◼ Adverbs and adverbials
1. Adverbs
The primary function of adverbs is to modify verbs and/or adjectives.
Korean adverbs can be grouped into three types: sentential adverbs, conjunctional adverbs, and
componential adverbs. Sentential adverbs modify a whole sentence. Conjunctional adverbs are those
that connect two different sentences. Componential adverbs modify a specific part of the sentence
such as verbs or adjectives. Consider the following sentences:
아마 공항에 일찍 가야 할 거야. 그러니까 준비하자.
[ama gonghange iljjik gaya hal geoya. geureonikka junbihaja.]
“Maybe, we should go airport early. So let’s get ready.”
아마[ama] “maybe” is a sentential adverb since it modifies the entire sentence, 공항에 일찍 가야
할 거야 [gonghange iljjik Gaya hal geoya] “we should go airport early.” 일찍[iljjik] “early” is a
componential adverb since it specifically modifies the adjective 가야 할 거야 [gaya hal geoya]
“should go” 그러니까 [geureonikka] “So” is a conjunctional adverb since it connects two sentences.
Examples of sentential adverbs include the following:
가령
[garyeong]
If/supposing 아마
[ama]
Maybe 만일
[manil]
If 하여튼
[hayeoteun]
anyway
설령
[seollyeong]
Even if 반드시
[bandeusi]
certainly 설마
[seolma]
surely
Examples of conjunctional adverbs include:
그러나
[geureona]
But 또
[tto]
Also 그리고
[geurigo]
And 또한
[ttohan]
Moreover
그러니까
[geureonikka]
Therefore 또는
[ttoneun]
Or 그래서
[geuraeseo]
So 혹은
[hogeun]
Or
Korean language class in MUNI
week
9
그러므로
[geureomeuro]
Since it is
so
따라서
[ttaraseo]
Accordingly 그런데
[geureonde]
By
the
way
즉
[jeuk]
In other
words
그렇지만
[geureochiman]
however 더군다나
[deogundana]
besides 그럼
[geureom]
If
so
더욱이
[deougi]
moreover
There are three groups of componential adverbs depending on what kind of relation they modify,
such as manner, temporal relations, and degree. First, manner adverbs express some relation of
manner, for example:
빨리
[deougi]
fast/
early/soon
너무
[neomu]
too
much
천천히
[cheoncheonhi]
slowly 잘
[jal]
well/often
멀리
[meolli]
far 혼자서
[honjaseo]
alone 가까이
[gakkai]
shortly/nearly 함께
[hamkke]
together
매우
[maeu]
very/
exceedingly
많이
[mani]
much 제일
[jeil]
the first 열심히
[yeolsimhi]
diligently
가장
[gajang]
most 안녕히
[annyeonghi
at
peace
아주
[aju]
quite/very
(much)
Time adverbs that concern temporal relations include the following:
막
[mak]
just at the
moment
당분간
[dangbungan]
for a
while
아까
[akka]
some time
ago
드디어
[deudieo]
finally
벌써
[beolsseo]
long ago 줄곧
[julgot]
all the
time
이미
[imi]
already 먼저
[meonjeo]
ahead
아직
[ajik]
yet/still 마침내
[machimnae]
at last 지금
[jigeum]
now 일찍
[iljjik]
early
요즘
[yojeum]
recently 언제나
[eonjena]
all the
time
이따
[itta]
later 항상
[hangsang]
at all times
현재
[hyeonjae]
present 늘
[neul]
always 모래
[morae]
the day
after
tomorrow
가끔
[gakkeum]
sometimes
내일
[neul]
tomorrow 보통
[botong]
usually 즉시
[jeuksi]
immediately
갑자기
[gapjagi]
suddenly 방금
[banggeum]
right
now
밤낮
[bamnat]
day and
night
Degree adverbs include the following:
참
[cham]
really 주로
[juro]
mainly 아주
[aju]
very 조금
[jogeum]
A bit 너무
[neomu]
So much
However, when there is more than one componential adverb in a sentence, the adverbs tend to
occur in the following sequence: time, degree, and manner, as shown below.
수영이는 항상 짐을 아주 빨리 싸요.
[suyeongineun hangsang jimeul aju ppalli ssayo]
Suyeong always packs very fast.
Notice that the first adverb is time adverb 항상[hangsang] “always,” followed by the degree adverb
아주[aju] “very,” and the manner adverb 빨리[ppalli] “fast.”.
2. Adverbials
In Korean, adverbs do not take any morphological variation. Those adverbs that take morphological
variations are called “adverbial.” The adverbial form -게[-ge] is attached to the adjective stems. In
Korean, one can change an adjective into an adverbial form by attaching 게[ge] to an adjective stem.
Here are some more examples:
Adjectives adverbial form Adverbials
쉽다 [swipda] easy
-게
[-ge]
쉽게 [swipge] easily
싸다 [ssada] cheap 싸게 [ssage] at a low price
크다 [keuda] big 크게 [keuge] hugely
작다 [jakda] small 작게 [jakge] tinily
넓다 [neolda] wide 넓게 [neolge] widely
◼ Exercise A
Choose the appropriate word.
