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Syntax
Pavel Caha
Syntax
October 21, 2024
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Recap
binary branching and co‐ordination
family relations
terminal nodes labels
Redoing our tree
summary
2 / 50
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(1) Constituents can be
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(1) Constituents can be
a. replaced by a pronoun
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(1) Constituents can be
a. replaced by a pronoun
b. moved around
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(1) Constituents can be
a. replaced by a pronoun
b. moved around
c. provided as an answer to a question
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(1) Constituents can be
a. replaced by a pronoun
b. moved around
c. provided as an answer to a question
d. co‐ordinated
3 / 50
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(1) Constituents can be
a. replaced by a pronoun
b. moved around
c. provided as an answer to a question
d. co‐ordinated
e. elided
3 / 50
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(2)
sentence
subject
The customer in the corner
anchored event
will modified event
plain event
order object
the drinks
adverbial
before the dinner
4 / 50
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Pronoun replacement
(3) The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the
meal but in order to do so before the meal he will first need a
wine list.
5 / 50
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Pronoun replacement
(3) The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the
meal but in order to do so before the meal he will first need a
wine list.
anchored event
will event
event
order thing
the drinks
adverbial
before the meal
5 / 50
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(4) The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the
meal but in order to do so he needs a wine list now.
6 / 50
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(4) The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the
meal but in order to do so he needs a wine list now.
anchored event
will event
event
order thing
the drinks
adverbial
before the meal
6 / 50
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Movement
(5) Order their drinks, they will before the meal.
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Movement
(5) Order their drinks, they will before the meal.
anchored event
will event
event
order thing
their drinks
adverbial
before the meal
7 / 50
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(6) Order their drinks before the meal, they will.
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(6) Order their drinks before the meal, they will.
anchored event
will event
event
order thing
their drinks
adverbial
before the meal
8 / 50
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ellipsis
(7) A: The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the
meal.
(8) B: Actually, I wouldn’t be so sure that he will —.
9 / 50
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ellipsis
(7) A: The customer in the corner will order the drinks before the
meal.
(8) B: Actually, I wouldn’t be so sure that he will —.
anchored event
will event
event
order thing
the drinks
adverbial
before the meal
9 / 50
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Coordination
(9) The customer in the corner will order the dessert and the
drinks before the meal.
10 / 50
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Coordination
(9) The customer in the corner will order the dessert and the
drinks before the meal.
(10) a. The customer in the corner will order the drinks before
the meal and accompany his guests into the dining
room.
10 / 50
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Coordination
(9) The customer in the corner will order the dessert and the
drinks before the meal.
(10) a. The customer in the corner will order the drinks before
the meal and accompany his guests into the dining
room.
b. The customer in the corner will order the drinks before
the meal and accompany his guests into the dining
room.
10 / 50
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Coordination
(9) The customer in the corner will order the dessert and the
drinks before the meal.
(10) a. The customer in the corner will order the drinks before
the meal and accompany his guests into the dining
room.
b. The customer in the corner will order the drinks before
the meal and accompany his guests into the dining
room.
c. The customer in the corner will order the drinks before
the meal and accompany his guests into the dining
room.
10 / 50
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Coordination
(9) The customer in the corner will order the dessert and the
drinks before the meal.
(10) a. The customer in the corner will order the drinks before
the meal and accompany his guests into the dining
room.
b. The customer in the corner will order the drinks before
the meal and accompany his guests into the dining
room.
c. The customer in the corner will order the drinks before
the meal and accompany his guests into the dining
room.
d. The customer in the corner will [ order the drinks
before the meal ] and accompany his guests into the
dining room.
10 / 50
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(11) The customer will order the drinks before the meal and is
waiting for the wine list.
11 / 50
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(11) The customer will order the drinks before the meal and is
waiting for the wine list.
sentence
subject
the customer in the corner
anchored event
will event
event
order thing
the drinks
adverbial
before the meal
11 / 50
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(11) The customer will order the drinks before the meal and is
waiting for the wine list.
sentence
subject
the customer in the corner
anchored event
will event
event
order thing
the drinks
adverbial
before the meal
(12) Binary composition hypothesis
All syntactic structure is (at most) binary.
11 / 50
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sentence
subject
the customer in the corner
predicate
will order
object
the drinks
adverbial
before the meal
(13) Binary composition hypothesis
All syntactic structure is (at most) binary.
12 / 50
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Recap
binary branching and co‐ordination
family relations
terminal nodes labels
Redoing our tree
summary
13 / 50
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coordination
(14) John and Mary will go to the movies.
