DSBcB49 Starověká
ekumena - antická
zprávy o Asii a fl
Africe ^
SYRE, FOINIKIE
|jr|Ô£V KCIIVÓV, rjv 6' éyců, áÁÁá OOIVIKIKÓV TI,
Etymologie
• Sýrie x Assýrie (lúpia x A a a u p i a ) A
• O d názvu města Aššur J
• Hdt. 7.63 - Řekové nazývají Assyřany jako Syřany b e z a - , cizinci jako
• Assýrie - M e s o p o t a m i e ^
• Sýrie - pro dnešní oblast Sýrie/Syropalestiny/Levanty, o d S e l e u l S ^ k é
v / v
rise
• Občas nejasné pojmenování , p r a m e n y se rozcházejí
• Foiní kie/Fénicie - Oorvkn,, cpoTvič; - Foiní čan, datlová p a l m a , purpur
• K a n a a n e j c i
• Městské státy
^ S e n : * - ' ^ ^ i - * . . Seleucid
Empi^
^5s- • t Mídia - Sága'1
'3
'
A r a b i
íiiibKtí uuyvuitíibivu |
rie - Ebla, Ugarit, Damašek ^ —
• Místo střetů mezi E g y p t e m , Chetity, Assyřany
• Aramejština, řečtina
• Dobytí Novoassyrskou říší, poté Novobabylónská říše,
Achaimenovská říše —• Alexandr, Seleukovci, Řím
• C e n t r a - Antiochie n a Orontu, H a l a b , Palmýra, Damašek
• R o z m a c h o d c c a 1000 d o 330 pni A
• Městské státy -Tyros, Sidón, Byblos, Bejrút
• Bez jednotné říše
• C e n t r a o b c h o d u , mořeplavba, zakládání kolonií, stanic - q d
10. stol. pni ^
• Purpur (tyrský n a c h ) , sklo, cedrové dřevo
• Kolonie - Kartágo, Leptis M a g n a , Caralis, G a d i r
• P o d vládou Novoassyrské, Novobabylónské, Achaimenovské
v / v
nse
• Dobytí A l e x a n d r e m , Seleukovci x Egypt, Řím
Foinikie
• Kontakt s Řeky
• Většinou b e z vojenských střetů
• Obchodní kontakt - Foiníčané často v Řecku (Kréta, Kypr,
d o v o z foiníckého zboží
• Al-Míná - obchodní centrum v dnešní Sýrii/Turecku, c c a 80
převzetí foinícké a b e c e d y —• d o Řecka —• řecká a l f a b e t a
• O d A l e x a n d r a - hellenizace (některých vrstev obyvatel)
• Ba'al (Bélos, Baal - H a d a d ) , Él (Kronos), Melkart (Héraklés), Astarté
(Afrodite)
Phoenicjan Phoenicjan
>
< A 1 L A
b B m M
i A r n
1 N
d Á s --
i—<
M
h E O
0
w
Y Y p 0 n
z I Z s M
h
B H q 9 Q
t
® e r P
y i š w
k >í K t X T
Cape Verde / \l
/ V—-^ si.
• Hannón
• Kartágo
• 5. stol. pni
• Períp/ús
• Dochovaný řecky (nekompletní), foinícký originál
• Výprava podél afrického pobřeží
• Kolonizace západního pobřeží Afriky
• J e n d o M a r o k a , S e n e g a l , G uinejský záliv
• Neznámé obyvatelstvo, divoši, proudy ohně, širé moře, G orillai
• Plinius - PI. NH. 2.67 - měl o b e p l o u t Afriku
Carthage
SAHARA
Autori ze Sýrie/Foiníkie
• Poseidónios z A p a m e i e - polyhistor
• Lúkiános ze Samosaty - satirik J
• M e l e a g r o s z G a d a r - básník I
• Filón z Byblu - foinícké dějiny, zlomky (u Eusébia), foinícké \
náboženství, —• Řekové je převzali a špatně vyložili, porovná
řeckými mýty, náboženstvím (i Egypta) (Sanchúniathón)
• Móchos ze Sidónu - foinícké dějiny, atomismus
• M e n a n d r o s z Efesu - dějiny Tyru
• Dórotheos ze Sidónu - astrologie, d o d n e s (arabský překlad)
• Theodotos, Laitos, Dios - foinícké dějiny
Foiníčané - námořníci obchodníci
Hdt. 4.42 - ánéTT£|ji4J£ OoiviKac av6pac,
TTÁObiai, £VT£IÁáu.£VOC, ÉC, TÓ ÓnÍQGO ól'
'HpaKÁĚGOV OTnÁĚGOV ÉKTTÁĚEIV £GOC, £Cj TÍ|V
(3opr|inv
6áÁaaaav KOÍ OUTGO éc, Aiyumov
ániKV££a6ai.