1. 나 시험기간이라 ( ) 못 놀 것 같아 =I can’t hang out for a while since it’s exam period
[na siheomgiganira ( ) mot nol geot gata]
1. 당분간 2. 즉시 3. 드디어
[1. dangbungan 2. jeuksi 3. deudieo]
2. 늦었으니까 택시타고 ( ) 가자
[neujeosseunikka taeksitago ( ) gaja]
1. 멀리 2. 제일 3. 빨리
[1. meolli 2. jeil 3. ppalli]
3. 프랑스 감자튀김은 ( ) 짜.
[peurangseu gamjatwigimeun ( ) jja]
1. 줄곧 2. 드디어 3. 너무
[1. julgot 2. deudieo 3. neomu]
◼ Exercise B
Choose an appropriate conjunctional adverb from the list below.
그러나, 그리고, 그래서, 그러니까, 그런데, 그렇지만, 그럼
[geureona, geurigo, geuraeseo, geureonikka, geureonde, geureochiman, geureom]
Example: 나는 강아지를 좋아해. _____ 고양이는 안 좋아해.
[naneun gangajireul joahae. _____ goyangineun an joahae]
☞ 그렇지만 [geureochiman]
1. 강아지는 밖에 나가는 걸 좋아해. ______산책을 자주 시켜 줘야 해.
[gangajineun bakke naganeun geol joahae. ______sanchaegeul jaju sikyeo jwoya hae]
2. 민지는 성실한 학생이다. ______ 시험을 잘 볼 것이다.
[minjineun seongsilhan haksaengida. ______ siheomeul jal bol geosida]
3. 불어를 배우고 싶다. ______파리로 어학연수를 갔다.
[bureoreul baeugo sipda. ______pariro eohagyeonsureul gatda]
◼ Exercise C
Read the text and choose the right answer.
민지는 독일로 교환학생을 가고 싶었다.
[minjineun dogillo gyohwanhaksaengeul gago sipeotda]
그래서 2년동안 열심히 독일어를 공부했다.
[geuraeseo 2nyeondongan yeolsimhi dogireoreul gongbuhaetda]
민지는 모래 독일어 시험에 응시한다.
[minjineun morae dogireo siheome eungsihanda]
민지는 한국어, 영어 그리고 독일어를 할 수 있다.
[minjineun hangugeo, yeongeo geurigo dogireoreul hal su itda]
그렇지만 민지는 프랑스어를 조금도 할 수 없다.
[geureochiman minjineun peurangseueoreul jogeumdo hal su eopda]
1. 민지는 프랑스어를 아주 잘 한다. T/F
[minjineun peurangseueoreul aju jal handa]
2. 민지는 3가지 언어를 할 수 있다 T/F
[minjineun 3gaji eoneoreul hal su itda]
3. 민지는 프랑스로 교환학생을 가고 싶어한다. T/F
[minjineun peurangseuro gyohwanhaksaengeul gago sipeohanda]
◼ Exercise D
Change the following adjectives into adverbials.
Example: 아름답다 [areumdapda]
☞ 아름답게 [areumdapge]
1. 사랑스럽다 [sarangseureopda]
2. 위험하다 [wiheomhada]
3. 쉽다 [wiheomhada]
4. 맵다 [maepda]
5. 짜다 [jjada]
6. 차갑다 [chagapda]
7. 덥다 [deopda]
8. 부드럽다 [budeureopda]
9. 느리다 [neurida]
10. 빠르다 [ppareuda]
◼ Exercise E
Write the sentence in order
1. 끝냈다./숙제를/드디어
[kkeunnaetda./sukjereul/deudieo]
2. 나/봤어/공원에서/윤원이/아까
[na/bwasseo/gongwoneseo/yunwoni/akka]
3. 올래?/숙제 하러/우리집/이따
[ollae?/sukje hareo/urijip/itta]
◼ Conversation A
민지[Minji]: 나 모레 독일어 시험 봐. 열심히 하긴 했는데 너무 긴장된다.
[na more dogireo siheom bwa. yeolsimhi hagin haenneunde neomu ginjangdoenda.]
I am going to take an German exam day after tomorrow. I work on it diligently but I still feel nervous.
윤원[yunwon]: 너 독일어 오래 공부 했잖아. 그러니까 잘 할 거야. 걱정하지 마
[neo dogireo orae gongbu haetjana. geureonikka jal hal geoya. geokjeonghaji ma.]
게다가 너 B1 코스도 다 마쳤잖아.
[gaedaga neo B1 koseudo da macheotjana.]
Minji, You’ve been studying german for long. Therefore, You’ll make it great. Don’t worry.
Besides, You have finished B1 course as well.
민지[minji]: 우리 오늘 함께 공부할래? 공부 할 게 너무 많아.
[uri oneul hamkke gongbuhallae? gongbu hal ge neomu mana.]
Do you want to study together? I have so many things to study.
윤원[yunwon]: 그래. 요즘 집에 혼자 있으니까 공부 안 하게 되더라.
[geurae. yojeum jibe honja isseunikka gongbu an hage doedeora.]