14 / 50
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coordination
(14) John and Mary will go to the movies.
sentence
subject
John and Mary
anchored event
will event
go location
to thing
the movies
14 / 50
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coordination
(15) John and Mary will go to the movies.
sentence
subject
John
and Mary
anchored event
will event
go location
to thing
the movies
15 / 50
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A detour on asymmetric coordination
A is higher than B (recall c‐command)
A
and B
16 / 50
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A detour on asymmetric coordination
A is higher than B (recall c‐command)
A
and B
(16) Špína
dirt
a
and
prach
dust
poškoz‐ují
harm‐3.pl
zejména
especially
řetěz
chain
kola
of.bike
‘Dirt and dust inflict damage on the bike chain in particular.’
16 / 50
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A detour on asymmetric coordination
A is higher than B (recall c‐command)
A
and B
(16) Špína
dirt
a
and
prach
dust
poškoz‐ují
harm‐3.pl
zejména
especially
řetěz
chain
kola
of.bike
‘Dirt and dust inflict damage on the bike chain in particular.’
(17) ať
let
vám
you
špína
dirt
a
and
prach
dust
nenapad‐á
not‐fall‐sg
na
on
umyté
washed
sklo.
windows
‘Let durst and dust not fall on the washed windows.’
16 / 50
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A detour on asymmetric coordination
A is higher than B (recall c‐command)
A
and B
(16) Špína
dirt
a
and
prach
dust
poškoz‐ují
harm‐3.pl
zejména
especially
řetěz
chain
kola
of.bike
‘Dirt and dust inflict damage on the bike chain in particular.’
(17) ať
let
vám
you
špína
dirt
a
and
prach
dust
nenapad‐á
not‐fall‐sg
na
on
umyté
washed
sklo.
windows
‘Let durst and dust not fall on the washed windows.’
(18) Následně
afterwards
může
can
být
be
špín‐a
dirt‐f
a
and
prach
dust.m
lehce
easily
odstraněn‐a.
removed‐f
‘After this, the dirt and dust can be easily removed.’
16 / 50
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Recap
binary branching and co‐ordination
family relations
terminal nodes labels
Redoing our tree
summary
17 / 50
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... mother
daughter 1
... ...
daughter 2
... ...
18 / 50
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mother
daughter
... ...
sister
... ...
19 / 50
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Recap
binary branching and co‐ordination
family relations
terminal nodes labels
Redoing our tree
summary
20 / 50
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sentence
subject
the customer in the corner
anchored event
will event
event
order thing
the drinks
adverbial
before the meal
21 / 50
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.
sentence
subject
the customer in the corner
anchored event
TENSE
will
event
event
order thing
the drinks
adverbial
before the meal
22 / 50
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.
sentence
subject
the customer in the corner
anchored event
TENSE
will
event
event
EVENT
order
thing
the drinks
adverbial
before the meal
23 / 50
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.
event
order
thing
the drinks
24 / 50
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event
event
order
thing
the drinks
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.
event
event
order
thing
the drinks
26 / 50
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The head
event
event
order
thing
the drinks
(19) The head is the daughter that determines the type of
meaning that the mother node has
27 / 50
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The head
event
event
order
thing
the drinks
(19) The head is the daughter that determines the type of
meaning that the mother node has
(20) a. He drank a cup of coffee
27 / 50
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The head
event
event
order
thing
the drinks
(19) The head is the daughter that determines the type of
meaning that the mother node has
(20) a. He drank a cup of coffee
b. He was holding a cup of coffee
27 / 50
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The head
(21) The head
a. determines the type of meaning that the mother node
has
28 / 50
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The head
(21) The head
a. determines the type of meaning that the mother node
has
b. determines the distribution of the whole
28 / 50
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The head
(21) The head
a. determines the type of meaning that the mother node
has
b. determines the distribution of the whole
c. determines the form of the sister node
28 / 50
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(22) John will ...
29 / 50
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(22) John will ...
a. John will sleep
29 / 50
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(22) John will ...
a. John will sleep
b. ??John will the house
29 / 50
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(22) John will ...
a. John will sleep
b. ??John will the house
(23) [buy] (event) + [the house] (thing)
29 / 50
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(22) John will ...
a. John will sleep
b. ??John will the house
(23) [buy] (event) + [the house] (thing)
event
event
buy
thing
the house
29 / 50
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(22) John will ...
a. John will sleep
b. ??John will the house
(23) [buy] (event) + [the house] (thing)
event
event
buy
thing
the house
(24) John will [event buy the house]
29 / 50
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.
(25) a. Princ
the.prince
políbil
kissed
žáb‐u
a.frog.ACC
30 / 50
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.
