.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Syntax
Pavel Caha
Nov 27, 2023
1 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Recap
Selecting the host
Semantic roles
Grammatical role
Mapping
Theory
How to become a subject
Czech expletives
2 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
CP
C
that
TP
NP
the customer in the corner
TP
T
will
AspP
Asp
be
VP
VP
V
ordering
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
(1) a. VP → describe an event
b. AspP → perspective: event seen from inside/outside
c. TP → anchor it in time with respect to the speech time
d. CP → the anchored event is a fact/wish/query/condition 3 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
ellipsis
(2) A: The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the
meal.
(3) B: Actually, I wouldn’t be so sure that he will —.
4 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
ellipsis
(2) A: The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the
meal.
(3) B: Actually, I wouldn’t be so sure that he will —.
TP
NP
He
TP
T
will
VP
VP
V
order
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
4 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(4) A: The customer in the corner order‐ed the drinks.
5 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(4) A: The customer in the corner order‐ed the drinks.
VP
NP
The customer in the corner
VP
V
ordered
NP
the drinks
5 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(4) A: The customer in the corner order‐ed the drinks.
VP
NP
The customer in the corner
VP
V
ordered
NP
the drinks
(5) B: *Actually, I wouldn’t be so sure that he —.
5 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(4) A: The customer in the corner order‐ed the drinks.
VP
NP
The customer in the corner
VP
V
ordered
NP
the drinks
(5) B: *Actually, I wouldn’t be so sure that he —.
(6) B: Actually, I wouldn’t be so sure that he did —.
5 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
The sentence always has V and T
TP
NP
He
TP
T
‐ed
VP
VP
V
order
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
6 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
The sentence always has V and T
TP
NP
He
TP
T
‐ed
VP
VP
V
order
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
7 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Do‐support
TP
NP
He
TP
T
‐ed
VP
VP
V
order
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
8 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Do‐support
TP
NP
He
TP
T
T
‐ed
VP
VP
V
order
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
9 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Do‐support
TP
NP
He
TP
T
V T
‐ed
VP
VP
V
order
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
10 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Do‐support
TP
NP
He
TP
T
V
d
T
‐ed
VP
VP
V
order
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
11 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Do‐support
TP
NP
He
TP
T
V
d
T
‐ed
VP
VP
V
order
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
12 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Czech Conditional
(7) Petr
Petr
bude
will
číst
read
knihy.
books.
‘Petr will be reading books’
13 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Czech Conditional
(7) Petr
Petr
bude
will
číst
read
knihy.
books.
‘Petr will be reading books’
TP
NP
Petr
Petr
TP
T
bude
will
VP
V
číst
read
NP
knihy
books
13 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
CP
C
‐li
if
TP
NP
Petr
Petr
TP
T
bude
will
VP
V
číst
read
NP
knihy
books
14 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
CP
C
‐li
if
TP
NP
Petr
Petr
TP
T
bude
will
VP
V
číst
read
NP
knihy
books
(8) a. Jest
be
‐li
‐IF
Petr
Petr
bude
will
číst
read
knihy
books
14 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
CP
C
‐li
if
TP
NP
Petr
Petr
TP
T
bude
will
VP
V
číst
read
NP
knihy
books
(8) a. Jest
be
‐li
‐IF
Petr
Petr
bude
will
číst
read
knihy
books
b. Bude
will
‐li
‐IF
Petr
Petr
bude číst
read
knihy,
books
...
‘if Petr reads books, ...’
14 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
CP
C
‐li
if
TP
NP
Petr
Petr
TP
T
bude
will
VP
V
číst
read
NP
knihy
books
15 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
CP
C
C
‐li
if
TP
NP
Petr
Petr
TP
T
bude
will
VP
V
číst
read
NP
knihy
books
16 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
CP
C
V C
‐li
if
TP
NP
Petr
Petr
TP
T
bude
will
VP
V
číst
read
NP
knihy
books
17 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
CP
C
V
jest
is
C
‐li
if
TP
NP
Petr
Petr
TP
T
bude
will
VP
V
číst
read
NP
knihy
books
18 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
CP
C
V
jest
is
C
‐li
if
TP
NP
Petr
Petr
TP
T
bude
will
VP
V
číst
read
NP
knihy
books
19 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Do‐support
TP
NP
He
TP
T
‐ed
VP
VP
V
order
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
20 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Do‐support
TP
NP
He
TP
T
T
‐ed
VP
VP
V
order
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
21 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Do‐support
TP
NP
He
TP
T
V T
‐ed
VP
VP
V
order
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
22 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Do‐support
TP
NP
He
TP
T
V
d
T
‐ed
VP
VP
V
order
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
23 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Do‐support
TP
NP
He
TP
T
V
d
T
‐ed
VP
VP
V
order
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
24 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
CP
C
‐li
if
TP
NP
Petr
Petr
TP
T
bude
will
VP
V
číst
read
NP
knihy
books
25 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
CP
C
C
‐li
if
TP
NP
Petr
Petr
TP
T
bude
will
VP
V
číst
read
NP
knihy
books
26 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
CP
C
C
‐li
if
TP
NP
Petr
Petr
TP
T
bude
will
VP
V
číst
read
NP
knihy
books
27 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
CP
C
T C
‐li
if
TP
NP
Petr
Petr
TP
T
bude
will
VP
V
číst
read
NP
knihy
books
28 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
CP
C
T
bude
is
C
‐li
if
TP
NP
Petr
Petr
TP
T
bude
will
VP
V
číst
read
NP
knihy
books
29 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
CP
C
T
bude
is
C
‐li
if
TP
NP
Petr
Petr
TP
T
bude
will
VP
V
číst
read
NP
knihy
books
30 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Recap
Selecting the host
Semantic roles
Grammatical role
Mapping
Theory
How to become a subject
Czech expletives
31 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
CP
C
T
bude
is
C
‐li
if
TP
NP
Petr
Petr
TP
T
bude
will
VP
V
číst
read
NP
knihy
books
32 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
CP
C
T
bude
is
C
‐li
if
TP
NP
Petr
Petr
TP
T
bude
will
VP
V
číst
read
NP
knihy
books
33 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
CP
C
T
bude
is
C
‐li
if
TP
NP
Petr
Petr
TP
T
bude
will
VP
V
číst
read
NP
knihy
books
34 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
CP
C
T
bude
is
C
‐li
if
TP
NP
Petr
Petr
TP
T
bude
will
VP
V
číst
read
NP
knihy
books
(9) a. ??Číst‐
read
li
‐if
Petr
Petr
bude
will
knihy,
books,
...