Sounds cool. I am procrastinating things because I was staying home alone recently.
◼ Conversation B
메디(medi): 요즘 왜 나한테 요리 안 해줘? 나 지금 브런치 먹고 싶단 말이야.
[yojeum wae nahante Yo-ri an haejwo? na jigeum beureonchi meokgo sipdan mariya.]
Recently, you stop making me dishes. I want to eat brunch now.
채경(chaekyeong): 너 가끔 참 뻔뻔하게 말하는 거 같아.
[neo gakkeum cham ppeonppeonhage malhaneun geo gata.]
You sometimes make me lose words.
수영(suyeong): 내일 미카엘 생일이니까 그때 해줄게. 아직 재료를 안 사놨거든.
[morae mikael saengirinikka geuttae haejulge. ajik jaeryoreul an sanwatgeodeun.]
I will cook brunch for you tomorrow because it’s Mickael’s birthday.
I didn’t buy any ingredients for brunch yet.
메디(medi): 내가 지금 당장 빌라에 갔다 올게.
[naega jigeum jeuksi billae gatda olge.]
I will go to Bila immediately.
◼ Vocabulary
모레 [more] n. the day after tomorrow
독일어 [dogireo] n. German
긴장 [ginjang] n. tension, v. nervous, tense
혼자 [honja] adv. Alone, by oneself
요리 [yori] n. cooking, food, dish
브런치 [beureonchi] n. brunch
뻔뻔하다 [ppeonppeonhada] adj. shameless
생일 [saengnil] n. birthday
재료 [jaeryo] n. ingredient
공항 [gonghang] n. airport
전공 [jeongong] n. major,
건물 [geonmul] n. building
식당 [sikdang] n. restaurant
제출일 [jechuril] n. deadline
술 [sul] n. drink
◼ Sentence drill practice
< Topic: university & campus life>
1. 전공 수업 건물을 찾아가려면 어디로 가야하나요?
[jeongong sueop geonmureul chajagaryeomyeon eodiro gayahanayo]
: → (where) 을 찾아가려면 어디로 가야하나요?
“Where should I go to find the major class building?”
2. 학생 식당에 가서 점심먹자.
[haksaeng sikdange gaseo jeomsimmeokja.]
: → (where)에 가서 점심먹자.
“Let’s have a lunch in student cafeteria”
3. 이번 학기에 몇 학점 들어?
[ibeon hakgie myeot hakjeom deureo]
: → (when)에 몇 학점 들어?
“How many credits do you take this semester?”
4. 과제 제출일이 언제까지야?
[gwaje jechuriri eonjekkajiya]
:→ (what)이 언제까지야?
“When is the dead line of assighnment?”
5. 장학금을 받으려면 어떤 기준을 충족해야하나요?
[janghakgeumeul badeuryeomyeon eotteon gijuneul chungjokaeyahanayo]
:→ (what)을 받으려면 어떤 기준을 충족해야하나요?
“Which criteria should be met to get a scholarship?”
6. 오늘 팀플하러 가야해.
[oneul timpeulhareo gayahae]
:→ (when) (what)하러 가야해
“I have to go to the team meeting today.”
7. 오늘 같이 과제 할래?
[oneul gachi gwaje hallae]
:→ (when) 같이 (what)할래?
“Do you want to work together today?”
8. 추천해 주고 싶은 전공 수업이 있어?
[chucheonhae jugo sipeun jeongong sueobi isseo]
:→ 추천해 주고 싶은 (what) 수업이 있어?
“Are there any major classes you would like to recommend?”
9. 수업 끝나고 아르바이트 가야해.
[sueop kkeunnago areubaiteu gayahae]
:→(what) 끝나고 (where)가야해.
“I have to go for part time job after class.”
10. 시험 끝나고 술마시러 가자.
[siheom kkeunnago sulmasireo gaja]
:→ (what) 끝나고 술마시러 가자.
“Let’s go drink after the exam.”
◼ Answer
Exercise A
1. 당분간 [dangbungan]
2. 빨리 [ppalli]
3. 너무 [neomu]
Exercise B
1. 그러니까 [geureonikka]
2. 그래서 [geuraeseo]
3. 그래서 [geuraeseo]
Exercise C
1. F
2. T
3. F
Exercise D
1. 사랑스럽게 [sarangseureopge]
2. 위험하게 [wiheomhage]
3. 쉽게 [swipge]
4. 맵게 [maepge]
5. 짜게 [jjage]
6. 차갑게 [chagapge]
7. 덥게 [deopge]
8. 부드럽게 [budeureopge]
9. 느리게 [neurige]
10. 빠르게 [ppareuge]
Exercise E
1. 숙제를 드디어 끝냈다
[sukjereul deudieo kkeunnaetda]
드디어 숙제를 끝냈다
[deudieo sukjereul kkeunnaetda]
2. 나 아까 공원에서 윤원이 봤어
[na akka gongwoneseo yunwoni bwasseo]
아까 공원에서 나 윤원이 봤어
[akka gongwoneseo na yunwoni bwasseo]
3. 이따 숙제 하러 우리집 올래?
[itta sukje hareo urijip ollae]