(25) a. Princ
the.prince
políbil
kissed
žáb‐u
a.frog.ACC
b. Princ
the.prince
pomohl
helped
žáb‐ě
a.frog‐DAT
30 / 50
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The head
(26) The head
a. determines the type of meaning that the mother node
has
31 / 50
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The head
(26) The head
a. determines the type of meaning that the mother node
has
b. determines the distribution of the whole
31 / 50
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The head
(26) The head
a. determines the type of meaning that the mother node
has
b. determines the distribution of the whole
c. determines the form of the sister node
31 / 50
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Recap
binary branching and co‐ordination
family relations
terminal nodes labels
Redoing our tree
summary
32 / 50
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.
(27)
sentence
subject
The customer in the corner
anchored event
Tense
will
event
event
event
order
object
the drinks
adverbial
before the dinner
33 / 50
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(28) Parts of speech
a. nouns = things
34 / 50
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(28) Parts of speech
a. nouns = things
b. verbs = events
34 / 50
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(28) Parts of speech
a. nouns = things
b. verbs = events
c. adjectives = properties
34 / 50
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(28) Parts of speech
a. nouns = things
b. verbs = events
c. adjectives = properties
d. prepositions = locations, paths
34 / 50
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(28) Parts of speech
a. nouns = things
b. verbs = events
c. adjectives = properties
d. prepositions = locations, paths
e. auxiliaries = tense
34 / 50
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.
(29)
sentence
subject
The customer in the corner
anchored event
Tense
will
event
event
V
order
object
the drinks
adverbial
before the dinner
35 / 50
.
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(30)
sentence
subject
The customer in the corner
anchored event
Tense
will
event
VP
V
order
object
the drinks
adverbial
before the dinner
36 / 50
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.
(31)
sentence
subject
The customer in the corner
anchored event
Tense
will
VP
VP
V
order
object
the drinks
adverbial
before the dinner
37 / 50
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(32)
sentence
subject
The customer in the corner
anchored event
T
will
VP
VP
V
order
object
the drinks
adverbial
before the dinner
38 / 50
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(33)
sentence
subject
The customer in the corner
TP
T
will
VP
VP
V
order
object
the drinks
adverbial
before the dinner
39 / 50
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(34) a. Mary will [VP wait for some news].
40 / 50
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(34) a. Mary will [VP wait for some news].
b. *Mary will [VP waiting for some news].
40 / 50
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.
(34) a. Mary will [VP wait for some news].
b. *Mary will [VP waiting for some news].
c. *Mary will [VP waited for some news].
40 / 50
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.
(34) a. Mary will [VP wait for some news].
b. *Mary will [VP waiting for some news].
c. *Mary will [VP waited for some news].
(35) a. *Mary is [VP wait for some news].
40 / 50
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.
(34) a. Mary will [VP wait for some news].
b. *Mary will [VP waiting for some news].
c. *Mary will [VP waited for some news].
(35) a. *Mary is [VP wait for some news].
b. Mary is [VP waiting for some news].
40 / 50
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.
(34) a. Mary will [VP wait for some news].
b. *Mary will [VP waiting for some news].
c. *Mary will [VP waited for some news].
(35) a. *Mary is [VP wait for some news].
b. Mary is [VP waiting for some news].
c. *Mary is [VP waited for some news].
40 / 50
.
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.
(34) a. Mary will [VP wait for some news].
b. *Mary will [VP waiting for some news].
c. *Mary will [VP waited for some news].
(35) a. *Mary is [VP wait for some news].
b. Mary is [VP waiting for some news].
c. *Mary is [VP waited for some news].
(36) a. Mary has [VP waited for some news].
40 / 50
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.
(34) a. Mary will [VP wait for some news].
b. *Mary will [VP waiting for some news].
c. *Mary will [VP waited for some news].
(35) a. *Mary is [VP wait for some news].
b. Mary is [VP waiting for some news].
c. *Mary is [VP waited for some news].
(36) a. Mary has [VP waited for some news].
b. *Mary has [VP waiting for some news].
40 / 50
.
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.
(34) a. Mary will [VP wait for some news].
b. *Mary will [VP waiting for some news].
c. *Mary will [VP waited for some news].
(35) a. *Mary is [VP wait for some news].
b. Mary is [VP waiting for some news].
c. *Mary is [VP waited for some news].
(36) a. Mary has [VP waited for some news].
b. *Mary has [VP waiting for some news].
c. *Mary has [VP wait for some news].
40 / 50
.
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.
