo
kilo
bierggu
meat.acc.sg
‘Mattis kjøpte ett/tre kilo kjøtt.’
c. Máhtte
Mattis
fierui
mixed
jáffuid
flower
viđa
five
lihtter(a)
liter
čáhcái
water.ill.sg
’Mattis rørte melet inn i fem liter vann.’
d. Jáffut
flower
galget
should.be
luvvat
dissolved
viđa
five
lihtter(a)
liter
čázis
water.loc.sg
’Melet skal løses opp i fem liter vann.’
59 / 110
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.
.
.
.
Appendix Adding case
(55) North Saami counting
a. Ledje
it.was
logi
ten
bohcco
rein.gen.sg
mat
that
ledje
was
vuodjalan
swum
rastá
across
nuori.
sound
It was ten reindeer that had swum across the sound.
60 / 110
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.
.
Appendix Adding case
(55) North Saami counting
a. Ledje
it.was
logi
ten
bohcco
rein.gen.sg
mat
that
ledje
was
vuodjalan
swum
rastá
across
nuori.
sound
It was ten reindeer that had swum across the sound.
b. Doppe
there
de
so
fallehii
it.attacked
logi
ten
bohcco
rein.gen.sg
ain
even
hávális
at.a.time
There it even attacked ten reindeer at a time.
60 / 110
.
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.
.
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.
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.
.
.
Appendix Adding case
(55) North Saami counting
a. Ledje
it.was
logi
ten
bohcco
rein.gen.sg
mat
that
ledje
was
vuodjalan
swum
rastá
across
nuori.
sound
It was ten reindeer that had swum across the sound.
b. Doppe
there
de
so
fallehii
it.attacked
logi
ten
bohcco
rein.gen.sg
ain
even
hávális
at.a.time
There it even attacked ten reindeer at a time.
c. njeallje
four
logi
ten
bohcco-s
reindeer-loc.sg
‘four in ten reindeer’
60 / 110
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.
.
Appendix Adding case
(56) North Saam bálggis ‘path’
mass/sg count plural
nom bálggis balgá-t
acc balgá
balgá-id
gen
ill balgái balgá-ide
loc balgás balgá-in
com balgáin balgá-iguin
61 / 110
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.
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.
.
.
.
(57) Finnish (Brattico 2008: 142, Brattico 2011: 1051, Karlsson
2008: 249)
a. kasa
stack.nom
hiekka-a
sand-sg.part
‘a stack of sand’ (pseudo-partitive)
b. kolme
three.nom
talo-a
house-sg.part
‘three houses’ (counting)
c. talo-t
house-nom.pl
‘houses’ (plural)
62 / 110
.
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.
.
.
.
(58) Finnish (Norris 2014: 233, Brattico 2011: 1051, Karlsson
2008: 249)
a. litra-ssa
liter-sg.ine
maito-a
milk-sg.part
‘in a liter of milk’ (pseudo-partitive)
b. kolme-ssa
three.ine
talo-ssa
house.sg.ine
‘in three houses’ (counting)
c. talo-i-ssa
house-pl-ine
‘in houses’ (plural)
63 / 110
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.
.
.
(59) Finnish:
mass count plural
nom part.sg part.sg nom.pl
obl part.sg obl.sg obl.pl
64 / 110
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.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(59) Finnish:
mass count plural
nom part.sg part.sg nom.pl
obl part.sg obl.sg obl.pl
(60) North Saami:
mass count plural
nom nom.sg gen.sg nom.pl
obl obl.sg obl.sg obl.pl
64 / 110
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Russian masculine niuns
(61) Russian, nominative (S. Toldova, p.c.)
a. metr
meter.nom
zabor-a
fence-gen.sg
‘a meter of fence’
65 / 110
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Russian masculine niuns
(61) Russian, nominative (S. Toldova, p.c.)
a. metr
meter.nom
zabor-a
fence-gen.sg
‘a meter of fence’
b. dva
two.nom
zabor-a
fence-gen.sg
‘two fences’
65 / 110
.
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.
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.
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.
.
.
.