...
34 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
CP
C
T
bude
is
C
‐li
if
TP
NP
Petr
Petr
TP
T
bude
will
VP
V
číst
read
NP
knihy
books
(9) a. ??Číst‐
read
li
‐if
Petr
Petr
bude
will
knihy,
books,
...
...
b. ??Bude
will
číst
read
‐li
‐if
Petr
Petr
knihy,
books
...
34 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
The economy of movement
(10) When we move a host to the suffix:
35 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
The economy of movement
(10) When we move a host to the suffix:
a. Move as short as possible
35 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
The economy of movement
(10) When we move a host to the suffix:
a. Move as short as possible
b. Move as little possible
35 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
The economy of movement
(10) When we move a host to the suffix:
a. Move as short as possible
b. Move as little possible
▶ Specific to each language / universal?
35 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
The economy of movement
(10) When we move a host to the suffix:
a. Move as short as possible
b. Move as little possible
▶ Specific to each language / universal?
▶ If universal, are these specific to language?
35 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Recap
Selecting the host
Semantic roles
Grammatical role
Mapping
Theory
How to become a subject
Czech expletives
36 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(11) Semantic role (also thematic role): a linguistically relevant
type of participation in an event
37 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(11) Semantic role (also thematic role): a linguistically relevant
type of participation in an event
▶ Agent – brings the event about
▶ Patient – affected by the event
37 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(11) Semantic role (also thematic role): a linguistically relevant
type of participation in an event
▶ Agent – brings the event about
▶ Patient – affected by the event
(12) Mary watered the garden
37 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(11) Semantic role (also thematic role): a linguistically relevant
type of participation in an event
▶ Agent – brings the event about
▶ Patient – affected by the event
(12) Mary watered the garden
(13) Marušk‐a
Mary‐NOM
zalila
watered
zahrad‐u
garden‐ACC
37 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(11) Semantic role (also thematic role): a linguistically relevant
type of participation in an event
▶ Agent – brings the event about
▶ Patient – affected by the event
(12) Mary watered the garden
(13) Marušk‐a
Mary‐NOM
zalila
watered
zahrad‐u
garden‐ACC
37 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(14) Agent‐like roles (INITIATORS)
38 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(14) Agent‐like roles (INITIATORS)
▶ Agent: brings about an event, animate, sense of purpose,
volition
38 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(14) Agent‐like roles (INITIATORS)
▶ Agent: brings about an event, animate, sense of purpose,
volition
John opened the door.
38 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(14) Agent‐like roles (INITIATORS)
▶ Agent: brings about an event, animate, sense of purpose,
volition
John opened the door.
▶ Causer: brings about the event, unintended, can be inanimate
38 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(14) Agent‐like roles (INITIATORS)
▶ Agent: brings about an event, animate, sense of purpose,
volition
John opened the door.
▶ Causer: brings about the event, unintended, can be inanimate
The wind opened the door.
38 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(14) Agent‐like roles (INITIATORS)
▶ Agent: brings about an event, animate, sense of purpose,
volition
John opened the door.
▶ Causer: brings about the event, unintended, can be inanimate
The wind opened the door.
▶ Instrument: brings about the event, under the control of an
agent, can be inanimate
38 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(14) Agent‐like roles (INITIATORS)
▶ Agent: brings about an event, animate, sense of purpose,
volition
John opened the door.
▶ Causer: brings about the event, unintended, can be inanimate
The wind opened the door.
▶ Instrument: brings about the event, under the control of an
agent, can be inanimate
The key opened the door.
38 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(15) a. Marušk‐a
Mary‐NOM
rozlila
spilled
mléko
milk
(Agent)
39 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(15) a. Marušk‐a
Mary‐NOM
rozlila
spilled
mléko
milk
(Agent)
b. Marušc‐e
Mary‐DAT
se
REFL
rozlilo
spilled
mléko
milk
(Causer)
39 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
40 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(16) Patient‐like roles (UNDERGOERS)
41 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(16) Patient‐like roles (UNDERGOERS)
▶ Theme: undergoes a change of location
41 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(16) Patient‐like roles (UNDERGOERS)
▶ Theme: undergoes a change of location
John pushed the chair.
41 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(16) Patient‐like roles (UNDERGOERS)
▶ Theme: undergoes a change of location
John pushed the chair.
