The most famous peregrination story is about Maudgalyayana {Mong.:
Mai on toy in),  and the rescue of his mother from the hell.The cosmo-
graphical background oi the story Is almost similar to the basic views of
our book's system.  The Maudgalyayana  story originates from India and was
popular from early time in China as well. Some Chinese manuscripts of
it have been found in Tun-huang,  and one of them mentions illustrations as 9)
well. It is interesting, because the illustrations of later Molon toyjn versions seem to have influenced the pictures of our print.
Despite all these,  the difference is great : the Molon-toyin story in China and Mongolia grew a piece of literature, which was performed In dramatised    form at Ihe Avalambana-festivals.   Our book is a systematical, sastra-like composition explaining religious doctrines about the causes of transmigration and the consequences  of evil  actions leading to infernal rebirths.
This paper restricts itself to report only about the xylograph itself, about its occurances in public libraries,  about its compiler and sources. We shall give lists of the contents of the book, of the names of hells and pretas depicted here,  and we want to show some pictures of it.
The xylograph
The biockprint is not unknown among Mongolists : one  copy was described in Professor HEISSIG's Catalogue10* and another by Professor AALTO in the Catalogue of the Hcdln collection!1* The Tibetan parts of this latter
copy are given in a recent paper of H.EIMER in the 6th volume ot the 12)
ZentraUAsiatische Studien  ; Professor HEISSIG made some remarks of it ~~J      ' 13)
in his History of Mongolian Literature  ,  while some pictures of it were published by him in his translations of Mongolian peregrination stories.14' Further pictures were published by G. KARA in two of his books15' and by G. BETIILENFALVY in his work on Tibetan book-illustrations!6'
According to the mentioned catalogues and the related literature up to now 4 copies have been known to exist in public libraries : one in Marburg (lis. or. 286),   one in Stockholm (H. 3222),   one in Leningrad (LOIVAN Mong. H. 277)17',  and one in Ulaanbaatar (Katalog 223)18!  We know that there are
some more copies in private collections In Leningrad and in Ulaanbaatar a.V O
We are lucky enough to report that the Oriental Libarary of the Hui
rlan Academy of Sciences owns 3 further copies (Mong.278/a, b, c). The mp {\~~ f
complete one,  385 folios,  was brought by G.KARA, K.K^HALMI and A.R(
TAS from Erdeni-dzu. The second consists of 196 folios, and the third on*-(
consisting or only 131 folios Includes only written parts, and omits the lltui
ones. It has a sec.manu pagination showing that ihe missing (olios were la
out after the pagination had been done. The first and the third copies wi£_
printed on Russian paper dating from the end of the 19th century by th g
evidence of the paper-mill marks. There are 7 different marks on the sliced \ ij
e.g. one of them la the mill-mark of "Fabrlka naslednlkov Sumklna" which H.'i £
worked since 1829 and Is still working In Laljsk In the Vologda district, a
19) i
this kind of paper has been produced there by machines since 1855. 1 second copy was printed on another kind of paper consisting of two sheets together. This paper is of Chinese origin.
The folios of our books were In full confusion, and It was not an ei tSV^h ft"*"J ■C'O task to establish their order, because there Is no continous pagination. Ce   Cfl^y Vc^l *"> parts have their own pagination, sometimes written in Mongolian, sometimes   \v^ Tibetan, or In other cases completed with numbers as well (Plates 1-2). I   V7 tj"J^/> could be arranged according to the marginal pagination: ka 1,2,...; kha 1 ■ ^- f v 1 ' etc., and marginal signs: ' grn-drug, khe-apogs, etc.  Through arranging copies, completing the first copy from the others, we were able to put to| a set of 397 folios + 1 folio. This + 1 folio occurs In neither of the known ^ copies, it Is the last page of a Mongolian part with the printed number: dj *>CA* and with the second manu numeral 11. The sec. manu pagination on the tW set begins with the numeral 12 on page ka 1  and this fact allows the supj>f* *V~~ tion, that there must have been previous parts In the book, that have been ' The number 397 la the same as that oi the largest known set Irom Stockhul 1—* -
The second, Chinese-paper copy seems to miss not single leaves, b^~l-fult chapters, parts, and the existing parts themselves seem to be, in a c sense, complete.20' We wonder 11 the carving of the blocks were slmultan <. <C*^- ^ ' This supposition seems to be Justified by the fact, that the systematic em.\ 1/V3 tion of the described hells (cf.the list of contents, Part 3) sometimes conl<' ^ 5
21)
fewer sub-hells than the richest xylograph really offers.      We can Imaglri*.
96
a limited program aiming to describe a certain number of the 136 hells was first realized, and later other descriptions and pictures were added.
The author   and   his sources
The book in question Is a compilation,   nearly the entire text was
taken from the Kanjur. The main text used is mentioned in Mongolian as
Dambanirsag, that is the short title Dran-pa iier-bzag of the sutra Phags-pa
2~2)
dam-pa'i chos dran-pa he-bar gzag-pa. ' There are only short parts taken from other sources, e.g. No 2/b, c and No 9 in the table of contents. In the tha  part we find many quotations from the Dul-ba gzl (Vinayavastu), and
some pages taken from the 'Jarts-'blun .   The hell-system of the Lam-rim
231 -
was also consulted by the compiler.      Some sources and references remained obscure for us till now.
The compiler's name occurs 3 times in the Mongolian part of the xylograph (according to our pagination: 8/b, 3o3/a, 352/b) as Bandita Cebel Vangcug   dorje.  His designation was Erdeni blslreltil mergen bandlda gambol He translated a book from Tibetan into Mongolian : Arban jhyuyan tamu-yln tuqai, which is certainly not the exact title and it must be the book here in question.    The book was compiled and   printed  in the great monastery Oijen gUng-Un qosiyun barayun silme^   in Uriyangkhai.  The compiler, Che-spel   dbari-'phyug rdo-rje , might have been the mkhan-po lama of it. He must have been   an important and very learned person,  the author of several other works as well?'''   As   no other books by Cebel Vangcug dorje were available to us,  more detailed information should be collected later in possession of more material.