.
Russian masculine niuns
(61) Russian, nominative (S. Toldova, p.c.)
a. metr
meter.nom
zabor-a
fence-gen.sg
‘a meter of fence’
b. dva
two.nom
zabor-a
fence-gen.sg
‘two fences’
c. zabor-y
fence-nom.pl
‘fences’
65 / 110
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Russian masculine nouns
(62) Russian, nominative (S. Toldova, p.c.)
a. metr
meter.nom
zabor-a
fence-gen.sg
‘a meter of fence’
b. dva
two.nom
zabor-a
fence-gen.sg
‘two fences’
c. zabor-y
fence-nom.pl
‘fences’
66 / 110
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Russian masculine nouns
(63) Russian, instrumental (S. Toldova, p.c.)
a. s
with
metr-om
meter-ins
zabor-a
fence-gen
‘with a meter of fence’
67 / 110
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.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Russian masculine nouns
(63) Russian, instrumental (S. Toldova, p.c.)
a. s
with
metr-om
meter-ins
zabor-a
fence-gen
‘with a meter of fence’
b. s
with
dv-umja
two-ins
zabor-ami
fence-ins.pl
‘with two fences’
67 / 110
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.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Russian masculine nouns
(63) Russian, instrumental (S. Toldova, p.c.)
a. s
with
metr-om
meter-ins
zabor-a
fence-gen
‘with a meter of fence’
b. s
with
dv-umja
two-ins
zabor-ami
fence-ins.pl
‘with two fences’
c. s
with
zabor-ami
fence-ins.pl
‘with fences’
67 / 110
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.
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.
.
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.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Russian masculine nouns
(64) Russian, instrumental (S. Toldova, p.c.)
a. s
with
metr-om
meter-ins
zabor-a
fence-gen
‘with a meter of fence’
b. s
with
dv-umja
two-ins
zabor-ami
fence-ins.pl
‘with two fences’
c. s
with
zabor-ami
fence-ins.pl
‘with fences’
68 / 110
.
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.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Summary
(65) Patterns of syncretism in Russian masculines
pseudo-part counting plural
ins -a -ami -ami
nom -a -a -y
69 / 110
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.
Summary
(65) Patterns of syncretism in Russian masculines
pseudo-part counting plural
ins -a -ami -ami
nom -a -a -y
(66) Patterns of syncretism in Dutch and Turkish
pseudo-part counting plural
Dutch -Ø -en -en
Turkish -Ø -Ø -ler
69 / 110
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.
.
.
.
(67) Serbian masculine nouns, nominative (Monika Bader, p.c.)
a. metar
meter
konopc-a
rope-gen.sg
‘a meter of rope’
b. dva
two
konopc-a
rope-num
‘two ropes’
c. konopc-i
rope-nom.pl
‘ropes’
70 / 110
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(68) Serbian masculine nouns, instrumental (Monika Bader, p.c.)
a. s
with
metr-om
meter-ins.sg
konopc-a
rope-gen.sg
‘with a meter of rope’
b. s
with
dva
two
konopc-a
rope-num
‘with two ropes’
c. s
towards
konopc-ima
ropes-ins.pl
‘with ropes’
71 / 110
.
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.
.
.
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.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(68) Serbian masculine nouns, instrumental (Monika Bader, p.c.)
a. s
with
metr-om
meter-ins.sg
konopc-a
rope-gen.sg
‘with a meter of rope’
b. s
with
dva
two
konopc-a
rope-num
‘with two ropes’
c. s
towards
konopc-ima
ropes-ins.pl
‘with ropes’
(69) s
with
dva-ma
two-ins
kamion-ima
truck-ins.pl
‘with two trucks’ (instrumental, Hammond 2005: 261)
71 / 110
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Masculine nouns
mass count plural
nom
-a
-i
acc -e
gen -ā
loc
-imadat
ins
72 / 110
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.
.
.
.
(70) Serbian (Bošković 2006: 528,525,528)
a. Uzgajač
breeder
konja
horses.gen
je
is
kupio
bought
Meri.