▶ Patient: undergoes a change of some internal property
41 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(16) Patient‐like roles (UNDERGOERS)
▶ Theme: undergoes a change of location
John pushed the chair.
▶ Patient: undergoes a change of some internal property
The wind cooled the soup.
41 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(16) Patient‐like roles (UNDERGOERS)
▶ Theme: undergoes a change of location
John pushed the chair.
▶ Patient: undergoes a change of some internal property
The wind cooled the soup.
▶ Effected objects: change of existence
41 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(16) Patient‐like roles (UNDERGOERS)
▶ Theme: undergoes a change of location
John pushed the chair.
▶ Patient: undergoes a change of some internal property
The wind cooled the soup.
▶ Effected objects: change of existence
Bill wrote the letter.
41 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(16) Patient‐like roles (UNDERGOERS)
▶ Theme: undergoes a change of location
John pushed the chair.
▶ Patient: undergoes a change of some internal property
The wind cooled the soup.
▶ Effected objects: change of existence
Bill wrote the letter.
▶ Experiencer: a change of mental state
41 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(16) Patient‐like roles (UNDERGOERS)
▶ Theme: undergoes a change of location
John pushed the chair.
▶ Patient: undergoes a change of some internal property
The wind cooled the soup.
▶ Effected objects: change of existence
Bill wrote the letter.
▶ Experiencer: a change of mental state
The election result frightened Mary
41 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(16) Patient‐like roles (UNDERGOERS)
▶ Theme: undergoes a change of location
John pushed the chair.
▶ Patient: undergoes a change of some internal property
The wind cooled the soup.
▶ Effected objects: change of existence
Bill wrote the letter.
▶ Experiencer: a change of mental state
The election result frightened Mary
(17) a. Petr
Petr
upletl
knitted
ten
the
svetr
sweater
(moc)
(too)
širokej
wide
41 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(16) Patient‐like roles (UNDERGOERS)
▶ Theme: undergoes a change of location
John pushed the chair.
▶ Patient: undergoes a change of some internal property
The wind cooled the soup.
▶ Effected objects: change of existence
Bill wrote the letter.
▶ Experiencer: a change of mental state
The election result frightened Mary
(17) a. Petr
Petr
upletl
knitted
ten
the
svetr
sweater
(moc)
(too)
širokej
wide
b. *Petr
Petr
otevřel
opened
oči
his.eyes
široký
wide
41 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(16) Patient‐like roles (UNDERGOERS)
▶ Theme: undergoes a change of location
John pushed the chair.
▶ Patient: undergoes a change of some internal property
The wind cooled the soup.
▶ Effected objects: change of existence
Bill wrote the letter.
▶ Experiencer: a change of mental state
The election result frightened Mary
(17) a. Petr
Petr
upletl
knitted
ten
the
svetr
sweater
(moc)
(too)
širokej
wide
b. *Petr
Petr
otevřel
opened
oči
his.eyes
široký
wide
c. Petr
Petr
otevřel
opened
oči
his.eyes
do
into
široka
wide
41 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
▶ Recipient (give me the book)
42 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
▶ Recipient (give me the book)
▶ Location (live in Tromsø)
42 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
▶ Recipient (give me the book)
▶ Location (live in Tromsø)
▶ Goal (fly to Frankfurt)
42 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
▶ Recipient (give me the book)
▶ Location (live in Tromsø)
▶ Goal (fly to Frankfurt)
▶ Beneficiary (He opened the door for me)
42 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
▶ Recipient (give me the book)
▶ Location (live in Tromsø)
▶ Goal (fly to Frankfurt)
▶ Beneficiary (He opened the door for me)
▶ Possessor (my book)
42 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
▶ Recipient (give me the book)
▶ Location (live in Tromsø)
▶ Goal (fly to Frankfurt)
▶ Beneficiary (He opened the door for me)
▶ Possessor (my book)
▶ ...
42 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
▶ Thematic roles are tightly associated to a particular predicate
(with some degree of flexibility)
(18) a. Už
already
přišel.
arrived.3sg
‘He has already arrived.
43 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
▶ Thematic roles are tightly associated to a particular predicate
(with some degree of flexibility)
(18) a. Už
already
přišel.
arrived.3sg
‘He has already arrived.
b. Kdo?
who?
43 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
▶ Thematic roles are tightly associated to a particular predicate
(with some degree of flexibility)
(18) a. Už
already
přišel.
arrived.3sg
‘He has already arrived.
b. Kdo?
who?
c. #I don’t know.
43 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
▶ Thematic roles are tightly associated to a particular predicate
(with some degree of flexibility)
(18) a. Už
already
přišel.
arrived.3sg
‘He has already arrived.
b. Kdo?
who?
c. #I don’t know.
(19) a. už
already
pršelo.
rained.
‘It has rained already.’
43 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
▶ Thematic roles are tightly associated to a particular predicate
(with some degree of flexibility)
(18) a. Už
already
přišel.
arrived.3sg
‘He has already arrived.
b. Kdo?
who?
c. #I don’t know.
(19) a. už
already
pršelo.
rained.
‘It has rained already.’
b. #Co?
what?
