PSBB082 Intercultural psychology BARRIERS IN INTERCULTURAL EXCHANGES: STEREOTYPES, PREJUDICE, DISCRIMINATION AND WAYS TO CHALLENGE THEM 2 Activity ̶ In groups, please discuss 1. Have I ever been discriminated? On what grounds? 2. Have I ever witnessed discrimination? In which form? 3. Have I ever discriminated anyone, even unintentionally? 3 Intergroup attitudes TRIARCHIC THEORY OF ATTITUDES (Eagly  Chaiken, 1998) ̶ cognitive STEREOTYPES = how we think of members of certain groups, how they are, look, behave ̶ affective PREJUDICE = how we feel about certain groups ̶ behavioral DISCRIMINATION 4 Discrimination ̶ Unfair treatment of members of certain social groups solely on the basis of their membership in the group ̶ Discrimination is the result of prejudice – antipathy towards a particular social group ̶ Both prejudice and discrimination are made possible by social categorization – a situationally conditioned process by which people in our environment are divided into ingroup and outgroups Group/category membership can be based on nationality, ethnicity, gender, skin colour, religion, sexual orientation, age... 6 Manifestations of discrimination ̶ Employment 7 With the same qualifications, discriminated minorities are up to 40% less likely to be invited for an interview compared to members of the majority society. Oreopolous, 2011 8 Manifestations of discrimination ̶ Employment ̶ Education ̶ Housing ̶ Health care 9 Women, immigrants and Muslims experience higher levels of discrimination in the health care system, which explains their tendency to avoid medical care with consequences for their health. Rivenbark & Ichou, 2020; N = 21,761 10 Manifestations of discrimination ̶ Employment ̶ Education ̶ Housing ̶ Health care ̶ Everyday life 11 Legal types of discrimination ̶ Direct discrimination Openly states preference for a certain group, disadvantages others. The only lawful discrimination, but only if ‘objectively justifiable.’ Intentional or unintentional ̶ Discrimination by association ̶ Discrimination by perception ̶ Indirect discrimination Offers advantage for a certain group, mostly unintentional ̶ Harassment ̶ Victimisation 12 Legal types of discrimination ̶ Direct discrimination ̶ Indirect discrimination ̶ Harassment Offensive or intimidating behavior with the purpose or effect of violating a person’s dignity or creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for them. Social exclusion. Perspective of victim, not harassers! ̶ Victimisation Treating those who made a complaint about discrimination less favorably than others. 13 Subtle discrimination, microaggressions Brief and commonplace verbal, behavioral, and environmental indignities, intentional or unintentional, communicating hostile or derogatory slights and insults to the target person or group ̶ Microassault Name-calling, avoidant behavior, or purposeful discriminatory actions ̶ Microinsult Communications that convey a hidden insulting message ̶ Microinvalidation Communications that exclude, negate, or nullify the psychological thoughts, feelings, or experiential reality of a marginalized group “How did you get your job?” “I don’t see color.” Define footer – presentation title / department14 15 16 The impact of prejudice and discrimination ̶ Stress ̶ Impaired mental and physical health ̶ Inability to develop and realize one’s potential ̶ Resignation, psychosocial maladaptation ̶ Affects relatives of the discriminated Halim et al., 2013; Tran, 2014 ̶ Affects those who hold prejudice Lee et al., 2015 ̶ Increased costs for curing health and social problems ̶ Costs associated with the treatment of mental illness (depression, anxiety disorder, PTSD) due to discrimination: 3% of annual GDP ̶ USD 7 billion; in the Czech Republic 180 000 000 000 CZK Elias & Paradies, 2016 INDIVIDUAL SOCIETAL 17 Strategies to combat prejudice ̶ INTERGROUP INTERACTION APPROACHES ̶ INDIVIDUAL APPROACHES ̶ INTERGROUP INTERACTION APPROACHES ̶ Interdependence approaches (common goals, cooperation; Deutsch, 1949) ̶ Cooperative learning (jigsaw classroom; Aronson, 1978) ̶ Intergroup contact approaches (optimal conditions for contact, Allport, 1954) ̶ Direct intergroup contact ̶ Indirect intergroup contact: experience of others, mass media, imagination ̶ Social identity approaches (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) ̶ Decategorization: group-based identity less salient, individuation ̶ Recategorization: Common ingroup identity (Gaertner & Dovidio, 2000) Dual identity ̶ Disclosure approaches (sharing personal information; Ensari & Miller, 2002). INTEGRATED APPROACHES 18 Strategies to combat prejudice ̶ INDIVIDUAL APPROACHES ̶ Affective approaches ̶ Empathy ̶ Perspective taking ̶ Cognitive approaches ̶ Thought awareness and suppression: rebound effects ̶ (Implicit) attitude reconditioning ̶ Situational attribution training: situational explanation for outgroup behavior ̶ Thought process reconditioning: accurate assessments of outgroups ̶ Experts and norms ̶ Accountability and value consistency: substantiate irrational beliefs, cognitive dissonance creates conflicts ̶ Self-affirmation: bolster own self-worth ̶ Self-regulation (Monteith et al., 1993) ̶ INTEGRATED APPROACHES 19 Completion requirements 1. Active participation in the course - min. 80%, i.e., 1 class missed 2. Participation in group work and ongoing discussions. 3. Essay ̶ dealing with an issue from the realm of intercultural psychology, suggesting possible solutions ̶ based on up-to-date scientific literature ̶ 3 pages including references for dyads, 3 pages excluding references for trios ̶ 12 font, 1.5 spacing ̶ deadline: 15. January 2024 https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fsF87qqbAOAV0aJQ5npX 8jvo2nX3HRNzF39ERdGZSlE/edit#heading=h.2zinu7c17l8n 20 More than 1 missed class ̶ Exception for the first meeting ̶ Read chapter 13 “Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination” Kite, M. E., Whitley Jr, B. E., & Wagner, L. S. (2022). Psychology of prejudice and discrimination. Taylor & Francis. ̶ Workplace interventions pp. 555-561 Affirmative action, valuing diversity, managing diversity ̶ Racial colorblindness and its alternatives 561-566 Colorblind, assimilationist, multicultural, polycultural perspectives ̶ What can you do to reduce prejudice? 567-571 1 page essay how to tackle a concrete example of discrimination with the theoretical approaches described in the chapter till 8.1.2024