How to present research findings 9. 12. 2024 | CMAa11 Qualitative Research Graphical user interface, application Description automatically generated Martina Novotná Shape Description automatically generated with medium confidence CONTENT OF THE LECTURE Research data reporting in qualitative study 01 01 02 03 How to write the analytical part of the study – student thesis, report Presentation ⭐ ⭐ ⭐ ESSENTIALS FOR ANALYTICAL PART •Provide guidance at the outset: say at the outset what the purpose of the text is. •What is the central message of our research study? •Not to write the analytical part as a "detective story". It's a good idea to start writing this part after we have thought through the story we want to tell. •What is the contribution of our study? A person writing on a piece of paper Description automatically generated with medium confidence INTERPRETATION •Sorting and structure by topics, questions or categories/types of identifications in analysis •Participant, respondent, interviewee, informant •Differs in narrative, referring to theory, working with illustrations from data, and referring to participants and their characteristics ● Here is an example described by participant 13: You know, when a shooter gets killed by the opposite team, in many cases he would blame support for not helping him. […] Specifically, he might say “hey support, do you know how to play?” […] And when this happens again, he might say something worse like “support don’t you have eyes? Are you blind?” Then he would swear words to insult your mother. You know, it is like a chain - once you start flaming, the rest of this chain follows naturally. WRITING THE ANALYTICAL PART •We are not concerned with reporting the number of participants who did this and that. • All except David, Lucie and Romana were watching TV series. Hana, Marie, Květa and Elisabeth preferred to receive messages on their way to work. •On the other hand, we are particularly interested in the contexts, going more in-depth. •It is good to support the data with excerpts from interviews / not to dominate the text. •It is important to relate to our research question/objective/patterns that emerge in the data. AN EXAMPLE OF HOW TO USE THE STATEMENTS OF THE PARTICIPANT(S) “The frustration with the dynamic of the discussions on these topics reflects that participants are not willing to listen to each the other side. Some participants say they are exhausted from discussing these topics and unwilling to engage in discussions they describe as “pointless”. Moreover, participants perceive these debates as extremely divided. Especially in discussions about the pandemic, participants perceived no room for a middle-ground, with balanced opinions being pushed aside. Because extreme opinions were predominant, participants felt like balanced opinions were not endorsed (Jonáš, male, 30).” As noted by prior research, frequent discussants tend to be less affected by anti-normative discourse (Hmielowski et al., 2014). THE ROLE OF INCIVILITY INCIVILITY: KEY THEMES PRESENTATION OF RESULT: SUGGESTIONS •You should be concise and lead with that argument. •A brief summary of what the implications are – perhaps even about the topic‘s relevance – which contributions are surprising and what is, on the contrary, consistent with what we already know. •Vizualisation (mind maps) •Carefully consider what excerpts from participants' statements you will include in the analysis (what might help readers navigate the text). Challenges in qualitative data reporting (Ritchie et al., 2014) Tell a story •Come up with the main story line •The reader needs to be taken into account Evidence for our interpretations •More difficult than in the case of quantitative methods (tables, graphs) •10 % of direct quotations Reporting of deflected statements •We are interested in recurring patterns, but also in exceptional cases Limits of qualitative research •Impossibility to generalise data but possible implications for society Zaškrtnutí se souvislou výplní Zaškrtnutí se souvislou výplní Zaškrtnutí se souvislou výplní Zaškrtnutí se souvislou výplní RESEARCH PROJECT WRITING Purpose of the final report and information on the "origin" of the research •The introduction should contain relevant information about the topic and explain why the research is significant. •The proposal assists in ensuring that the researcher has a well-defined plan before commencing the study. •The proposal is a communication between the researcher and other stakeholders (teachers). • Formulation of research objectives and research questions: •Present the research design: why it is interesting, relevance •Research questions (you must clearly define what you are interested in within the research topic) •How you have tried to answer those RQs Explication of the research method •Description of the selection of participants + then a description of their characteristics (basic soc. demo and variability) •Type of interviews (structured/unstructured/semi-structured interviews) •Conduct of interviews (online/offline) •Definition of data collection time •Duration of interviews •Financial reward for the interviews Barriers to Participation in Polarized Online Discussions about COVID-19 and the Russo-Ukrainian War Martina Novotná, Alena Macková, Karolína Bieliková and Patrícia Rossini 11. 