n Case particles 3 – 의, 에, 와/과, [ui, e, wa/gwa] 1. The case particle 의 [ui] The case particle ‘의[ui]’ indicates the possessor and possession relationship between two nouns, as in 제임스의 방[jeimseuui bang] “James’ room.” The first noun is typically the possessor (since it is attached by the particle), and the second noun is the possession. The case particle의[ui] is the same regardless of whether it attaches to a noun that ends in a vowel or a consonant, as in 수잔의 가방[sujanui gabang] “Susan’s bag.” and 토니의 지갑[toniui jigap] “Tony’s wallet.” The first person possessive pronoun 내[nae] (plain form) and 제[je] (humble form) are combinations of the first person pronouns and the particle: 나[na] “I (plain)” + 의[ui] = 내[nae] “my (plain)” 그 것은 나의 (내) 운동화야. [geu geoseun naui (nae) undonghwaya.] “As for that, (it) is my sneaker.” 저[jeo] “I (humble)” + 의[ui] = 제[je] “my (humble)” 토마스는 저의 (제) 친구입니다. [tomaseuneun jeoui (je) chinguipnida.] “As for Thomas, (he) is my friend.” In a similar manner, the question word 누구의[nuguui] “whose” is the combination of the question word 누구[nugu] “who” and the particle의[ui], as in 이 것은 누구의[nuguui] 편지예요? “As for this, whose letter is (this)?” As seen above, the function of the particle의[ui] resembles that of the English suffix -’s. But, there is one clear difference in their usages. English allows to end with this the possessor + ’s construction, as in “It’s Steven’s.” or “It’s Andy’s.”. However, Korean does not allow the possessor noun ending with the particle. Consequently, a sentence like 그 컴퓨터는 스티브의예요. [geu keompyuteoneun seutibeuuiyeyo.] “As for that computer, (it) is Steven’s.” is unacceptable. For this purpose, a bound noun 것[geot] “thing” typically appears after the particle, as 그 컴퓨터는 스티브의 것이에요. [geu keompyuteoneun seutibeuui geosieyo.] “As for that computer, (it) is Steven’s (thing).” In colloquial and informal usages, the particle의[ui] can be often omitted. For instance, 수잔 가방[sujan gabang] can be used instead of 수잔의 가방[sujanui gabang] “Susan’s bag” and 스티브 것[seutibeu geot] (or 스티브 거[seutibeu geo] for a more colloquial usage) can be used instead of 스티브의 것[seutibeuui geot] “Steven’s (thing).” In summary, there are three ways to express a possessor–possession relationship in Korean: 1) noun의[ui] noun, as in 엠마의 지갑 [emmaui jigap] “Emma’s wallet.” 2) noun noun, as in 엠마 지갑 [emma jigap] “Emma wallet.” 3) noun 것[geot] (or 거[geo]), as in 엠마 것[emma geot] (or엠마 거 [emma geo]) “Emma thing.” 2. The particle 에 [e] The case particle에[e] is a one-form particle that expresses four things: (1) the static location- “in,” “at” or “on” The static location refers to the place where something is (being), at or in. 수잔이 집에 있어요. [sujani jibe isseoyo.] “Susan is at home.” 책을 책상에 놓아요. [chaegeul chaeksange nohayo.] “(I) place a book on the desk.” Notice that all the location nouns above (e.g., 집[jip] “house”, 책상[chaeksang] “desk”, 도서관[doseogwan] “library”) are marked by the particle 에[e], since they are all static locations. (2) the goal of the action (e.g., destination) - “to” or “at’ 학교에 전화해요. [hakgyoe jeonhwahaeyo.] “(I) make a phone call to school.” 내일 시카고에 가요. [naeil sikagoe gayo.] “(I) go to Chicago tomorrow.” 