43 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Typology of predicates
▶ Verbs with an agent and a patient = transitive verbs
44 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Typology of predicates
▶ Verbs with an agent and a patient = transitive verbs
▶ Verbs with only one argument = intransitive verbs
44 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Typology of predicates
▶ Verbs with an agent and a patient = transitive verbs
▶ Verbs with only one argument = intransitive verbs
▶ Verbs with agent only = unergative verbs
44 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Typology of predicates
▶ Verbs with an agent and a patient = transitive verbs
▶ Verbs with only one argument = intransitive verbs
▶ Verbs with agent only = unergative verbs
▶ Verbs with a patient only = unaccusative verbs
44 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Typology of predicates
▶ Verbs with an agent and a patient = transitive verbs
▶ Verbs with only one argument = intransitive verbs
▶ Verbs with agent only = unergative verbs
▶ Verbs with a patient only = unaccusative verbs
(20)a. Jezero
lake
zamrzlo.
froze.3sg
‘The lake froze.’
44 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Typology of predicates
▶ Verbs with an agent and a patient = transitive verbs
▶ Verbs with only one argument = intransitive verbs
▶ Verbs with agent only = unergative verbs
▶ Verbs with a patient only = unaccusative verbs
(20)a. Jezero
lake
zamrzlo.
froze.3sg
‘The lake froze.’
b. zamrzlé
frozen
jezero
lake
44 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Typology of predicates
▶ Verbs with an agent and a patient = transitive verbs
▶ Verbs with only one argument = intransitive verbs
▶ Verbs with agent only = unergative verbs
▶ Verbs with a patient only = unaccusative verbs
(20)a. Jezero
lake
zamrzlo.
froze.3sg
‘The lake froze.’
b. zamrzlé
frozen
jezero
lake
(21)a. Petr
Petr
kýchl.
sneezed.
44 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Typology of predicates
▶ Verbs with an agent and a patient = transitive verbs
▶ Verbs with only one argument = intransitive verbs
▶ Verbs with agent only = unergative verbs
▶ Verbs with a patient only = unaccusative verbs
(20)a. Jezero
lake
zamrzlo.
froze.3sg
‘The lake froze.’
b. zamrzlé
frozen
jezero
lake
(21)a. Petr
Petr
kýchl.
sneezed.
b. *kých‐lý
sneezed
Petr
Petr
44 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Typology of predicates
▶ Verbs with an agent and a patient = transitive verbs
▶ Verbs with only one argument = intransitive verbs
▶ Verbs with agent only = unergative verbs
▶ Verbs with a patient only = unaccusative verbs
(20)a. Jezero
lake
zamrzlo.
froze.3sg
‘The lake froze.’
b. zamrzlé
frozen
jezero
lake
(21)a. Petr
Petr
kýchl.
sneezed.
b. *kých‐lý
sneezed
Petr
Petr
(22)a. Der
the
See
lake
ist
is
gefroren.
frozen
‘The lake has frozen.’
44 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Typology of predicates
▶ Verbs with an agent and a patient = transitive verbs
▶ Verbs with only one argument = intransitive verbs
▶ Verbs with agent only = unergative verbs
▶ Verbs with a patient only = unaccusative verbs
(20)a. Jezero
lake
zamrzlo.
froze.3sg
‘The lake froze.’
b. zamrzlé
frozen
jezero
lake
(21)a. Petr
Petr
kýchl.
sneezed.
b. *kých‐lý
sneezed
Petr
Petr
(22)a. Der
the
See
lake
ist
is
gefroren.
frozen
‘The lake has frozen.’
b. Petr
Petr
hat
has
geniest.
sneezed
44 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Recap
Selecting the host
Semantic roles
Grammatical role
Mapping
Theory
How to become a subject
Czech expletives
45 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Grammatical role
(23) the grammatical coding of a semantic role
▶ Subject
46 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Grammatical role
(23) the grammatical coding of a semantic role
▶ Subject
▶ agrees with the verb
46 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Grammatical role
(23) the grammatical coding of a semantic role
▶ Subject
▶ agrees with the verb
▶ has nominative
46 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Grammatical role
(23) the grammatical coding of a semantic role
▶ Subject
▶ agrees with the verb
▶ has nominative
▶ precedes the verb
46 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Grammatical role
(23) the grammatical coding of a semantic role
▶ Subject
▶ agrees with the verb
▶ has nominative
▶ precedes the verb
▶ disappears in the infinitive
46 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
▶ Object
47 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
▶ Object
▶ follows the verb
47 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
▶ Object
▶ follows the verb
▶ has the accusative
47 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
▶ Object
▶ follows the verb
▶ has the accusative
▶ preserved in the infinitive
47 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
indirect object
▶ Indirect Object
▶ give me the book
48 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
indirect object
▶ Indirect Object
▶ give me the book
▶ Oblique
▶ live in London
48 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Recap
Selecting the host
Semantic roles
Grammatical role
Mapping
Theory
How to become a subject
Czech expletives
49 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Two main generalizations
▶ With transitive verbs
▶ Agent is the subject
▶ Patient is the object
50 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Two main generalizations
▶ With transitive verbs
▶ Agent is the subject
▶ Patient is the object
(24) a. Mary visited Bill
50 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Two main generalizations
▶ With transitive verbs
▶ Agent is the subject
▶ Patient is the object
(24) a. Mary visited Bill
b. Bill opened the door
50 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Intransitive verbs
(25) a. Mary works. (unergative)
51 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Intransitive verbs
(25) a. Mary works. (unergative)
b. The soup cooled. (unaccusative)
51 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Intransitive verbs
(25) a. Mary works. (unergative)
b. The soup cooled. (unaccusative)
(26) a. Als
when
die
the
drei
three
eingeschlafen
fallen‐asleep
waren.
were.3pl
. .