Meri
‘The horse breeder bought Meri.’
b. On
he
je
is
ovladao
conquered
zemlj-om.
country-ins
‘He conquered that country.’
c. *Džokej
jockey
je
is
ovladao
conquered
Meri.
Meri
‘The jockey conquered Meri.’
73 / 110
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(71) Serbian (Monika Bader, p.c.)1
a. Uzgajač
breeder
konja
horses.gen
je
is
kupio
bought
dva
two
konja.
horse.gen
‘The horse breeder bought two horses.’
b. *Džokej
jockey
je
is
ovladao
conquered
dva
two
konja.
horse.gen
‘The jockey conquered two horses.’
74 / 110
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(72) Serbian (a from Bošković 2006: 529, b from Monika Bader,
p.c)
a. Džokej
jockey
je
is
ovladao
conquered
s(a)
with
Meri.
Meri
‘The jockey conquered Meri.’
b. Džokej
jockey
je
is
ovladao
conquered
sa
with
dva
two
konja.
horse.gen
‘The jockey conquered two horses.’
75 / 110
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Serbian
mass count plural
nom
-a
-i
acc -e
gen -ā
loc
-imadat
ins
76 / 110
.
.
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.
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Russian masculine declension
mass count plural
nom
-y
acc
gen
-a
-ov
loc -ax
dat -am
ins -ami
77 / 110
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dat-all-loc
numerals
How does this help
An important footnote on ‘singular’
Tripartite systems
Split systems I: Gender/Class
Conclusions
Appendix Adding case
78 / 110
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(73) obl
F3 acc
F2 nom
F1 xNP
...
79 / 110
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.
gen.pl
NP
noun
gen.pl
K3 acc.pl
K2 nom.pl
K1 PlP
Pl ClP
Cl MassP
Mass NP
noun
-ā
(74) a. -ā ⇔ [ gen [ acc [ nom [ pl [ cl [ mass ] ] ] ] ] ]
b. -e ⇔ [ acc [ nom [ pl [ cl [ mass ] ] ] ] ]
c. -i ⇔ [ nom [ pl [ cl [ mass ] ] ] ]
80 / 110
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.
gen.pl
NP
noun
gen.pl
K3 acc.pl
K2 nom.pl
K1
ClP
Cl MassP
Mass NP
noun
*-ā
(75) a. -ā ⇔ [ gen [ acc [ nom [ pl [ cl [ mass ] ] ] ] ] ]
b. -e ⇔ [ acc [ nom [ pl [ cl [ mass ] ] ] ] ]
c. -i ⇔ [ nom [ pl [ cl [ mass ] ] ] ]
81 / 110
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.
Serbian
m c p
nom
-a
-i
acc -e
gen -ā
loc
-imadat
ins
82 / 110
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.
gen.pl
NP
noun
gen.cl
K3 acc.cl
K2 nom.cl
K1
ClP
Cl MassP
Mass NP
noun
-a
(76) a ⇔ [ cl [ mass ] ]
83 / 110
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(77) Estonian:
psudo-part counted plural
nom part.sg part.sg nom.pl
obl obl.sg obl.sg obl.pl
84 / 110
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.
(78) Estonian (Norris 2014: 25
person, sg. person, pl.
nom inimene inimes-ed
acc inimes-e inimes-ed
gen inimes-e inimes-te
part inimes-t inimes-i
ill inimes-e-sse inimes-te-sse
ine inimes-e-s inimes-te-s
ela inimes-e-st inimes-te-st
all inimes-e-le inimes-te-le
ade inimes-e-l inimes-te-l
abl inimes-e-lt inimes-te-lt
trans inimes-e-ks inimes-te-ks
term inimes-e-ni inimes-te-ni
ess inimes-e-na inimes-te-na
abe inimes-e-ta inimes-te-ta
com inimes-e-ga inimes-te-ga
85 / 110
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.