비행기가 오늘 인천 공항에 도착해요. [bihaenggiga oneul incheon gonghange dochakhaeyo.] “The plane arrives at Incheon airport today.” Notice that the goals of the actions marked by the particle에[e] are all inanimate objects (e.g., 은행[eunhaeng] “bank”, 경찰서[gyeongchalseo] “police station”, 나라[nara] “country”, 학교[hakgyo] “school”). In addition, when the particle is used with motion verbs like 가다[gada] ”go”, 오다[oda] “come,” and 도착하다[dochakhada] “arrive,” the particle indicates a destination (e.g., 시카고[sikago] “Chicago”, 한국[hanguk] “Korea”, 공항[gonghang] “airport”). If the goal of the action is animate, the different particles, such as 한테[hante] and 에게[ege], are used. “(I) make a phone call to Thomas.” ≠토마스에 전화해요. [tomaseue jeonhwahaeyo.] (X) = 토마스한테 전화해요. [tomaseuhante jeonhwahaeyo.] (O) (3) Times - “at,” “in,” or “on”. 오전 10시에 TV를 봐요. [ojeon yeolsie TVreul bwayo.] “(I) watch TV at 10:00 a.m.” 화요일에 만나요. [hwayoire mannayo.] “(Let us) meet on Tuesday.” 오후에 바빠요. [ohue bappayo.] “(I am) busy in the afternoon.” One should be careful not to use the particle with all time nouns, since certain time nouns, such as 어제[eoje] “yesterday,” 오늘[oneul] “today,” and 내일[naeil] “tomorrow,” do not take the particle에[e]. “(Let us) meet at Starbucks tomorrow.” ≠내일에 스타벅스에서 만나요. [naeire seutabeokseueseo mannayo.] (X) =내일 스타벅스에서 만나요. [naeil seutabeokseueseo mannayo.] (O) (4) quantity- “for” or “per,” as in “per day.” 하루에 몇 시간 TV를 보세요? [harue myeot sigan TVreul boseyo?] “How many hours do (you) watch TV per day?” 그 와인은 한 병에 얼마예요? [geu waineun han byeonge eolmayeyo?] “As for that wine, how much is (it) per bottle?” 3. The particle 와/과, [wa/gwa] The case particles 와/과[wa/gwa] mean “and.”. First, The particle 와/과[wa/gwa] is a two-form particle. 와[wa] is used with the noun that ends in a vowel (e.g., 토마스와 데니엘[tomaseuwa deniel] “Thomas and Daniel”), and 과[gwa] is used with the noun that ends in a consonant (e.g., 데니엘과 토마스[denielgwa tomaseu] “Daniel and Thomas”). 제 형과 누나가 보스톤에 살아요. [je hyeonggwa nunaga boseutone sarayo.] “My older brother and older sister live in Boston.” 내 동생은 사과와 복숭아를 좋아합니다. [nae dongsaengeun sagwawa boksungareul johahapnida.] “My sister likes apple and peach.” n Vocabulary 가게[gage] store 바다[bada] sea 시계[sigye] watch 전쟁 [jeonjaeng] war 가을[gaeul] autumn 반지[banji] ring 아버지[abeoji] father 지갑[jigap] wallet 공항[gonghang] airport 병원[byeongwon] hospital 약국[yakguk] pharmacy 집[jip] house 교실[gyosil] classroom 방[bang] room 여자[yeoja] woman 서점[seojeom] bookstore 교회[gyohoe] church 봄[bom] spring 열쇠[yeolsoe] key 사탕[satang] candy 기름[gireum] oil 불[bul] fire 옷[os] clothes 컴퓨터[keompyuteo] computer 기숙사[gisuksa] dormitory 사과[sagwa] apple 일본[ilbon] Japan 펜[pen] pen 남자[namj] man 사자[saja] lion 자동차[jadongcha] car 평화[pyeonghwa] peace 돈[don] money 사진[sajin] picture 자전거[jajeongeo] bike 하늘[haneul] sky 땅[ttang] earth 산[san] mountain 중국[jungguk] China 호텔[hotel] hotel n Exercises Exercise 1. Translate the following into English or Korean: Example: 제니퍼의 가방 = “Jennifer’s bag.” or “Jacob’s car.” = 제이콥의 차 1. 남준의 반지 2. 석진의 아버지 3. 윤기 거 4. 정국의 시계 5. Hoseok’s key. 6. Jimin’s picture 7. Taehyung’s room Exercise 2. write a sentence using the cues provided. Example: 전화/집 = 전화가 집에 있어요. “The telephone is in the house.” 