The contents
In the following we will give a list of the different parts of the block-print   showing our running pagination (fol, 1-397),  and the original pagination including marginal signs. (Nevertheless,  marginal signs of parts
97
1 and 2   are omitted because the numbering suits for the identification)
1. [Introduction]
'Pi ni las gah-gis dmyal-ba dart yi-dvags gah-du  skye rgyu-Ias ris-mo-dari  bsad   sbrags-nas 'Jigs-pas hams-su len-te lam bzail-la 'jug   rgyu'i   man-riag bzugs
Ene anu yambar   Uile-ber   tamu blrid-til   tbrbkU   ucir-i ilyan salyaju    tusbiirl  jlruy   nom-i qamtu-da UiledUgsen-ece ayun angqaraju   abubasu   sayin mor-tiir   oroqu-yin ubadis orusibai
"Teaching   that shows   by the help of pictures the causes to be born in hell or  among   pretas,  and by frightening it leads people to the right way" fol.   1-15 ;
ka   1-11 Mongol text ;
ka   12 (goh),   12 (' og), 13, 14 Tibetan text
2. [Regions of hell]
a) Yail-sos ; Dakin edegeregci fol. 16-55; ka 15-54 Thlg-nag; Qara siyum-tu fol. 56-63; kha 1-8 Bsdus-gzom; Quriyan daruyci fol. 64-98; ga 1-35 Nu-bod; Ukilan dayudayci fol. 99-113; na 1-15 Nu-bod  chen-po; Yeke ukilan da)-ndayci   fol. 114-12o; ca_ 1-7 Cha-ba chen-po; Yeke qalayun fol. 121-143; cha 1-23 Rab-tu cha-ba; Maslda yeke qalayun fol. 144-153; Ja_ l-lo Milar-med; Amulasl Ugel fol. 154-228; na 1-77
[two pages have got two numbers : 51-52 and 74-75]
b) Gran-dmyal ;   Naiman kUiten fol. 229-23o; ta_ 1-2
c) Ni-che-ba'l   dmyal-ba fol. 231-27o; tha l-4o
3. [A systematic table of the names and divisions of hell, and the sins causing infernal rebirths extracted from the Dran-pa her-bzag]
Dambanirsay-du but tamu-ud-aca kumiln-U bayidal-dur neyileguliijl abcu.  yambar Uile klgsen anu alin tamu-du tiiroku-i tobcllan...
fol.  271-3o3 ; Molngolian numerals 1-33
4. [Pictures of the 36 pretas with their names]
fol. 3o4-3o9; numbers 1-6
5. [Tibetan description of the 1-6 and 16-18 pretas]
fol. 31o-316;  Tibetan numerals 1-7
6. [Enumeration of the pretas]
fangjuur-yin  dangbanirsay-dur   yaruysan 36 Jtiil birid-Un nomlal-i tusbiiri-ece   tobcilan quriyaju bber 6ber-Un segUl-diir... fol. 317-352 ; Mongolian numerals 1-36
7. [Mongolian description of the 4th preta, kun-ston; bukiin-1 ilfegtililgcl]
Birld 36-aca dorbediiger lnu ...
fol. 353-356; Mongolian numerals 1-4 Marginal sign: Rln-ma-bab
8. [Mongolian description of the 25th preta,  chails-pa'i srin-po;
tengri-yi   takiysan mangyus]
fol. 357-362 ; Mongolian numerals 1-6 Marginal sign : khe-spogs
9 [pictures and Tibetan   extracts from canonical and extracanonical works illustrating certain special sins and their punishment] fol. 363-378 ; Marginal signs and Tibetan numerals : legs-nes .. ■   1,1,3,4; brul-gtor ... 1,2; ke'u-chaii... 1,1,2,3; bsah-bsad ... 1 ;
lan-chags ... 2 ; gtor-ma.....1 ;
'Jigs-byed ■ ■ 2,3 ;       [dkar-chag] 1
10. [The six kinds of existence]
Eke boluysan firyuyan Jiiiliin amitan-u bayidal anu orusiba fol. 379-39o ; Mongolian numerals 1-12
11. Dran-pa ner-bzag-las nag-gi las phra-mo spori-pas ri-rab-lhun-po'i bari-rim ghis-par gnas-yul-la chags-par byed-pa zes-pa'i lhar skye chul ni
fol. 391-397; Tibetan numerals 1-7
99
Regions   of hell depicted in the xylograph
The first part of the book (No. 2-3) gives a description of the great (Sems-can dmyal-ba chen-po)   and small (Dmyal-ba cbun-riu) hot hells, the cold hells (Graii-dmyal) and short-time hells (Ni-che-ba'i dmyal-ba).
There are several different views in the different texts about tht-number of hells.  Only eight hells are mentioned in the older Buddhist bookJ^ but the northern Buddhists describe and figure eight hot hells,  eight cold ones  and numerous sub-hells. The number 136 is mostly to be found from Pali to Chinese   and Tibetan sources.  This number contains 8 great and 128 small hells. (The cold hells are not counted here). In our book on fol, 366/a 136 small hells are mentioned: dmyal-ba churi-riu   brgya sum-cu-rc& -drug-pa. The author seems to count the cold hells to the small ones as well.
Although our book is not complete as it fails to give the name;, and pictures of all the 136 hells (e. g. in Yah-sos   we find the names of only 7 sub-hells) - the title pages refer to them according to the 16 sub-hell system in the following way : "Out of the 16 circles of the 'Again reviving hell'    this is the 5th hell,  called 'Dark'".
In the following we shall present a list of only those hot and cold hells which are mentioned or depicted in our xylograph.  These name S sometimes differ from those given in the Dran-pa-ner-bzag, We had the opportunity to consult only the Tibetan version of this book, and at some places,  where our text was incomplete we added the missing words in square parentheses.
loo
lol
REGIONS OF HELL The eight great hot hells and their sub-hells
I. [ka]
Yan - sos
1. Mi-gcah-bal 'dam
2. Lcags-kyis bsgyur
Dakin edegeregcl
Ariyun busu-yin balciy sabar-tu Temur-tiir korbelgegci
3.Snod-du bcos-pa'i dinyal Saban-a cinaydaqu
4.Gnod-pa rnam-par ma-  Qourlal egenegte U1U amurliqu -zi-ba
5. Mun-pa
6. Kun-tu mi dga'
7. Chor-ba bdo-ba
8-16 deest
II. [ kha]
Thig-nag
l.Sreg-pa mi bzad-pa'i chor-ba rtag-tu 'dus--pa
2. Rab-tu mi bzad-pa
3. deest
4-16 deest
HI. [ga]
Bsdus gzom
1. Chor-ba chad med-pa
2. 'Bras-bu a-la bud lta--bur gcod-pa
3. Gnad-gcod-pa 4.Sdus-pa
Qarangyui-tu
Nebtedegen ulii bayasuyci
Mederel Jobalang dabaran arbidduyci
Qara siyum-tu
TUlegdeJU baraydasi Ugei tlr-giiljide mederel quruydayci
Masida testesl ugei Tas-bar ayuulyayci
Quriyan daruyci Kemji Ugei mederel-tii Temilsii-yi tasulayci
Uyes tasulayci Quriyayci
"Again reviving" [Skr. Saiijiyaiia"!