(79) genP
NP
inimes
genP
K3 accP
K2 nomP
K1 PlP
Pl ClP
Cl MassP
Mass NP
...
te
86 / 110
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(80) a. te = [ gen [ acc [ nom [ Pl [ Cl [ Mass ] ] ] ] ] ]
b. ed = [ acc [ nom [ Pl [ Cl [ Mass ] ] ] ] ]
87 / 110
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(81)
accP
NP
inimes
accP
K2 nomP
K1 PlP
Pl ClP
Cl MassP
Mass NP
...
ed
88 / 110
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.
(82) Estonian:
psudo-part counted plural
nom inimes-t inimes-t inimes-ed
acc inimes-t inimes-t inimes-ed
gen inimes-e inimes-e inimes-te
89 / 110
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.
(83)
accP
NP
inimes
accP
K2 nomP
K1 PlP
Pl ClP
Cl MassP
Mass NP
...
ed
90 / 110
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.
(84) nom
NP
inimes
nom
K1 ClP
Cl MassP
Mass NP
...
*ed
ed
91 / 110
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.
(85) nom
NP
inimes
nom
K1 MassP
Mass NP
...
*ed
ed
92 / 110
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.
(86) acc
K2 nom
K1 -ed
⇔ /-t/ (87) gen
K3 acc
K2 nom
K1 -ed
⇔ /-e/
93 / 110
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.
(88) nom
NP
inimes
nom
K1 ClP
Cl MassP
Mass NP
...
*ed/-t
ed
94 / 110
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(89) nom
NP
inimes
nom
K1 MassP
Mass NP
...
*ed/-t
ed
95 / 110
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References I
Akiyama, Nobuo & Carol Akiyama. 2002. Japanese grammar.
Barron’s Educational Series.
Asher, R. E. & T. C. Kumari. 1997. Malayalam Descriptive
Grammars. London: Routledge.
Bailyn, John Frederick & Andres Nevins. 2008. Russian genitive
plurals are impostors. In Asaf Bachrach & Andrew Nevins (eds.),
Inflectional identity. 237–270. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bale, Alan Clinton, Michaël Gagnon & Hrayr Khanjian. 2010.
Cross-linguistic representations of numerals and number
marking. In Semantics and linguistic theory, vol. 20. 582–598.
Bergsland, Knut. 1946. Røros-lappisk grammatik. et forsøk på
strukturell språkbeskrivelse. Oslo: Instituttet for
sammenlignende kulturforskning, Serie B, Skrifter.
Bobaljik, Jonathan. 2012. Universals in comparative morphology.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
96 / 110
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References II
Bošković, Željko. 2006. Case checking versus case assignment and
the case of adverbial nps. Linguistic Inquiry 37(3). 522–533.
Brattico, Pauli. 2008. Kayne’s model of case and Finnish nominal
phrases. Nordic Journal of Linguistics 31(2). 135–160.
Brattico, Pauli. 2011. Case assignment, case concord, and the
quantificational case construction. Lingua 121(6). 1042–1066.
Caha, Pavel. 2009. The nanosyntax of case. Tromsø: University of
Tromsø dissertation.
Hammond, Lila. 2005. Serbian: An essential grammar. London:
Routledge.
Ionin, Tania & Ora Matushansky. 2018. Cardinals: The syntax and
semantics of cardinal-containing expressions. Cambridge, Ma.:
MIT Press.
Karlsson, Fred. 2008. Finnish: An essential grammar. Routledge.
97 / 110
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References III
Martí, Luisa. 2020. Numerals and the theory of number.
Semantics and Pragmatics 13. 3.
Norris, Mark. 2014. A theory of nominal concord. Santa Cruz:
UCSC dissertation.
Pantcheva, Marina. 2011. Decomposing Path. The nanosyntax of
directional expressions: CASTL, Tromsødissertation.
Takamine, Kaori. 2010. The postpositional hierarchy and its
mapping to clause structure in Japanese: CASTL, University of
Tromsødissertation.
Tomič, Olga Mišeska. 2006. Balkan Sprachbund morpho-syntactic
features. Dordrecht: Springer.
Vázquez Álvarez, Juan Jesús. 2011. A grammar of Chol, a Mayan
language: The University of Texas at Austin dissertation.