(37)
sentence
subject
The customer in the corner
TP
T
will
VP
VP
V
order
object
the drinks
adverbial
before the dinner
41 / 50
.
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.
(38)
sentence
subject
The customer in the corner
TP
T
will
VP
VP
V
order
NP
the drinks
adverbial
before the dinner
42 / 50
.
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.
(39)
sentence
NP
The customer in the corner
TP
T
will
VP
VP
V
order
NP
the drinks
adverbial
before the dinner
43 / 50
.
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.
(40) a. before the meal
44 / 50
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(40) a. before the meal
b. before that
44 / 50
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(40) a. before the meal
b. before that
c.
P
before
NP
the meal
44 / 50
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.
(40) a. before the meal
b. before that
c.
P
before
NP
the meal
d. I saw it the meal
44 / 50
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.
(40) a. before the meal
b. before that
c.
P
before
NP
the meal
d. I saw it the meal
e. I saw it before the meal
44 / 50
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(40) a. before the meal
b. before that
c.
P
before
NP
the meal
d. I saw it the meal
e. I saw it before the meal
f. I have seen this before
44 / 50
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(40) a. before the meal
b. before that
c.
P
before
NP
the meal
d. I saw it the meal
e. I saw it before the meal
f. I have seen this before
g. PP
P
before
NP
the meal
44 / 50
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(41)
sentence
NP
The customer in the corner
TP
T
will
VP
VP
V
order
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
45 / 50
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(42)
TP
NP
The customer in the corner
TP
T
will
VP
VP
V
order
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
46 / 50
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(42)
TP
NP
The customer in the corner
TP
T
will
VP
VP
V
order
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
(43)some notions
a. complement = the sister of the head
46 / 50
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(42)
TP
NP
The customer in the corner
TP
T
will
VP
VP
V
order
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
(43)some notions
a. complement = the sister of the head
b. adjunct = optional modifier
46 / 50
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(42)
TP
NP
The customer in the corner
TP
T
will
VP
VP
V
order
NP
the drinks
PP
before the dinner
(43)some notions
a. complement = the sister of the head
b. adjunct = optional modifier
c. specifier = obligatory modifier
46 / 50
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Recap
binary branching and co‐ordination
family relations
terminal nodes labels
Redoing our tree
summary
47 / 50
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(44) tree = family tree
48 / 50
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(44) tree = family tree
mother, sister, ...
48 / 50
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(44) tree = family tree
mother, sister, ...
(45) Parts of speech
a. nouns = things
48 / 50
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(44) tree = family tree
mother, sister, ...
(45) Parts of speech
a. nouns = things
b. verbs = events
48 / 50
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(44) tree = family tree
mother, sister, ...
(45) Parts of speech
a. nouns = things
b. verbs = events
c. adjectives = properties
48 / 50
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(44) tree = family tree
mother, sister, ...
(45) Parts of speech
a. nouns = things
b. verbs = events
c. adjectives = properties
d. prepositions = locations, paths
48 / 50
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(44) tree = family tree
mother, sister, ...
(45) Parts of speech
a. nouns = things
b. verbs = events
c. adjectives = properties
d. prepositions = locations, paths
e. auxiliaries = tense
48 / 50
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.
(44) tree = family tree
mother, sister, ...
(45) Parts of speech
a. nouns = things
b. verbs = events
c. adjectives = properties
d. prepositions = locations, paths
e. auxiliaries = tense
(46) The head
a. determines the type of meaning that the mother node
has
48 / 50
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.
(44) tree = family tree
mother, sister, ...
(45) Parts of speech
a. nouns = things
b. verbs = events
c. adjectives = properties
d. prepositions = locations, paths
e. auxiliaries = tense
(46) The head
a. determines the type of meaning that the mother node
has
b. determines the distribution of the whole
48 / 50
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.
(44) tree = family tree
mother, sister, ...
(45) Parts of speech
a. nouns = things
b. verbs = events
c. adjectives = properties
d. prepositions = locations, paths
e. auxiliaries = tense
(46) The head
a. determines the type of meaning that the mother node
has
b. determines the distribution of the whole
c. determines the form of the sister node
48 / 50
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.
(44) tree = family tree
mother, sister, ...
(45) Parts of speech
a. nouns = things
b. verbs = events
c. adjectives = properties
d. prepositions = locations, paths
e. auxiliaries = tense
(46) The head
a. determines the type of meaning that the mother node
has
b. determines the distribution of the whole
c. determines the form of the sister node
48 / 50
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(47) notions
a. complement = the sister of the head
b. adjunct = optional modifier
c. specifier = obligatory modifier
49 / 50
.
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References
50 / 50