"Mud of impurity"
"Changing into iron" Tib.: by iron
"Cooked in a vessel"
"Never calming suffering"
"Dark"
"Always unhappy"
"Increasing of sensation"
"Black lines" Skr. Kalasutra
"Concentrated perpetual sensation of unbearable burning"
"Very unbearable"
"Threatening with vulture"
"Concentrated oppression [Skr.Sanghata]
"Immeasurable sensation"
Tib.:"Cutting off the testicles [?] like the fruit 'a-la [?]" Mong: "Castrator"
"Cutting off the limbs"
"Concentrating"
5. deest
6. Nam-rta-ba man-ba
deest
Jigirgemslg-tel
7. Gnod-pa mi bzad-pa     Qourlal testesl ugei
8. A-ca zer-ba
9. Kyi-lmd zer-ba
Aca kemekil Quriyan ebclegci
lo. Mchi-ma'i rgyun me     Nilbusun urguljilel yal metu Ita-bu
11. Dbari-po thams-cad 'gag-pa
Erketen biiku nebtedegen qayayad bbglegdegci
12. Chor-ba mtha'-med-     Jobalang-un mederel kija-
-pa yalasi iigei
13. Padma ltar Lingqu-a metll qayarayci
14. Padma chen-po ltar      Yeke lingqu-a metii qayarayci
yal-un tuly-a
yal-un oci-yin kiiriy-e-tii
Ukilan dayudayci
"Much fear"
"Unbearable sui 4"^ |)e J1 ^
"Saying acha" (|
Tib.:"Saying k-y V^j I -
Mong.:"Concent "a■*">' destroye r "
"Course of teai s U fir«>"
"Complete stopp'*yo " sense organs " 1
"Boundless sens'3tV ^
Tib. : "Lotus-liUe_ Mong.:"Bursting ^-C^^-a lotus"
Tib.:" Big lotus -Mong.: "BurstivLjj U'te a big lotus
"Fire-place"
"Aniens1   enclo is^r^-
15. Me-thab
16. Me-mdag-gi ra-ba
IV. [lia]
Nu-bod
1-4 deest deest
5. Mel phye-ma srin-bu yal-un talq-a nurm-a qoru-
qai-tu
6. Lcags-kyi me 'bar-bai yal badaraysan temilr niduguiir    "Burning iron p«- Wtt
gtun-siri (|
7. Rdo-me'bar-pa char- yal badaraysan cilayun qura        "Rain of burnin      ia>c(* £ -ltar 'bab-pa bayuyci
8. Gsod-med Alaydaqu UkiigdekU ugei
"Weeping and ilk i'1^ — ing" [Skr.Rafr- (LAu&A
" Powder of fire ?t-«C_ cinders-insects-'1
"Being killed f^0^ dying"
9-12. deest
deest
13. Chu-sin bsregs-pa      JegesiltUlegdegsen utuyan-u [dud-pa'l chal] cecerlig
14. Me-mdag dud-pa'i chai yal-un nurm-a utuy-a-tu ce-
cerlig-tii
"Garden of the ( i V*^1**-of burned cane
"Garden of the * \
of the burning ci'^^^
15. Glog-gi na-bun
16. Kun-tu rtog-byed
V. [ča]
Nu-bod čhen-po
l.Sgra 'byin-čih šin-tu sgra 'byin
2. Chor-ba dpag-tu med--pa
3. Chor-ba rcub-čih cha--ba bzod-par dka'-ba
4. Gnod-pa dpe-med
5. Thams-cad mun-pa
6. 'Jig-rten-gyi bar-gyi riu-ba
Gilbelgen-ii budang-tu Biikiii-eče sejigten yardayči
Yeke ukilan dayudayči
Barkiraqu boged masida bar-qirayči
Kemjiy-e iigei mederel-tii
Mederel-ni siregiin boged qa-layun teskiiy-e berke
Qourlal uligerlesi iigei
Nebtedegen qarangyui
Yirtinčiii degiiiiren ukilayči
7. deest
8. ' Chi-ba-daň bčas-pa
9. Gžan-du gyur-ba 10rl2. deest
13. Chor-ba riii-ba
14. Chor-ba mtha1 -yas
15. Kva-mčhu rdo-rje
lta-bu
16. Khrag daň rkah za-ba [l7]Me-lče bču-gčig
VI. [čha]
Cha-ba čhen-po Yeke qalayun
l.Rab-tu sreg-pa Chen      Masi yeke tiiligdegči
deest
Ami iikiilte Busud-tur urbaju deest
Urtu mederel-tii
Mederel kijayar ligei
Vajra palam qosiyutai qarčay-tu
Čisu kiged čimtige idegči yal-un dBliiy-e
"Mist of glow"
Tib.:"Everywhere examining" Mong.:"Everywhere suspicious examination"
"Great weeping and screaming" [Skr. Maharaurava]
"Crying and very crying"
"Immeasurable sensation"
"Unbearable roughness, hot and sensation"
"Unparalelled suffering"
"Thoroughly dark"
Tib.:"Crying of the intermediate world" Mong.:"Filling the world with crying"
"Mortal life" "Changing into other"
"Long sensation "
"Unlimited sensation"
"Falcon with a beak of vajra"
"Blood and marrow eater"
Tib.: "Eleven tongues
of flame" Mong.:"Tongue of flame"
"Big hot [hell]" [Skr. TapanaJ
Tib.:"The great very
burning" Mong.:"Very much burning"
2. Padma clkar blta-bu
3.Sbrul-khyi 'kha [='khyil-ba][?" lta-bu
Caj-an lingqu-a metu Moyai oriyalaysan metu
4. Zaris žus-par ňa 'khyug Qailamal jes-tiir jiyasu blta-bu gorubekiii
5. Lčags-kyi bum-pa Temiir bumba
6. Čhu-bo dmar-po 'bab- Ulayan usu bayuyči -pa
7. Rkahdaii   rus-pa-la Kol yasun-dur qoruqai srin-bu mah-po olangtai
8.Skye-bo thams-čad Torblkiten biikugeyi[=bugudeyi]
sreg-pa tiilegči
9.Sar'byiri mtha'-yas yajar-tur kemjisi (igei Jibegči
10. Padma čhen-po lta-bu Yeke lingqu-a metii
11. Mtha' drug-pa Aday-un 6
12. Rus-pa rdo-rje lta-bus Yasun-ni vajra metii-ber
'byurt-žih 'du-ba qayaraqu boged quruydaqu
13. Phyogs lhams-čhad me Jiig bukiii-eče yal badarayči 'bar-ba lčags-thag-gis ba temiir degesii-ber oriyayad dkris-pa
[13a]Skud-pa nag-pos 'dral- Qara temiir-iin utasu ekiled
žiri gcod-pa tasulayči