Wilbur, Joshua. 2014. A grammar of pite saami. Berlin: Language
Science Press.
98 / 110
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.
dat-all-loc
numerals
How does this help
An important footnote on ‘singular’
Tripartite systems
Split systems I: Gender/Class
Conclusions
Appendix Adding case
99 / 110
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.
dat-all-loc
numerals
How does this help
An important footnote on ‘singular’
Tripartite systems
Split systems I: Gender/Class
Conclusions
Appendix Adding case
100 / 110
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.
Numeral phrases: the “traditional” view
(90) English
a. One { apple | *apples }
101 / 110
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.
Numeral phrases: the “traditional” view
(90) English
a. One { apple | *apples }
b. zero/two/fifty-five { *apple | apples }
101 / 110
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.
Numeral phrases: the “traditional” view
(90) English
a. One { apple | *apples }
b. zero/two/fifty-five { *apple | apples }
▶ In English, numerals other than 1 combine with the plural
101 / 110
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.
Numeral phrases: the “traditional” view
(90) English
a. One { apple | *apples }
b. zero/two/fifty-five { *apple | apples }
▶ In English, numerals other than 1 combine with the plural
(91) Turkish
a. bir
one
{ çocuk
boy
| *çocuk-lar
boy-pl
}
101 / 110
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.
Numeral phrases: the “traditional” view
(90) English
a. One { apple | *apples }
b. zero/two/fifty-five { *apple | apples }
▶ In English, numerals other than 1 combine with the plural
(91) Turkish
a. bir
one
{ çocuk
boy
| *çocuk-lar
boy-pl
}
b. sıfır/iki
zero/two
/ üç
three
/ yirmi
twenty
üç
three
{çocuk
boy
| *çocuk-lar}
boy-pl
101 / 110
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.
.
Numeral phrases: the “traditional” view
(90) English
a. One { apple | *apples }
b. zero/two/fifty-five { *apple | apples }
▶ In English, numerals other than 1 combine with the plural
(91) Turkish
a. bir
one
{ çocuk
boy
| *çocuk-lar
boy-pl
}
b. sıfır/iki
zero/two
/ üç
three
/ yirmi
twenty
üç
three
{çocuk
boy
| *çocuk-lar}
boy-pl
▶ In Turkish, numerals other than 1 combine with the singular
101 / 110
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.
Numeral phrases: the “traditional” view
NumberP
NumeralP
Numeral
two
NP
cat
Number
s
102 / 110
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.
Numeral phrases: the “traditional” view
NumberP
NumeralP
Numeral
two
NP
cat
Number
s
(92) a. ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
102 / 110
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.
Numeral phrases: the “traditional” view
NumberP
NumeralP
Numeral
two
NP
cat
Number
s
(92) a. ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
b. ⟦two NP⟧ = { ab, ac, bc }
102 / 110
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.
Numeral phrases: the “traditional” view
NumberP
NumeralP
Numeral
two
NP
cat
Number
s
(93) English-style language: [+/- atomic]
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & atom(x)
b. ⟦−atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & ¬atom(x)
103 / 110
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.
Numeral phrases: the “traditional” view
NumberP
NumeralP
Numeral
two
NP
cat
Number
s
(93) English-style language: [+/- atomic]
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & atom(x)
b. ⟦−atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & ¬atom(x)
(94) ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
103 / 110
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.
Numeral phrases: the “traditional” view
NumberP
NumeralP
Numeral
two
NP
cat
Number
s
(93) English-style language: [+/- atomic]
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & atom(x)
b. ⟦−atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & ¬atom(x)
(94) ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { a, b, c }
103 / 110
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.