12. 2023 | CMAa11 Qualitative Research •Incivility may deepen the divide between people who hold different opinions. •BUT reactions to incivility vary. • THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK •Online political discussions are perceived as a valuable form of political participation (Ohme, 2019) • •Scholars have raised concerns about access and new barriers to the online public sphere (Habermas, 2022; Kennedy et al., 2021; Vochocová et al., 2016) POLITICAL PARTICIPATION CROSS-CUTTING DISCUSSIONS INCIVILITY •An important element of active democratic citizenship. •Might result in uncertainties about political opinion and further demobilization. RESEARCH QUESTIONS What discussion dynamics can demobilize participation in online debates during global crises? RQ1: How are online cross‐cutting discussions related to the perception of polarization among the public? RQ2: How does incivility affect active participation in discussions on Facebook? RQ3: How do different types of incivility affect people’s perceptions and evaluations of their discussion partners? METHODOLOGY Context of the study Czech Republic (CEE region) COVID-19 pandemic and Russo‐Ukrainian War Political participation (online discussions) on Facebook Data collection Semi-structured interviews (Spring 2021, 2022) Participants (N = 50), 21 to 74 (Mean = 35, Median = 29), gender (32% female) Active commenters in online discussions Data analysis Thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006) CONCLUSION AND LIMITS Limits of methodology (specific sampling) •„Our inferences refer to perceived experiences reported by a limited sample of participants, and self‐reports of prior experiences may also differ from actual behavior.“ Further recommendations •„Future research could address this gap and focus on participants who are part of racial minorities and who have personal experiences with more harmful comments, such as racism, which might bring a different perspective to the barriers to active engagement in online discussions.“ CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, and includes icons by Flaticon, and infographics & images by Freepik Thank you for your attention! Do you have any questions? Please keep this slide for attribution mnovotna@fss.muni.cz @novotnamarti PRESENTATION ●10 minutes (approx. 8 slides) – be on time ●Theory ●Main research aim/questions ●Methodology: Information about interviews ●Briefly describe suggested steps involved in the data analysis ●Conclusion and limits. ● ● ● COURSE ASSIGNMENT (RESEARCH PROJECT) •The main aim is to demonstrate an understanding of all phases of qualitative interview-based research. •the word limit is a minimum of 2,500 and a maximum of 3,000 words (without references). •Using a recognized academic style, such as APA or Chicago, is essential for proper citation and referencing. Consistency in style usage is necessary. Any questions? A picture containing text Description automatically generated SOURCES •Brett, B. M. & Wheeler (2022). How to Do Qualitative Interviewing. SAGE. ​ •Habermas, J. (2022). Reflections and hypotheses on a further structural transformation of the political public sphere. Theory, Culture & Society, 39(4). •Kennedy, R. D., Sokhey, A. E., Abernathy, C., Esterling, K. M., Lazer, D., Lee, A. S., Minozzi, W., & Neblo, M. A. (2021). Demographics and (equal?) voice: Assessing participation in online deliberative sessions. Political Studies, 69(1), 66–88. •Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C.M. & Ormston, R. (2014). Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers. SAGE. •Mihelj, S., Kondor, K., & Štětka, V. (2021). Audience Engagement with COVID-19 News: The Impact of Lockdown and Live Coverage, and the Role of Polarization. Journalism Studies, 23(5–6), 569–587. •Novotná, M., Macková, A., Bieliková, K., & Rossini, P. (2023). Barriers to participation in polarized online discussions about COVID-19 and the Russo-Ukrainian war. Media and Communication, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v11i3.6657 •Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C. M., & Ormston, R. (2013). Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers. SAGE Publications Limited. •Ohme, J. (2019). Updating citizenship? The effects of digital media use on citizenship understanding and political participation. Information, Communication & Society, 22(13), 1903–1928. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1469657 •Silverman, D. (2022). Doing Qualitative Research (6th edition). SAGE Publications. Chapters (you find them also in older editions, they might have different names): What you Can (and Can’t) do with qualitative research (introduction, what is qualitative research,…) Silverman, D. (2015). Interpreting Qualitative Data (Fifth). SAGE Publications Ltd. •Vochocová, L., Štětka, V., & Mazák, J. (2016). Good girls don’t comment on politics? Gendered character of online political participation in the Czech Republic. Information, Communication & Society, 19(10), 1321–1339. · Pictures and presentations motives •https://www.pexels.com/ •https://storyset.com/ •https://www.flaticon.com/ ·