14. Srin-bu na-kra dah Nakra qoruqai-tu 'khor-lo dart mi 'Jigs-
-'Jigs-ltar skyes-pa
15. Nags-chal-gyi me mun- Čečerleg-iin yal qarangyuilan -ltar 'khrigs-pa tululčayči
16. Buň-ba rdo-rje lta-bus Bal-tu čilayun metii Jbgei-ber gnod-pa'i go-cha qourlayuluyči quyay-tu
"White lotus-like'
Tib.:"Dog headed
pent like" Mong.:"Tied rounrf. ^
snakes" '
"Fish waves in moltt^ copper"
"Iron vessel"
"Flowing red riv£V"
M
"Many insects in feet and bones"
"Burning all the 11 ^ \ beings"
"Immeasurably sK^t1-^ into the ground"
"Big lotus-like"
"The six ends"
"Breaking the boi>-eS with something li'tat ^ vajra and collec!;^ ti 1
"Burning fire froyH ( everywhere and b^OMeWu. round with an iroM ywpv1'0
"Tearing with blcdc iron ropes and cv lh'L^-with it"
Tib.:"Nakra insee I j ^ wheel and fearful L>(»H
Mong.:"Nakra initcT
"The fire of the f turns to darkness1'
Tib.:"Tool of tortto-e-- )(
with vajra-like ^ee<) Mong.: "The armour el torture by bees It It*- ^ honeyed stones"
lo4
VU. [fa]
Rab-tu cha-ba
Masida yeke qalayun
1. Phyogs thams-cad rab-tu Jiig bilkii-degen tiiligdegci sreg-pa
2. Lus chen-po sin-tu sgra Masi yeke dayun yaryayci 'byin 'Jigs-'Jigs Itar-bu
3. Me-lce gcug [bcug?] lta- yal-un dolige qadqayci -bu
4. Mdag-me bye>-ma lta-bu'i Oci yal qur-a metii bayuy-char 'bab ci
5. Me-mdag yod-pa
Dotora-ban yal-un oci-tu
6. A-la-la zer-ba
7. Sar gyur-ba thams-cad sdug-bsiial-ba
8. Chu-bo rab-med rab-tu cha-ba
9. Rtag-tu mun-pa
10. Gnod-pa'i rgyud [rgyu?]
11. Srad-bu'i rgyud 'bab-pas dk rugs-pa
12. Sgra-[=skra]-sad 'jiris--pa
13. Sniri-rje-rje skad sgra ' byin-pa
14.Snih-rJe chen-po
15.Sniri-rje med-pa'i sa
A-la-la kemegci
Miqan-dur boluysan biikil'i Joblang yambarcilan
Olum iigei usu masi qalayun
Imayta qarangyui
Qourlayuluyci-yin Undusu
Utas-bar baylay-a baylay-a-bar yutayaci
Usiin-ii sirekeg egederekii
Orebeddiin ibegekii-yin dayu yaryayci
Yeke orebedgiiliigci Orebedkii Ugei yajar
16.Sin   skam bsdus-pa lta-bu   Qataysan modu metii quriyaqu
"Very hot" [Skr. Pratapana]
"Very much burning in every direction"
Tib.:Big bodied giving a loud voice of fear" Mong.:"Giving a loud voice"
"Piercing tongue of fire"
"Burning sparks fall down like rain"
Tib.:"Burning sparks" Mong.: "Burning spark inside"
"Saying a-la-la"
"Suffering of completely becoming flesh"
"Very hot unfordable water"
"Alsways dark"
"Origin of suffering"
"Net of ropes that fall down enoying"
"Hair-raising"
"Giving a sound ; have mercy!"
"Very compassionate"
"Land without compassion"
"Gathering like dry wood"
VIII. [na]
Mnar-med
1. Bya-rog-gi kha lta-bu
Aniulasi Ugei Keriy-e-U ama
"Calmess" [Skr. Avici]
"Crow-beak-like"
lo5
2.-3. deest 4.Wa-skad 'byin
5. Lcags-kyi Ice /
spyari-gi zas
6. Lto nag
7. Lus zum (ini-zacl 'phyah--bar skyes ni)
8. Rmi-lam 'Jigs-byed ston--pa
9. Lus zum mi-zad 'phyaft
10. Ri-brcegs char-ltar
'bab-pa
11. deest
12.Skar-'phreii-ba
13.Sdug-bsnal kun-gyis nen-pa
14. Ko-dra [ ~ kro-dra
~ gos-dral]
15. Lcags glebs
16. ' Gro-ba mes sreg-pa
deest
(jnegen-u dayu-tu
Cinu-a-yin idesi
Qara qoduyudu Bey-e mitaraqu
Ayuqun iijegulegci
Bey-e deguiiJilegiilkU mita-ral sintaral baraydasi Ugei
Ayula dabciurlaqu bayuyci deest
Odun erikelegsen
Jobalang biigiide-iyer gemtegci
Siri arisuban Jisiigiilkii
Temur qabtasu-hi Amitan-i yal-iyar tulegci
Tib.:"Giving the iAj(02_-
of fox" Mong.:"Voice oi LOoolf
Tib.:"Iron-tongiie' "»*<-c( " Food of wool £ „ Mong.:"Food of vv.'-"1 f
"Black belly"
"Body full of feS*""
Tib.:"Fear teacKi'i^
dream" y Mong.: "Teaching- W.9r-
"Hanging the bo^^-M sorrow and sen-J'St*' ^ are immeasurafeU ^
"Mountains fall each other"
"Star-rosary"
"Pained by allfcA-**- °1 sufferings" y
"Cutting the sk|V \\\x> strips"
"Iron pressing''
"Burning living txrl 'yi in fire"
[ta]
Grari-dmyal brgyad
I. Chu-bur-can
II. Chu-bur rdol-pa
III. So tham-tham-pa
IV. Kyi-hud zer-ba
The eight great cold hells
Naiman kiliten
Usun cbburgiid Usun cbbiirgun delbelegci
Sidiin-ni qabcilyayci
Kiyud kemegci
"Eight cold heK J
"Blister"[Skr. WW**
"Exploding bliSki-.5"\ [Skr. NirbudaJ
"Teeth squeez fSkr.Atata]
"Saying_kihudM [Skr.Hahavata"]
V. A-chu zer-ba
VI. Utpal-ltar gas-pa VII. Padma-ltar gas-pa
A-cuu kemegci Udbala metii qayarayci Badma metii qayarayci
VIII. Padma-ltar gas-pa chen     Badma metii yekede
qayarayci
"Saying achu" TSkr. Huhuval
"Opening like a lotus" [Skr.Utpala]
"Opening like a pad-ma" [Skr.Padma]
"Very much opening like a padma" [Sk r ■ M ahapadm a ]
The    3 6
>r etas
Ghost stories were very common among Buddhists at all times.