Numeral phrases: the “traditional” view
NumberP
NumeralP
Numeral
two
NP
cat
Number
s
(93) English-style language: [+/- atomic]
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & atom(x)
b. ⟦−atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & ¬atom(x)
(94) ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { a, b, c }
b. ⟦-atomic⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { ab, ac, bc, abc }
103 / 110
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Numeral phrases: the “traditional” view
NumberP
NumeralP
Numeral
two
NP
cat
Number
s
(93) English-style language: [+/- atomic]
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & atom(x)
b. ⟦−atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & ¬atom(x)
(94) ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { a, b, c }
b. ⟦-atomic⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { ab, ac, bc, abc }
(95) ⟦two NP⟧ = { ab, ac, bc }
103 / 110
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Numeral phrases: the “traditional” view
NumberP
NumeralP
Numeral
two
NP
cat
Number
s
(93) English-style language: [+/- atomic]
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & atom(x)
b. ⟦−atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & ¬atom(x)
(94) ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { a, b, c }
b. ⟦-atomic⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { ab, ac, bc, abc }
(95) ⟦two NP⟧ = { ab, ac, bc }
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ (⟦two NP⟧) = —
103 / 110
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Numeral phrases: the “traditional” view
NumberP
NumeralP
Numeral
two
NP
cat
Number
s
(93) English-style language: [+/- atomic]
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & atom(x)
b. ⟦−atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & ¬atom(x)
(94) ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { a, b, c }
b. ⟦-atomic⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { ab, ac, bc, abc }
(95) ⟦two NP⟧ = { ab, ac, bc }
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ (⟦two NP⟧) = —
b. ⟦-atomic⟧ (⟦two NP⟧) = { ab, ac, bc } 103 / 110
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Numeral phrases: the “traditional” view
NumberP
NumeralP
Numeral
iki
two
NP
çocuk
boy
Number
Ø
(96) Turkish-style language: [+/- minimal]
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ¬∃y P(y) y⊏x
b. ⟦−minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ∃y P(y) y⊏x
104 / 110
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Numeral phrases: the “traditional” view
NumberP
NumeralP
Numeral
iki
two
NP
çocuk
boy
Number
Ø
(96) Turkish-style language: [+/- minimal]
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ¬∃y P(y) y⊏x
b. ⟦−minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ∃y P(y) y⊏x
(97) ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
104 / 110
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Numeral phrases: the “traditional” view
NumberP
NumeralP
Numeral
iki
two
NP
çocuk
boy
Number
Ø
(96) Turkish-style language: [+/- minimal]
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ¬∃y P(y) y⊏x
b. ⟦−minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ∃y P(y) y⊏x
(97) ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { a, b, c }
104 / 110
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Numeral phrases: the “traditional” view
NumberP
NumeralP
Numeral
iki
two
NP
çocuk
boy
Number
Ø
(96) Turkish-style language: [+/- minimal]
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ¬∃y P(y) y⊏x
b. ⟦−minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ∃y P(y) y⊏x
(97) ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { a, b, c }
b. ⟦-minimal⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { ab, ac, bc, abc }
104 / 110
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.
Numeral phrases: the “traditional” view
NumberP
NumeralP
Numeral
iki
two
NP
çocuk
boy
Number
Ø
(96) Turkish-style language: [+/- minimal]
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ¬∃y P(y) y⊏x
b. ⟦−minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ∃y P(y) y⊏x
(97) ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { a, b, c }
b. ⟦-minimal⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { ab, ac, bc, abc }
(98) ⟦two NP⟧ = { ab, ac, bc }
104 / 110
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.
Numeral phrases: the “traditional” view
NumberP
NumeralP
Numeral
iki
two
NP
çocuk
boy
Number
Ø
(96) Turkish-style language: [+/- minimal]
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ¬∃y P(y) y⊏x
b. ⟦−minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ∃y P(y) y⊏x
(97) ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { a, b, c }
b. ⟦-minimal⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { ab, ac, bc, abc }
(98) ⟦two NP⟧ = { ab, ac, bc }
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ (⟦two NP⟧) = = { ab, ac, bc }
104 / 110
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.