‘When the three of them had fallen asleep. . . ’
51 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Intransitive verbs
(25) a. Mary works. (unergative)
b. The soup cooled. (unaccusative)
(26) a. Als
when
die
the
drei
three
eingeschlafen
fallen‐asleep
waren.
were.3pl
. .
‘When the three of them had fallen asleep. . . ’
b. Wenn
when
er
he
gut
well
gekämpft
fought
hat
has.3sg
‘When he has fought well’
51 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Passive
(27) a. John built the house
52 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Passive
(27) a. John built the house
b. The house was built in 1977
52 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Passive
(27) a. John built the house
b. The house was built in 1977
52 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Causative – inchoative alternation
(28) a. The sign turned.
53 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Causative – inchoative alternation
(28) a. The sign turned.
b. Mary turned the sign.
53 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Causative – inchoative alternation
(28) a. The sign turned.
b. Mary turned the sign.
(29) A hierarchy of thematic roles
agent > patient
(30) A hierarchy of grammatical functions
subject > object
53 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Expletive Subject
(31) a. It is raining
54 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Expletive Subject
(31) a. It is raining
b. #What is raining?
54 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Expletive Subject
(31) a. It is raining
b. #What is raining?
(32) Every sentence must have a subject, even if only formal
54 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Expletive Subject
(31) a. It is raining
b. #What is raining?
(32) Every sentence must have a subject, even if only formal
▶ formal subject = expletive subject
54 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Expletive Subject
(31) a. It is raining
b. #What is raining?
(32) Every sentence must have a subject, even if only formal
▶ formal subject = expletive subject
(33) There is a cat on the table.
54 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Recap
Selecting the host
Semantic roles
Grammatical role
Mapping
Theory
How to become a subject
Czech expletives
55 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
VP‐internal ‘subject’
VP
NP
Agent
V′
V NP
Patient
56 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
VP‐internal ‘subject’
VP
NP
Mary
V′
V
visit
NP
John
57 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
VP‐internal ‘subject’
TP
T
will
VP
NP
Mary
V′
V
visit
NP
John
58 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
VP‐internal ‘subject’
TP
?? TP
T
will
VP
NP
Mary
V′
V
visit
NP
John
59 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
VP‐internal ‘subject’
TP
NP
Mary
TP
T
will
VP
NP
Mary
V′
V
visit
NP
John
Ø
60 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(34) When a head is expressed by an affix, syntax must provide a
host for that affix.
61 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(34) When a head is expressed by an affix, syntax must provide a
host for that affix.
a. Strategy 1: insert an expletive
61 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(34) When a head is expressed by an affix, syntax must provide a
host for that affix.
a. Strategy 1: insert an expletive
He d‐ed order the drinks.
61 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(34) When a head is expressed by an affix, syntax must provide a
host for that affix.
a. Strategy 1: insert an expletive
He d‐ed order the drinks.
Jest ‐li Petr bude číst knihy
61 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(34) When a head is expressed by an affix, syntax must provide a
host for that affix.
a. Strategy 1: insert an expletive
He d‐ed order the drinks.
Jest ‐li Petr bude číst knihy
b. Strategy 2: use an existing host
61 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(34) When a head is expressed by an affix, syntax must provide a
host for that affix.
a. Strategy 1: insert an expletive
He d‐ed order the drinks.
Jest ‐li Petr bude číst knihy
b. Strategy 2: use an existing host
He order‐ed the drinks.
61 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(34) When a head is expressed by an affix, syntax must provide a
host for that affix.
a. Strategy 1: insert an expletive
He d‐ed order the drinks.
Jest ‐li Petr bude číst knihy
b. Strategy 2: use an existing host
He order‐ed the drinks.
Bude ‐li Petr číst knihy, ..
61 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
VP‐internal ‘subject’
(35) a. Three students are now three students working on this
project.
62 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
VP‐internal ‘subject’
(35) a. Three students are now three students working on this
project.
b. There are now three students working on this project.