The Petavatthu-type stories are reflecting a very popular and widespread
religious belief in haunting ghosts. The multiplication of these beings among
Buddhists was rather fast so that many texts had to confess : the form and
27)
number of the pretas are countless.      There are several different lists of them in the texts,  and our book also presents an enumeration of 36 pretas completed with their pictures.  In this enumeration only the Mongolian names were complete, some Tibetan ones were missing, they have been taken from the Dran-pa ner-bzag  (TTP 37, p. 2o3), and they are given herein square parentheses.
1. lto-gug
2. kha khab-ltar phra-ba
3. bsai\-pa za-ba
4. kun-ston
5. dri za-ba
6. chos za-ba
7. skyugs-pa za-ba
8. chu 'thuh-ba
9. kha zas-med
Slbscii ebkerigsen
ama Jeguu-U siibe metii nariqan
bayasun-i idegci biikiin-i iijegiiliigci
iiniir idegci nom idegci bbgeljisiin idesitei usun uyuyci aman-i idege iigel
"bent by hunger"
"needle-like narrow mouthed"
"excrement eater"
"teacher of everything"
"smell eater" "doctrin eater" "vomit eater" "water drinker" "mouth without food"
lo'i
10. mchil-ma za-ba
11. phreri-ba zn-ba
12. khrag za-ba
13. [sa za-ba]
14. [bdug-pa za-ba ]
silusu-i idegci erike idesitii cisun idesiten miq-a idegci sitayaysan iiniir-i idegci
15. [drag-sul spyod-pa]       kiiciitei qatayu yabudal-tu
16. glags lta-ba
17. sa'i 'og-na gnas-pa
18. mthu-bo che
iiy-e ciltige qaruyci ya}ar-tur dooradu orusiyci kliciin yeketti
19. [mchan-mo lus rab-tu    soni yal badarayci 'bar-ba]
2o. [mi-rnams-la glags lta-ba]
kumun-ii nilqas-i abuyci
21. ['dod-pa'i gzugs-can]  durabar-iyan diirsii-yi
qubilyayci
22. [gliri-gi bar-na gnas-    dalay-yin tib-yin Jabsar
pa]
orusiyci
23. [gsin-rje'i dbyug-pa]    erlig-iin beriy-e-diir
Jondoydayci
24. [byis-pa-la za-ba]
25. chans-pa'i srin-po
nilqas-yi idegci
tengri-yi takiysan mangyus
26. 'bru-drus-pa'i sun [-pa] multuraysan qalisu idegci
za-ba
27. mi-gcari-ba za-ba        bujar idesitii
28. lam -po chen-na gnas-   yeke Jam-dur orusiyci pa
29. man-du za-ba
30. me-mdag za-ba
olan idegci yal-yin oci idegci
"spittle eater"
"garland eater"
"blood eater"
"flesh eater"
"smell of incenifi. eater"
Tib.: "fearful" Mong.:"with stro't^-appearan <^
"Watcher of opppv^-M' ty"
"dweller inside earth"
"powerful"
Tib.:"very mucK Uniting body at M Mong.: "burning night"
Tib.:"seingoppovf^-K ^
for people^ , Mong.: "baby-sua hl^tf
"the wished foCM taker"
Tib.: "dweller beHM«-*i
dvipas" Mong.:"dweller W -tween dvipas of sea"
"Yama's stick t(o|c(-er"
"baby eater"
Tib.: "brahma-\-ak sa"
Mong.; "God woi'sUa'pi?-ing demo'v"
"rind of hulled Swi^ eater" 0
"dirth eater"
"dweller on the W'V road" 0
"much eater"
"spark eater"
lo8
31. [dug za-ba] qoor idesitii
32. [dgon-pa-na gnas-pa]    aylay-a'-dur orusiyci
33. [dur-khrod-na gnas-pa] iikeger-tiir orusiyci
34. [sift-la gnas-pa]
35. [lam-gyi bzi-mdo-na
gnas-pa]
36. [bdud-kyi sde]
modun-dur orusiyci
dbrben ]am-un ayulfar-tu orusiyci
simnu-yin ayimay kemegci
"poison eater"
"dweller in a desert"
"dweller in the cemetery"
"dweller in the wood"
"dweller at the cross of four roads"
"class of witches"
Illustrations
We may say that the illustrations are the most valuable part of this book, as the main aim of the whole work was to give a vivid picture to the naked eyes of the sinners. It is very interesting to observe the mixture of different elements in the motives of the illustrations. This elements may be classified as 1) Traditional, very old Buddhistic religious and doctrinal elements; 2) Bon and shamanistic elements; 3) Other foreign elements (mostly Chinese, sometimes European); 4) Elements that are characteristic of traditional Mongolian daily life.  In our further researches we will try to identify all them by thorough analyses.  Here we shall show only a few examples to give some idea about the problems   raised by the pictures and to demonstrate their artistic value.
The value of the pictures is enhanced by manual colouring. The pictures of the first 123 pages in our first copy are coloured. The Chinese paper copy has no coloured picture. The third copy seems to have been completely coloured.  As told above,  the folios with pictures are generally missing from this copy,  but 3 somehow remained preserved,  and each of them is coloured.