Horn. //. 6.288-295 - ÉV6' ěaáv oinénAoi
napnoÍKiÁo čpya yuvaiKaw
Ii6ovicov, Tác, CIIJTÓC; AAé^av6poq 6£0£i6r|C;
fíYOY£ Ii6ovir|6£v éninÁwc; eúpéa HÓVTOV,
Tf)V ó6óv r\vl
EÁĚvr|v n£p ávř|YCiY£v
£únaTép£iav:
D.S. 5.38.3 - ÓEIVOÍ yáp, ČOIKEV, imfjpšav
ol OoiviK£c £K naÁaióúV xpóvcov ťiq TÓ
Képóoc Djpelv, ol 6' ánó Tfjq 'iTaÁiac; úc; TÓ
|jr|6év |jr|6£vi TÓ5váAÁcov KaTaX inčív.
(Nekó, egyptský faraón) sent Phoenicians
in ships, charging them to sail on their
return voyage past the Pillars of Heracles
till they should come into the northern sea
and so to Egypt I
But the queen herself went down to the
vaulted treasure chamber wherein were
her robes, richly broidered, the handiwork
of Sidonian women, [290] whom godlike
Alexander had himself brought tram
Sidon, as he sailed over the wide secM^
that journey on the which he brought
back high-born Helen.
For the Phoenicians, it appears, were
from ancient times clever men in making
discoveries to their gain, and the Italians
are equally clever in leaving no gain to
anyone else.
Námorníci, obchodníci
• Pind. P. 2.67-68 TÔÓ£ |j£V KCiTá
Ooiviaaav éunoÁáv
u.£Áoc, úněp noÁiac, aÁôc, TTEIJTTETCII:
• D.S. 5.20 - OOÍVIKEC, ÉK naÁaiaív
Xpôvcov auvex^Q TTÁSOVTSC KOT'
é|jnopiav noAXác, \jevKOTÔC TT)V
AiBúnv ánoiKiac énoinaavTO, ...
TTÁoÓTOuc usváÁouc fíGpoiaav, Kal
Tŕ)V ÉKTOQl
HpOKÁ£ÍCOV OTnAôúV
Éne^äÁovTO TTÁSIV
• Plb. 6.52 - Kapxnôóvioi 6iá TÓ KQI
nÔTpiov aúTOlc, únäpxsív ÉK naÁaioíj
Tf)V é|jn£ipiav TaÚTľ|v Kal
8aÁaTTOopv£Tv |jäÁiaTa novicov
áv6pcbncov,
This song, like Phoenician ^
merchandise, is sent to you over the
gray sea: J
The Phoenicians, who from ancient
times on made voyages continually
for purposes of trade, planted many
colonies throughout Libya ... they
amassed great wealth and essayed
to voyage beyond the Pillars of
Heracles into the sea which men cal
the ocean.
the Carthaginians naturally are
superior at sea both in efficiency
and equipment, because
seaman-ship has long been their
national craft, and they busy
themselves with the sea more than
any other people;
D.S. 5.35.4. TfjS 5zTOUTOU XP^ia^
gyvoou[j£vr|C napa io\q syxajpioic Toug
OoiviKac £[jnopiaic xpwM£V 0 U
S K a
' T 0
Y£yov6<; M a
9 o v T a
^ ayopa^iv TOV apyupov
[jiKpac nvog avTi56a£(jJC aAAwv cpopTiojv.