62 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
VP‐internal ‘subject’
VP
AdvP
now
VP
NP
three students
V′
V
working
PP
on the project
63 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
VP‐internal ‘subject’
TP
T
are
VP
AdvP
now
VP
NP
three students
V′
V
working
PP
on the project
64 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
VP‐internal ‘subject’
TP
?? TP
T
are
VP
AdvP
now
VP
NP
three students
V′
V
working
PP
on the project
65 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Expletive insertion
TP
Expl
there
T′
T
are
VP
AdvP
now
VP
NP
three students
V′
V
working
PP
on the project
66 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Subject movement
TP
NP
three students
T′
T
are
VP
AdvP
now
VP
NP
three students
V′
V
working
PP
on the project
Ø
67 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(36) All astronauts don’t all astronauts speak the same language
68 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(36) All astronauts don’t all astronauts speak the same language
(37) Astronauts don’t all speak the same language
68 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(36) All astronauts don’t all astronauts speak the same language
(37) Astronauts don’t all speak the same language
VP
NP
Q
all
NP
astronauts
V′
V
speak
NP
the same language
68 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(38) Astronauts don’t all speak the same language
VP
Neg
n’t
V′
NP
Q
all
NP
astronauts
V′
V
speak
NP
the same language
69 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(39) Astronauts don’t all speak the same language
TP
T
do
VP
Neg
n’t
VP
NP
Q
all
NP
astronauts
V′
V
speak
NP
the same language
70 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(40) Astronauts don’t all speak the same language
TP
?? T′
T
do
VP
Neg
n’t
VP
NP
Q
all
NP
astronauts
V′
V
speak
NP
the same language
71 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(41) Astronauts don’t all speak the same language
TP
?? T′
T
do
VP
Neg
n’t
VP
NP
Q
all
NP
astronauts
V′
V
speak
NP
the same language
72 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Economy of movement
(42) All astronauts don’t speak the same language
TP
NP
Q
all
NP
astronauts
T′
T
do
VP
Neg
n’t
VP
NP
Q
all
NP
astronauts
V′
V
speak
NP
the same langua
Ø
73 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Economy of movement
(42) All astronauts don’t speak the same language
TP
NP
Q
all
NP
astronauts
T′
T
do
VP
Neg
n’t
VP
NP
Q
all
NP
astronauts
V′
V
speak
NP
the same langua
Ø
73 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Economy of movement
(44) Astronauts don’t all speak the same language
TP
NP
astronauts
T′
T
do
VP
Neg
n’t
VP
NP
Q
all
NP
astronauts
V′
V
speak
NP
the same language
Ø
74 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Economy of movement
(44) Astronauts don’t all speak the same language
TP
NP
astronauts
T′
T
do
VP
Neg
n’t
VP
NP
Q
all
NP
astronauts
V′
V
speak
NP
the same language
Ø
74 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Recap
Selecting the host
Semantic roles
Grammatical role
Mapping
Theory
How to become a subject
Czech expletives
75 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Causative‐inchoative alternation
(46) a. inchoative verb: The sign turned
76 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Causative‐inchoative alternation
(46) a. inchoative verb: The sign turned
b. causative verbs: Mary turned the sign
76 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Causative‐inchoative alternation
(46) a. inchoative verb: The sign turned
b. causative verbs: Mary turned the sign
(47) a. The road widened
76 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Causative‐inchoative alternation
(46) a. inchoative verb: The sign turned
b. causative verbs: Mary turned the sign
(47) a. The road widened
b. The workers widened the road
76 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Causative‐inchoative alternation
(46) a. inchoative verb: The sign turned
b. causative verbs: Mary turned the sign
(47) a. The road widened
b. The workers widened the road
76 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(48) VP
V
turn
NP
the sign
77 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(49) TP
T
will
VP
V
turn
NP
the sign
78 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(50) TP
??? TP
T
will
VP
V
turn
NP
the sign
79 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(51) TP
??? TP
T
will
VP
V
turn
NP
the sign
80 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(52) TP
NP
the sign
TP
T
will
VP
V
turn
NP
the sign
81 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(53) VP
NP
Mary
VP
V
turn
NP
the sign
82 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(54) TP
T
will
VP
NP
Mary
VP
V
turn
NP
the sign
83 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(55) TP
??? TP
T
will
VP
NP
Mary
VP
V
turn
NP
the sign
84 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(56) TP
NP
Mary
TP
T
will
VP
NP
Mary
VP
V
turn
NP
the sign
85 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Recap
Selecting the host
Semantic roles
Grammatical role
Mapping
Theory
How to become a subject
Czech expletives
86 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Czech expletive doubling
(57) a. prš‐í
rain‐s
(tam)
there
‘It’s raining (outside).’
b. Vono
it
(tam)
there
prší
rains
87 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Czech expletive doubling
(57) a. prš‐í
rain‐s
(tam)
there
‘It’s raining (outside).’
b. Vono
it
(tam)
there
prší
rains
‘It’s raining (outside).’
(58) a. No,
well,
pan
mr
Beznoska
Beznoska
je
is
trochu
a.bit.of
cholerik.
a.choleric
87 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Czech expletive doubling
(57) a. prš‐í
rain‐s
(tam)
there
‘It’s raining (outside).’
b. Vono
it
(tam)
there
prší
rains
‘It’s raining (outside).’
(58) a. No,
well,
pan
mr
Beznoska
Beznoska
je
is
trochu
a.bit.of
cholerik.
a.choleric
b. No,
well,
von
he
je
is
pan
mr
Beznoska
beznoska
trochu
a.bit.of
cholerik.
a.choleric
87 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
The Czech case is different from clitic doubling
(59) The expletive can double negative quantifiers
a. vono
it
tam
there
nikdy
never
nic
nothing
není
neg.is
There is never anything there.
88 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
The Czech case is different from clitic doubling
(59) The expletive can double negative quantifiers
a. vono
it
tam
there
nikdy
never
nic
nothing
není
neg.is
There is never anything there.
b. Von
he
nikdo
nobody
nic
nothing
neřekl
neg.said
‘nobody said anything.’
88 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
The Czech case is different from clitic doubling
(59) The expletive can double negative quantifiers
a. vono
it
tam
there
nikdy
never
nic
nothing
není
neg.is
There is never anything there.
b. Von
he
nikdo
nobody
nic
nothing
neřekl
neg.said
‘nobody said anything.’
(60) Lecco Italian
a. Nisogn
Nobody
(*el)
(he)
me
me
capess
understands
b. El
The
bagai
boy
*(el)
(he)
mangia
eats
el
the
pom
apple
c. Lee
She
*(la)
she
leeuc
reads
un
a
liber
book
de
of
storia
history
88 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
The Czech case is different from clitic doubling
(61) The pronoun must precede the subject
89 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
The Czech case is different from clitic doubling
(61) The pronoun must precede the subject
a. Von
he
nikdo
nobody
nic
nothing
neřekl
neg.said
‘nobody said anything.’