Generally water-colours   were used : mostly blue and red, and sometimes yellow and green.
lo9
Explanations   to the plates
Plate 1.    It gives some examples of pagination and marginal marks.
a) (fol. 272/a) qoyar.   Part 3 has only Mongolian numerals on rieclb and numbers on verso. (That is why some of them were ctt'<jt<|cx£. with pages of Part 6 in the Chinese-paper-copy ; cf. Note No 20),.
b) (fol. 119/b) Rab-tu cha-ba'i khor liu-bod; nigen; gcig;  chen-po; C3 G -The marginal pagination ca 6   is the main information here, f**-Tibetan marginal title is more confusing than helpful, as trwi? <^rie'9^~ hells are mixed. ,
c) (fol. 29/a) Choii ; ka 28 ; yurban ; gsod; 4o.
This is one page from the manuscript Mong. 278/c    with h"jt<-^ — written sec. manu numbers.  As told above, we have to add the number of pages in part ka,  plus 1,  because there are pages with the number 12, so we come to the handwritten mi fnkri (cf. p. 5).  Chon-gsod is the marginal mark, ka 28  shows thtL      C r— cession of the greater unit, and yurban that of the smallest  <olt. •
Plate 2.   It also shows the several marks and the numbering.
a) (fol. 379/b) Gro ; nigen ; drug ; first verso page of the MongoK'V~l description of the six form of existence. The tibetan margin"»C_ sign expresses it in short.
b) (fol. 357/b) Khe ; nigen ; spogs ; first verso page of the Monf-o^J ^ description of the 25th preta. The marginal title is not the Ai'v'~<~ of the preta, but two othei- syllables of the title.
c) (fol. 379/a) Glags lta-ba; 1 ; sa-'og-gnas ;
On this page we find the description of two pretas mentions <A ('~^-the margin. The verso side has another preta name and a numeral giiis.
Plate 3.   (fol.42/b) A picture from the 5th hell "Dark"   (Mun-pa ; Qara>l ffVM L" -tu)of the great "Again reviving" (Yan-sos ; Dakin edegeregci). T*"<^ represented stove is not a Mongolian one, but it shows strong. Chinese influence. The same type can be  seen in : H. DORE i
Recherches sur les superstitions en Chine, Chang-Hai 1914, tome XVI, fig. 49.
Plate 4.     (fol. 53/b) The 7th of the "Again reviving" hell, named : "Increasing of suffering and sensation (Chor-ba bdo-ba ; Mederel Jobalang dabaran arbidduyci). The picture shows a typical nomadic scene, where instead of animals human beings are killed in the traditional way   of killing animals : by tearing off the heart.  In the background human bodies are hung up on a rope, just like when flesh is put out to dry.   Persons who killed animals in their earlier life are tortured here,   and now they suffer in the very same way.
Plate 5.    (fol. 138/a) The 16th of the "Great hot hell" (Cha-ba chen-po ;
Yeke qalayun) : Bun-ba   rdo-rje   lta-bas gnod-pa'i go-cha ; Bal-tu cilayun metii fogei-ber qourlayuluyci quyay-tu. Here we can see a wire-drawer at work,  and his raw material is the bodies of human beings.   Their tortures are endless, as they again and again regain their original human form only to suffer the same process repeated. This recovering of the body in order to subject it to repeated pains is a characteristic phenomenon in every hell.
Plate 6.    (fol. 15o/b) A scene from the loth hell of the "Very hot" one
(Rab-tu cha-ba ; Masi qalayun), the name of which is "Origin of suffering" (Gnod-pa'i rgyud ; Qourlayuluyci-yin (indiisiin). It reminds of peregrination stories.
Plate 7.     (fol.l5l/a) The 12th circle of the "Very hot" hell: "Hair-raising" (Skra-sad 'jins-pa ; Osvin-U sirekeg egerderekii ).   It is one of the numerous cooking and boiling scenes.
Plate 8.    (fol. 16o/b - 161/a) (Some pictures occupy two folios). The 4th hell of the "Calmless" (Mnar-med ; Amulasi tigei ) : "Voice of fox" (Wa-skad 'byin ; Unegen-ii dayu-tu). An artistic illustration of the tortures of heretics,  as known from other sources. (SCHERMAN, op. cit., p. 296). Purana Kasyapa   was changed into a tongue and it was ploughed always by 5oo ploughs which are nothing else but the offers of his admirers brought on his caitya.
Plate 9.
Plate lo.
Plate 11.
Plate 12.
Plate 13.
Plate 14.
Plate 15.
Plate 16.
(fol. 147/a) The 6th   hell of the "Calmless" : "Black belly" (Lto-nag ; Qara qoduyudu).   The circulation in hell, the cCt — stant torture is illustrated here clearly.  A fabulous crea(^n^e-a horrible animal is the executor of punishments here. (fol.l75/b)  The 7th hell of  "Calmless": "Body full of fear" (Lus-zum mi zad 'phyan-bar skyes ni ;  Bey-e mitaraqu). page of the xylograph represents quite expressively in it ilr^ genre high quality carving. The theme is probably Indian^ ^ scene from the "sword-woods", where the victims instead "j-finding refuge,    are   tortured   by   falling    sword-leaves 'Z\~JL iron-beaked   birds.  All the same,   the birds here are not Indian vultures,   but Mongolian eagles..
(fol.l78/b) This is the 8th hell of the "Calmless" : "teai^
teaching dream" (Rmi-lam 'jigs-byed ston-pa ; Ayuqun ujeg'Al^jj "_
ci). This agricultural scene - threshing with flail - obviouiU|
originates from some other territory,  not Mongolia.
(fol. 179/b) The loth hell of "Calmless1'; where "Mountain?
fall on each other" (Ri-brcegs char-ltar 'bab-pa ; Ayula cUb^m"1 ~
laqu bayuyci).  This is the picture of a rtily-a, a fireplace
used everywhere in Mongolia.
(fol. 257/b) tha section.  Again a scene of the nomadic lift-■' a man is marked just in the same way as it is custom a in case of animals.
(fol.26o/a) tha  section,   srin-mo bag-mar len-pa'i dmyal-1? 3 kye-hud. The hell of those who marry their own sister. ^-ao— tool in the hand of the central figure is a wimble. (fol.229/b) The first cold hell: "Blister", (Chu-bur can ; t>AO^ coburgud). In this hell,   the naked persons have to sit inCe_ and glacier water until their bodies are covered with bliir^r^> The composition of this picture is remarkable. (fol.3o7/b) This is the picture of the 23th preta : "Yama'S, stick holder" (Gsin-rje'i   dbyug-pa ; Erlig-un beriy-e-dtir ^W^0"] dayci )■ On the left a servant of the ruler of the underwov'^ can be seen with the book of judge.