Numeral phrases: the “traditional” view
NumberP
NumeralP
Numeral
iki
two
NP
çocuk
boy
Number
Ø
(96) Turkish-style language: [+/- minimal]
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ¬∃y P(y) y⊏x
b. ⟦−minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ∃y P(y) y⊏x
(97) ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { a, b, c }
b. ⟦-minimal⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { ab, ac, bc, abc }
(98) ⟦two NP⟧ = { ab, ac, bc }
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ (⟦two NP⟧) = = { ab, ac, bc }
b. ⟦-minimal⟧ (⟦two NP⟧) = — 104 / 110
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dat-all-loc
numerals
How does this help
An important footnote on ‘singular’
Tripartite systems
Split systems I: Gender/Class
Conclusions
Appendix Adding case
105 / 110
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Points of concern / difference
▶ The position of number (below numeral)
106 / 110
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Points of concern / difference
▶ The position of number (below numeral)
▶ Tripartite systems (ABC patterns)
106 / 110
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Points of concern / difference
▶ The position of number (below numeral)
▶ Tripartite systems (ABC patterns)
▶ Split systems (some languages have both the Dutch and
Turkish pattern)
106 / 110
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The position of Number
NumeralP
Numeral
iki
two
NumberP
NP
çocuk
boy
Number
Ø
107 / 110
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The position of Number
NumeralP
Numeral
iki
two
NumberP
NP
çocuk
boy
Number
Ø
(99) Turkish-style language: [+/- minimal]
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ¬∃y P(y) y⊏x
b. ⟦−minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ∃y P(y) y⊏x
107 / 110
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The position of Number
NumeralP
Numeral
iki
two
NumberP
NP
çocuk
boy
Number
Ø
(99) Turkish-style language: [+/- minimal]
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ¬∃y P(y) y⊏x
b. ⟦−minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ∃y P(y) y⊏x
(100) ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
107 / 110
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.
The position of Number
NumeralP
Numeral
iki
two
NumberP
NP
çocuk
boy
Number
Ø
(99) Turkish-style language: [+/- minimal]
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ¬∃y P(y) y⊏x
b. ⟦−minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ∃y P(y) y⊏x
(100) ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { a, b, c }
107 / 110
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.
The position of Number
NumeralP
Numeral
iki
two
NumberP
NP
çocuk
boy
Number
Ø
(99) Turkish-style language: [+/- minimal]
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ¬∃y P(y) y⊏x
b. ⟦−minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ∃y P(y) y⊏x
(100) ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { a, b, c }
b. ⟦-minimal⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { ab, ac, bc, abc }
107 / 110
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.
The position of Number
NumeralP
Numeral
iki
two
NumberP
NP
çocuk
boy
Number
Ø
(99) Turkish-style language: [+/- minimal]
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ¬∃y P(y) y⊏x
b. ⟦−minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ∃y P(y) y⊏x
(100) ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { a, b, c }
b. ⟦-minimal⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { ab, ac, bc, abc }
(101) a. ⟦two⟧ (⟦+minimal NP⟧) = —
107 / 110
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.
The position of Number
NumeralP
Numeral
iki
two
NumberP
NP
çocuk
boy
Number
Ø
(99) Turkish-style language: [+/- minimal]
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ¬∃y P(y) y⊏x
b. ⟦−minimal⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) ∃y P(y) y⊏x
(100) ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
a. ⟦+minimal⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { a, b, c }
b. ⟦-minimal⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { ab, ac, bc, abc }
(101) a. ⟦two⟧ (⟦+minimal NP⟧) = —
b. ⟦two⟧ (⟦-minimal NP⟧) = { ab, ac, bc }
107 / 110
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.
The position of Number
(102) yoho
two
ya
PL
ndo
man
Ø
REL
mí=n-jödö
3.IMP=MED-brothers
‘two men who were brothers’ (Hnonho Otomi –
Oto-Manguean)
108 / 110
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.
The position of Number
(102) yoho
two
ya
PL
ndo
man
Ø
REL
mí=n-jödö
3.IMP=MED-brothers
‘two men who were brothers’ (Hnonho Otomi –
Oto-Manguean)
(103) keb’
two
ke’q
PL
nim-a
big-aff
tz’i’
dog
‘two big dogs’ (Sipakapense Maya – Mayan)
108 / 110
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.