89 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
The Czech case is different from clitic doubling
(61) The pronoun must precede the subject
a. Von
he
nikdo
nobody
nic
nothing
neřekl
neg.said
‘nobody said anything.’
b. *Nikdo
nobody
von
he
nic
nothing
neřekl
neg.said
89 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
The Czech case is different from clitic doubling
(61) The pronoun must precede the subject
a. Von
he
nikdo
nobody
nic
nothing
neřekl
neg.said
‘nobody said anything.’
b. *Nikdo
nobody
von
he
nic
nothing
neřekl
neg.said
c. Nikdo
nobody
nic
nothing
neřekl
neg.said
89 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(62) No,
well,
von
he
je
is
pan
mr
Beznoska
beznoska
trochu
a.bit.of
cholerik.
a.choleric
90 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(62) No,
well,
von
he
je
is
pan
mr
Beznoska
beznoska
trochu
a.bit.of
cholerik.
a.choleric
TP
??? TP
T
je
PredP
NP
pan Beznoska
Mr. Beznoska
AP
trochu choleric
a bit of a choleric
90 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(63) No,
well,
von
he
je
is
pan
mr
Beznoska
beznoska
trochu
a.bit.of
cholerik.
a.choleric
TP
NP
von
TP
T
je
PredP
NP
pan Beznoska
Mr. Beznoska
AP
trochu choleric
a bit of a choleric
91 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Recap
Selecting the host
Semantic roles
Grammatical role
Mapping
Theory
How to become a subject
Czech expletives
92 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(64) a. It seems that John is sick
b. John seems sick
93 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(64) a. It seems that John is sick
b. John seems sick
(65) Na
for
zelený
green
čtvrtek
thursday
se
refl
doporučovalo
it.was.recommended
jíst
to.eat
zelenou
green.acc
stravu
food.acc
93 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(64) a. It seems that John is sick
b. John seems sick
(65) Na
for
zelený
green
čtvrtek
thursday
se
refl
doporučovalo
it.was.recommended
jíst
to.eat
zelenou
green.acc
stravu
food.acc
(66) Na
for
zelený
green
čtvrtek
thursday
se
refl
doporučovala
it.was.recommended
jíst
to.eat
zelená
green.nom
strava
food.nom
93 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(64) a. It seems that John is sick
b. John seems sick
(65) Na
for
zelený
green
čtvrtek
thursday
se
refl
doporučovalo
it.was.recommended
jíst
to.eat
zelenou
green.acc
stravu
food.acc
(66) Na
for
zelený
green
čtvrtek
thursday
se
refl
doporučovala
it.was.recommended
jíst
to.eat
zelená
green.nom
strava
food.nom
(67) Vona
she
se
refl
na
on
zelený
green
čtvrtek
thursday
doporučovala
it.was.recommended
jíst
to.eat
zelená
green
strava
food.nom
93 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Recap
Selecting the host
Semantic roles
Grammatical role
Mapping
Theory
How to become a subject
Czech expletives
94 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
▶ Semantic roles (agent, patient, ...)
95 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
▶ Semantic roles (agent, patient, ...)
▶ Grammatical functions (subject object)
95 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
▶ Semantic roles (agent, patient, ...)
▶ Grammatical functions (subject object)
▶ How are semantic functions mapped onto grammatical
functions?
95 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
▶ Semantic roles (agent, patient, ...)
▶ Grammatical functions (subject object)
▶ How are semantic functions mapped onto grammatical
functions?
▶ VP‐internal subject hypothesis
95 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
▶ Semantic roles (agent, patient, ...)
▶ Grammatical functions (subject object)
▶ How are semantic functions mapped onto grammatical
functions?
▶ VP‐internal subject hypothesis
▶ all arguments are part of the core event
95 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
▶ Semantic roles (agent, patient, ...)
▶ Grammatical functions (subject object)
▶ How are semantic functions mapped onto grammatical
functions?
▶ VP‐internal subject hypothesis
▶ all arguments are part of the core event
▶ they are in a fixed hierarchy (agent > patient)
95 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
▶ Semantic roles (agent, patient, ...)
▶ Grammatical functions (subject object)
▶ How are semantic functions mapped onto grammatical
functions?
▶ VP‐internal subject hypothesis
▶ all arguments are part of the core event
▶ they are in a fixed hierarchy (agent > patient)
▶ there exists a subject function, independent of argument‐status
(expletives)
95 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
▶ Semantic roles (agent, patient, ...)
▶ Grammatical functions (subject object)
▶ How are semantic functions mapped onto grammatical
functions?
▶ VP‐internal subject hypothesis
▶ all arguments are part of the core event
▶ they are in a fixed hierarchy (agent > patient)
▶ there exists a subject function, independent of argument‐status
(expletives)
▶ the subject position may be filled by movement
95 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
▶ Semantic roles (agent, patient, ...)
▶ Grammatical functions (subject object)
▶ How are semantic functions mapped onto grammatical
functions?
▶ VP‐internal subject hypothesis
▶ all arguments are part of the core event
▶ they are in a fixed hierarchy (agent > patient)
▶ there exists a subject function, independent of argument‐status
(expletives)
▶ the subject position may be filled by movement
▶ the agent is closest (but if it is absent, other arguments may
become subjects)
95 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
▶ Semantic roles (agent, patient, ...)