112
Plate   17. (fol. 3o4/b) The 6th preta : "doctrin eater" (chos za-ba ; noni ideg-ci).
Plate   18. (fol.3o4/a) The 3rd preta: "excrement eater" (bsan-pa za-ba ; bayasun-i idegci).
Plate   19. (fol. 317/a) The title page of the 6th part of the book with a reference to the Kanjur.
Plate   2o. (fol. 363/a) In the 9th part of the book some pages are dealing with bon-po practices and with the punishment of the followers of bon.   This material may be important because there are very few Mongolian pictures about bon. This picture shows an altar of bon gods and a srol-ka ,   a magic net against the evil spirits, which was also used by Buddhists.
Plate   21. (fol. 364/a) A follower of bon who kills and sacrifices an animal to his gods.
Colour Plates
1-   (fols. 99/b-loo/a) The hell of "Weeping and screaming" (flu-bod ; Ukilan dayudayci).  It seems to be the general view of this hell, but the inscriptions says : Me'i   phye-ma srin-bu ... The picture represents a red-hot fiery house of Chinese style entirely in flames and no condemned can escape from its enclosures.
2. (fol. 116/b) The 8th hell of "Great weeping and screaming" (Nii-bod chen-po ; Yeke ukilan dayudayci) : "Mortal life" (' Chi-ba--dan bcas-pa; Ami tikdlte). This picture shows a gelong in the hell and the tortured condemned asking for help.  It is a clear peregrination motive.
3. (fol. 122/b) The 5th hell of the "Great hot" one (Cha-ba chen-po; Yeke qalayun) :    "Iron   vessel"      (Lcags-kyi   bum-pa ; Temiir bumba).   It is a scene,  where the punishment is to be cooked and boiled in iron vessels.
NOTES
1)    The Tibetan parts and relations were elaborated by Geza BETHLENFALVf while the Mongolian ones by Alice SARKOSI. The authors are indebted ^0 Professor Walther HEISSIG and Helmut EIMER for making available important materials and to Georg.KARA and Pema TSERING for helpful veirWl informations.
2) To mention only some of the extended literature that gives rich furt ^■/^ bibliography : R. STOLA,   Zu den Jenseitsvorstellungen im Alten Mesopofy1-— mien in : Kairos 14 (1972), pp. 258-272 ; J. KROLL, Gott und Hölle ,1t 11^*-E. LANGTON, Essentials of Demonology ,1049 ; .I.A. Mc.CULLOCH, The Harrowing of Hell , 193o ; many entries in Encyclopedia of Religions
Ethics ; O.G.WESENDONK, Das Weltbild der Iranier, 1933, München, pp. <Xl_ ~ 99 ; etc.
3) The literature relating to the  subject  is very extended,  to mention o lv^J-| some monographs on it : Leon FEER, L' enfer Indien  : JS (1892) pp. IBS"— 232 ; E.HARDY , A Manual of Buddhism,  London 188o, pp. 27-29 ; W. KIHFEL, Die Kosmographie der Inder, Bon - Leipzig 192o ; L. SCHERMA Materialien zur Geschichte der Indischen Visionsliteratur, Leipzig 1892 ;
B. Ch. LAW,  Heaven and Hell in Buddhist Perspective , Calculta-Sim]^ 1925.
4) J.J. DUYVENDAK, A Chinese "Divina Comedia": "T' oung pao XLI (195l) pp. 255-316. S.BEAL,  A Catena of Buddhist Scriptures from the Chine irC London 1871, pp. 56-68 ; H.DOR.E, Recherches sur les superstitions en Chine, Chang-Hai 1914, XVI, pp. 167-196 ; W. CLARKE, The Ytl-li or Pr<g — cious Records :   Journal  of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic SociC-(>| XXVm/2 (1893-94), pp. 233-4oo.
5) M.ROSKE, L' enfer cambodgi'en d' apres le Trai Pimm : JA (1914) 2, p. ^ \~ G. COEDES,   L'enfer cambodgien : Bulletin de 1'Ecole Francaise d'Ex-treme-Orient, Hanoi, XV (1915) IV , pp. 8-13; P. MUS, Note sur 1' enfer bouddhique en Cambodge  in : ,' La Lumiere sur les Six Voies,  Paris 1939
pp. 295-316 and tables I-VI .. 6)   L. A . WADDELL , The Buddhism of Tibet or Lamaism , Cambridge 1971, pp. 89-99; DE FILIPPI , An Account of Tibet , The Travels of Ippolito De; v — deri of Plstoia S.J.  1712-1727. With an Introduction by WESSELS, S.J .
2. Ňu-bod chen-po/'Čhi-ba-dan bčas-pa
114
115
London 1932, pp. 232-238 ; O. KOWALKWSKI, Buddijskaja Kosmologija, Kazauj 1837, pp. 13o-145;  and Mongoljskaja Chrestomatija, Kazanj 1837, I, pp. 273,338, II. p. 27o; S.PALLAS , Sammlungen Historischer Nachrichten über die Mongolischen Völkerschaften II , St. Petersburg 1776-18ol, pp. 56-6o ; B.BERGMANN , Nomadische Streifereien unter den Kalmiiken in den Jahren 18o2 und 18o3, Riga 18o4, III. pp. 58-6o, and 219-225; M. TTMKOVSKI, Voyage á   Pékln   a travers la Mongo-lie en 182o et 1821, Paris 1827; D.SCHUH, Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der Tibetischen Kalenderrechnung, Wiesbaden 1974, p. 51. W. Y. EVANS-WENTZ, The Tibetan Book of the Dead, London 1949.
Cf. W. HEISSIG, Helden- Höllenfahrts- und Schclmengeschichten der Mongolen, Zürich 1962, pp. 171-222. LÓRINCZ László, Molon szerze-tes pokolj&räsa  (Descent of Molon to the hell) : Mongol Nyelvemlek-tar X, Budapest 1966; for the Chinese version cf. Kenneth CH'EN, Filial Piety in Chinese Buddhism : HJAS 28 (1968), pp. 81-97. Cf. also Mahäbhärata I. 13-14; Mahävastu (ed. SENART), I.p.4; Avadánaáataka V, 1. A.WALEY,  Ballads and Stories from Tun-huang, London 196o, pp. 216-235.  To represent hells in pictures seems to be an old habit in India. Nägarjuna   also mentions pictures of hell in the 84th stanca of his Suhrllekha:
Dmyal-ba bris-pa mthoi'i dari thos-pa-dari Dran daň bklags daň   gzugs-su bgyis-rnams-kyari ■ . (The translation of bris-pa as "picture, drawing" seems to be justified here).