Points of concern
NumeralP
Numeral
two
NumberP
NP
cat
Number
s
(104) English-style language: [+/- atomic]
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & atom(x)
b. ⟦−atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & ¬atom(x)
109 / 110
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.
Points of concern
NumeralP
Numeral
two
NumberP
NP
cat
Number
s
(104) English-style language: [+/- atomic]
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & atom(x)
b. ⟦−atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & ¬atom(x)
(105) ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
109 / 110
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.
Points of concern
NumeralP
Numeral
two
NumberP
NP
cat
Number
s
(104) English-style language: [+/- atomic]
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & atom(x)
b. ⟦−atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & ¬atom(x)
(105) ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { a, b, c }
109 / 110
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.
Points of concern
NumeralP
Numeral
two
NumberP
NP
cat
Number
s
(104) English-style language: [+/- atomic]
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & atom(x)
b. ⟦−atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & ¬atom(x)
(105) ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { a, b, c }
b. ⟦-atomic⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { ab, ac, bc, abc }
109 / 110
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.
Points of concern
NumeralP
Numeral
two
NumberP
NP
cat
Number
s
(104) English-style language: [+/- atomic]
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & atom(x)
b. ⟦−atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & ¬atom(x)
(105) ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { a, b, c }
b. ⟦-atomic⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { ab, ac, bc, abc }
(106) a. ⟦two⟧ (⟦-atomic NP⟧) = { ab, ac, bc }
109 / 110
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Points of concern
NumeralP
Numeral
two
NumberP
NP
cat
Number
s
(104) English-style language: [+/- atomic]
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & atom(x)
b. ⟦−atomic⟧ = λP.λx. P(x) & ¬atom(x)
(105) ⟦NP⟧ = { a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, abc }
a. ⟦+atomic⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { a, b, c }
b. ⟦-atomic⟧ (⟦NP⟧) = { ab, ac, bc, abc }
(106) a. ⟦two⟧ (⟦-atomic NP⟧) = { ab, ac, bc }
b. ⟦two⟧ (⟦+atomic NP⟧) = —
109 / 110
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The position of Number
(107) Niuean
a. Ne
pst
faka-moui
caus-live
[he
erg
ekekafo]
doctor
[e
abs
tagata
person
na.]
that
‘The doctor saved that person.’
110 / 110
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.
The position of Number
(107) Niuean
a. Ne
pst
faka-moui
caus-live
[he
erg
ekekafo]
doctor
[e
abs
tagata
person
na.]
that
‘The doctor saved that person.’
b. Ne
pst
faka-momoui
caus-live.pl
[he
erg
ekekafo]
doctor
[e
abs
tau
pl
tagata
person
na.]
that
‘The doctor saved those people.’
110 / 110
.
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.
.
The position of Number
(107) Niuean
a. Ne
pst
faka-moui
caus-live
[he
erg
ekekafo]
doctor
[e
abs
tagata
person
na.]
that
‘The doctor saved that person.’
b. Ne
pst
faka-momoui
caus-live.pl
[he
erg
ekekafo]
doctor
[e
abs
tau
pl
tagata
person
na.]
that
‘The doctor saved those people.’
c. Ne
pst
kitia
see
[e
erg
au]
I
[(e)
abs
tokolima
five
e
div
tagata.]
person
‘I saw five people.’
110 / 110
.
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.
.
.
.
The position of Number
(107) Niuean
a. Ne
pst
faka-moui
caus-live
[he
erg
ekekafo]
doctor
[e
abs
tagata
person
na.]
that
‘The doctor saved that person.’
b. Ne
pst
faka-momoui
caus-live.pl
[he
erg
ekekafo]
doctor
[e
abs
tau
pl
tagata
person
na.]
that
‘The doctor saved those people.’
c. Ne
pst
kitia
see
[e
erg
au]
I
[(e)
abs
tokolima
five
e
div
tagata.]
person
‘I saw five people.’
d. Ko
pred
[e
abs
lupo
bottle
kava
beer
haau],
your
ne
pst
inu
drink
e
erg
Sione.
Sione
‘Your bottle of beer Sione drank.’
110 / 110