▶ Grammatical functions (subject object)
▶ How are semantic functions mapped onto grammatical
functions?
▶ VP‐internal subject hypothesis
▶ all arguments are part of the core event
▶ they are in a fixed hierarchy (agent > patient)
▶ there exists a subject function, independent of argument‐status
(expletives)
▶ the subject position may be filled by movement
▶ the agent is closest (but if it is absent, other arguments may
become subjects)
▶ floating quantifiers
95 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Recap
Selecting the host
Semantic roles
Grammatical role
Mapping
Theory
How to become a subject
Czech expletives
96 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(68) The road will be wide
97 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(68) The road will be wide
TP
NP
the road
TP
T
will
VP
V
be
AP
NP
the road
A
wide
97 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(68) The road will be wide
TP
NP
the road
TP
T
will
VP
V
be
AP
NP
the road
A
wide
97 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(69) The road will become wide
98 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(69) The road will become wide
TP
NP
the road
TP
T
will
VP
V
become
AP
NP
the road
A
wide
98 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(70) John will make the road wide
99 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(70) John will make the road wide
TP
NP
John
TP
T
will
VP
NP
John
VP
V
make
AP
NP
the road
A
wide
99 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(70) John will make the road wide
TP
NP
John
TP
T
will
VP
NP
John
VP
V
make
AP
NP
the road
A
wide
99 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(71) a. The road will become wide
100 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(71) a. The road will become wide
b. The road will wide‐n
100 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(71) a. The road will become wide
b. The road will wide‐n
TP
NP
the road
TP
T
will
VP
V
become
AP
NP
the road
A
wide
100 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(72) a. The road will become wide
b. The road will wide‐n
TP
NP
the road
TP
T
will
VP
V
n
AP
NP
the road
A
wide
101 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(73) a. The road will become wide
b. The road will wide‐n
TP
NP
the road
TP
T
will
VP
V
V
n
AP
NP
the road
A
wide
102 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(74) a. The road will become wide
b. The road will wide‐n
TP
NP
the road
TP
T
will
VP
V
V
n
AP
NP
the road
A
wide
103 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(75) a. The road will become wide
b. The road will wide‐n
TP
NP
the road
TP
T
will
VP
V
A
wide
V
n
AP
NP
the road
A
wide
104 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(76) Turkish (courtesy Google translate)
105 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(76) Turkish (courtesy Google translate)
a. iyi
good
sonuç‐lar
result‐s
105 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(76) Turkish (courtesy Google translate)
a. iyi
good
sonuç‐lar
result‐s
b. sonuç‐lar‐ı
result‐s‐his
iyi‐leş‐ti
good‐become‐past
His results improved
105 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(76) Turkish (courtesy Google translate)
a. iyi
good
sonuç‐lar
result‐s
b. sonuç‐lar‐ı
result‐s‐his
iyi‐leş‐ti
good‐become‐past
His results improved
c. John
John
sonuç‐lar‐ın‐ı
result‐s‐his‐acc
iyi‐leş‐tir‐di
good‐become‐cause‐past
John improved his results
105 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(76) Turkish (courtesy Google translate)
a. iyi
good
sonuç‐lar
result‐s
b. sonuç‐lar‐ı
result‐s‐his
iyi‐leş‐ti
good‐become‐past
His results improved
c. John
John
sonuç‐lar‐ın‐ı
result‐s‐his‐acc
iyi‐leş‐tir‐di
good‐become‐cause‐past
John improved his results
105 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(77) John
John
sonuç‐lar‐ın‐ı
result‐s‐his‐acc
iyi‐leş‐tir‐di
good‐become‐cause‐past
106 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(77) John
John
sonuç‐lar‐ın‐ı
result‐s‐his‐acc
iyi‐leş‐tir‐di
good‐become‐cause‐past
TP
NP
John
TP
T
past
di
VP
NP
John
V1P
V1
Cause
tir
V2P
V2
become
leş
AP
NP
his results
A
good
iyi
106 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(77) John
John
sonuç‐lar‐ın‐ı
result‐s‐his‐acc
iyi‐leş‐tir‐di
good‐become‐cause‐past
TP
NP
John
TP
T
past
di
VP
NP
John
V1P
V1
Cause
tir
V2P
V2
become
leş
AP
NP
his results
A
good
iyi
106 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(78) John
John
sonuç‐lar‐ın‐ı
result‐s‐his‐acc
iyi‐leş‐tir‐di
good‐become‐cause‐past
107 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(78) John
John
sonuç‐lar‐ın‐ı
result‐s‐his‐acc
iyi‐leş‐tir‐di
good‐become‐cause‐past
TP
NP
John
TP
VP
NP
John
V1P
V2P
AP
NP
his results
A
good
iyi
V2
Process
leş
V1
Cause
tir
T
past
di
107 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(78) John
John
sonuç‐lar‐ın‐ı
result‐s‐his‐acc
iyi‐leş‐tir‐di
good‐become‐cause‐past
TP
NP
John
TP
VP
NP
John
V1P
V2P
AP
NP
his results
A
good
iyi
V2
Process
leş
V1
Cause
tir
T
past
di
107 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
The point of it all
VP
NP
agent
VP
V
event
NP
patient
108 / 108
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
The point of it all
VP
NP
agent
VP
V
event
NP
patient
vP
NP
agent
vP
v
cause
VP
V
event
NP
patient
108 / 108