W. HEISSIG, Mongolische Handschriften, Blockdrucke, Landkarten, Wiesbaden 1961, No 137, p. 286.
P. AALTO, A Catalogue of the Hedin Collection of Mongolian Literature, Stockholm 1935, No H. 3222, p. 82.
II. EIMER, Tibetica Stockholmiensia (I), Handliste der tibotischen Texte der Sven-Hedin-Stiftüng und des Ethnographischen Museums zu Stockholm : ZAS 6 (1972), p. 621.
W. HEISSIG, Geschichte der Mongolischen Literatur I, Wiesbaden 1972, p. 92.
■X».
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
W.HEISSIG, Helden-, Hollenfahrts- und Schelmengeschichten d Mongolen, pp. 3, 52, 99,133, 168,171,185, 192,193,196, 2o9, 213, L^-ti^ G.KARA, Knigi Mongoljskih kocevniko, Moskva 1972, Tabl. 26 ( -3t.<j*-A mongol irodalom kistiikre (Mirror of the Mongolian Liter a Kv-fz.)? Budapest 1971, pictures opposite to pp. 64,97. G. BETHLENFALVY, Tibeti konyvilltisztraciMt,  Budapest 19?',?. Tables 15-22.
According to G.KARA (op. cit. , p. 16o, note 178) only four leav^ £ the book are preserved there. The title page mentioned by U|'fl| corresponds to page 25o of our xylograph.
Ulus-un nom-un sang-un aji-yin anggi-dur bayiqu mongyol   ^'Jd'1 --yinbicimel ba darumal nom bicig-iid-iin biiridkel, Ulaanbaa (-g f No 223.
Z.V. UCASTK1NA,   History of Russian Hand Papcrmills nnc Watermarks, Hilwarsium 1962, p. 174, No. 197. The paper-mill-marks and their inscriptions found on the pages xylograph are the next :
see next page
116
117
2o)
1\
1 *A6PMU.VI ST€.Cb N*7 I 21>
(
2, <J>A6ntu.M flTeCb W°3 /~-N#7
3 <t>A6PMKM HACfltAMMkOB CVMKMHA N* 8 j
^       «   6P HAPryHMHbl I
f
5 H° T   OKVJloCB-.-l I
6 >KEBCKOtÄJ  <t>A6PM KU   N* I   tUtttBCK ?1 |
I
?  KHJIi«b   tnlACK£.RCv<M. ~ HUM] | 8
I 22>
I
I i
I 23)
The Chinese paper copy omits :
hells 3-7     (fols.3o-55) from the ka section, the complete kha section (fols. 56-63), the whole ga section exept 2 pages (fols. 67-68), hells  5-8       from the ria section (fols. 99-lo5)
(here we may mention that the complete set also oirt hells 1-4      an<J 9-12,)
hells 13 - 16     from the na section (fols. 198-228),
the complete ta   section - that is the cold hells - (fols. 229-2
the complete tha section (fols. 231-27o),
the Mongolian enumeration of the pretas (fols. 317-352), (but   /I" IS very interesting that some pages belonging to this P^^~ accidentally were put into the table of contents. It       3 S possible, because both these parts had only the ni,IMeva/£ in Mongolian running on the margins, but no special V-(3 ginal sign)
the last pages of the table of contents (fols. 286-3o3).
	Hells in the list		Hells in the most
	of contents, Part. 3		complete xylograph
I.	ka 1-7	I.	ka 1-7
II.	kha 1-3	II.	kha Tib. 1-2
			Mong. 1-3
III.	ga 6-12	III.	ga 1-4 and 6-16
IV.	fia 13	IV.	na 5-8 and 13-16
V.	ca 1-6,8,9,13-16	V.	ca 5-8 and 13-16
VI.	cha 5	VI.	cha 1-16
VII.	Ja 1-16	VII.	Ja 1-16
VIII.	na l,4,lo,12-16	VIII	na l,4-lo,12-16
			Tib. 9. deest
	tha (cold hells) 1-8		tha (cold hells) 1-ft
The Tibetan Tripitaka, Peking Edition,   ed. by D. T. SUZUKI, Toky ° — Kyoto 1956-1958, No 953 ;  L. LIGETI, Catalogue du Kanjur Monzel Imprime , Budapest 1942, No lo44-lo47.
The Tibetan Tripitaka, vol.152, pp. 25-29,19o-199. Cf. G. Z.TSYtC \cx>U^ Lam-rim ehen-po,    Vladivostok 1913, pp. 129-134.
118
119
24) AALTO, Catalogue, p. 82.
25) G. SUGER , Ujzen güngijn  chosuuny baryn süinijn tuchaj tovc mede6: Chel zochiol DC : 19 (1972) pp. 199-2o2.
26) There are informations about the existence of gsun-'bum of his works. Ye-ses   thabs-mkhas   reports in his Bla-ma dam-pa-rnams-kyi gsun-'bum-gyi dkar-chag giien-'brel dran-gso'i me-lon   published by LOKESH CHANDRA (Eminent Tibetan Polymaths of Mongolia, Sata-Pitaka Series , vol.16, Delhi 1961, pp. 11,84  No 53) about a 5 volume gsuh-'bum   of Pandita Che-spel dbari-'phyug rdo-rje. M.TAUBE's handlist about the books In the Gandan Monastery Library also mentions this gsun-'bum ,   this copy, however, contains    only one single part, (cf. M. TAUBE, Die Bibliothek des Klosters Gandan in Ulaanbaator : Mitteilungen des Instituts für Orientforschung, Bd. 14, Berlin 1968, p. 324, No 115).
27) BE AL,  op. cit ■,   p. 67. (quoted with one allusion by WADDELL, op_. cit, pp. 96-97) gives also 36 names,  about half of them corresponding   exactly with our names ; L. LIGETI , Le sacrifice offert aux encetres dans 1' Histoire Secrete : Acta Orient. Hung. XXVII (1973), pp. 151-159 ; W. STEDE, Die Gespenster-Gescliicliten des Peta Vattlni, Leipzig 1914.
mm
Plate 1
Plate 2 a
Plate 4
Plate 5
Plate 6
124
Plate lo
Plate 16
1 O o
Plate 17
Plate 18
Plate 2o
13o
Plate 21
Plate 5
Plate 6
13o