1. 책상/교실 2. 지갑/차 3. 카메라/집 4. 책/학교 5. 지현/서울 Exercise 3. Answer the questions in Korean using the cues provided. Example: 어디 가세요? (church) = 교회에 가요. “(I) go to church.” 1. (bookstore) 2. (hospital) 3. (airport) 4. (friend’s home) 5. (mountain) Exercise 4. Full in the blanks with either 와 or 과, and translate the phrase into English. Example: 여름____겨울= 여름과 겨울 ‘simmer and Winter” 1. 한국_____체코 2. 봄_____가을 3. 사자____ 사슴 4. 하늘____땅 5. 여자____남자 n Conversation 지은[jieun]: 이 외투 누구 거인지 알아? [i oetu nugu geoinji ara?] “Do you know whose coat it is?” 서준[seojun]: 글쎄... 잘 모르겠다. 일단 분실물 함에 넣어둘까? [geulsse... jal moreugessda. ildan bunsilmul hame neoheodulkka?] “Well... I don't know. How about we put it in the lost and found box?” 지은[jieun]: 그게 좋겠다. 물병과 공책도 놓고 갔네. 혹시 급한 일이 있었나? [geuge johgessda. mulbyeonggwa gongchaekdo nohgo gassne. hoksi geuphan iri isseossna?] “That would be nice. Someone left a bottle of water and a notebook too. Maybe someone had something urgent?” 서준[seojun]: 그러게… 이제 곧 도서관 문 닫는데. 어쩔 수 없네, 일단 사서께 말씀드리자. [geureoge… ije got doseogwan mun datneunde. eojjeol su eopsne, ildan saseokke malsseumdeurija] “Yeah… But the library is closing soon. There is nothing we can do, let's tell the librarian first.” 소미[somi]: 잠깐! 그것들 다 내 물건들이야! [jamkkan! geugeosdeul da nae mulgeondeuriya!] “Wait! These're all my things!” 서준[seojun]: 아 그래? 이제 여기 곧 문닫으니까 분실물 함에 넣어둘까 생각했어. [a geurae? ije yeogi got mundadeunikka bunsilmul hame neoheodulkka saenggakhaesseo] “Oh really? Since the library is closing soon, so we thought about putting these in the lost and found box.” 소미[somi]: 앗, 미안해… 급한 전화를 받았더니 벌써 시간이 이렇게 됐네. 신경 써주어서 고마워! [at, mianhae… geuphan jeonhwareul badassdeoni beolsseo sigani ireohge dwaessne. singyeong sseojueoseo gomawo!] “Oh, I'm sorry... I got an urgent call and it's already this time. Thank you for your concern!” 서준[seojun], 지은[jieun]: 천만에, 너의 물건들을 무사히 되찾아서 다행이다! [cheonmane, neoui mulgeondeureul musahi doechajaseo dahaengida!] “You're welcome. It's a relief that you got your things back safely!” n Answers Exercise 1. 1. 남준의 반지 = Namjun’s ring 2. 석진의 아버지 = Seokjin’s father 3. 윤기 거= Yunki’s 4. 정국의 시계 = Jeongguk’s watch 5. 호석의 열쇠 = Hoseok’s key 6. 지민의 사진 = Jimin’s picture 7. 태형의 방 = Jeongguk’s room Exercise 2. 1. 책상이 교실에 있어요. [chaeksangi gyosire isseoyo.] = “The desk is in the classroom.” 2. 지갑이 차에 있어요. [jigabi chae isseoyo.] = “My wallet is in the car.” 3. 카메라가 집에 있어요. [kameraga jibe isseoyo.] = “The camera is at home.” 4. 책이 학교에 있어요. [chaegi hakgyoe isseoyo.] = “The book is at school.” 5. 지현이 서울에 있어요. [jihyeoni seoure isseoyo.] = “Jihyun is in Seoul.” Exercise 3. 1. 서점에 가요. [seojeome gayo.] “(I) go to the bookstore” 2. 병원에 가요. [byeongwone gayo.] “(I) go to the hospital.” 3. 공항에 가요. [gonghange gayo.] “(I) go to the airport.” 4. 친구의 집에 가요. [chinguui jibe gayo.] “(I) go to the friend’s house.” 5. 산에 가요. [sane gayo.] “(I) go to the mountain.” Exercise 4. 1. 한국과 체코 [hangukgwa cheko] “Korea and Czech Republic” 2. 봄과 가을 [bomgwa gaeul] “spring and autumn” 3. 사자와 사슴 [sajawa saseum] “Lion and deer” 4. 하늘과 땅 [haneulgwa ttang] “The sky and the earth” 5. 여자와 남자 [yeojawa namja] “A woman and a man”