Aio 5r] Toug OoiviKag jJETaKcp^ovTag ziq iz
Tnv 'EAAa5a Kai Thv Aaiav Kai TaAAa navTa
s6vr| [jsyaAouc nspinoinaaaGai TTAOUTOUC.
'Eni ToaouTO 5s iodq spinopoug 5iaT£Tvai Trig
(piAoK£p5iac, (boiz snsiSav KaTayo^wv
OVTOJV TO)V nAoiajv Trepinxun. noAug
apyupog, £KKOTTT£IV TOV £V ia\q ayKupaig
[j6Ai|35ov, Kai £K TOU apyupou Thv £K TOU
u.oAi|35ou xpsiav aAAanxoBai. Ai6n£p £ni
noAAoug xpovoug oi OoiviK£g 5ia Tfjg
TOiauTn^ £[jnopiac £ni noAu Aa|36vT£<;
au^no"iv anoiKiac noAAag anarmAav, mq
uiv z\q IiK£Aiav Kai mq auv£yyug TauTn^
vriooug, Tag 5' z\q Tnv Aipunv Kai Iap56va
Kai Thv 'Ipnpiav.
• N o w t h e n a t i v e s w e r e i g n o r a n t o f t h e u j e o
t h e silver, a n d t h e P h o e n i c i a n s , a s t h e y
p u r s u e d their c o m m e r c i a l e n t e r p r i s e s a n d
l e a r n e d o f w h a t h a d t a k e n p l a c e ,
p u r c h a s e d t h e silver in e x c h a r ^ M J ^ ^ | r e r
w a r e s o f little if a n y w o r t h . A n d this w a s t h e
r e a s o n w h y t h e P h o e n i c i a n s , a s t h e y
t r a n s p o r t e d this silver t o G r e e c e a n d A s i a
a n d t o a l l o t h e r p e o p l e s , a c q u i r e d g r e a t
w e a l t h . S o f a r i n d e e d d i d t h e m e r c h a n t s g o
in their g r e e d t h a t , in c a s e their b o a t s w e r e
fully l a d e n a n d t h e r e still r e m a i n e d a g r e a t
a m o u n t o f silver, t h e y w o u l d h a m m e r t h e
l e a d off t h e a n c h o r s a n d h a v e t h e silver
p e r f o r m t h e s e r v i c e o f t h e l e a d . A n d t h e
result w a s t h a t t h e P h o e n i c i a n s ^ M ^ ^ e
c o u r s e o f m a n y y e a r s t h e y p r o s p e r e d
g r e a t l y , t h a n k s t o c o m m e r c e o f this k i n d ,
s e n t forth m a n y c o l o n i e s , s o m e t o Sicily a n d
its n e i g h b o u r i n g i s l a n d s , a n d o t h e r s t o L i b y a ,
S a r d i n i a , a n d Iberia.
Námorníci
• Str. 1.3.2
• fí T£ Mivoo 8aÁaTTOKpaTÍa GpoÁdrai
Kal f) OOIVÍKG OV vaoTiÁia, 01 Kal Tá
£^G0 TGúV 'HpaKÁ£ÍGOV OTnÁtóV
énfjÁGov Kal nóÁ£ic ČKTIOOV KáK£i Kal
n £ p l Tá u i a a Tfjq Ai(3ún,<; napaÁiac;
|JIKpÔV TGúV TpGOIKÔúV UOT£pOV.
• Dějiny
• prý o d Rudého m o r e - Hdt. 7.89.2
• Justin-Just. 18.3.1-5
The sovereignty of the se
exercised by Minos, an
navigation carried on bMthe
Phoenicians, is well known. A little
after the period of the Trojan war
they had penetrated beyond the
Pillars of Hercules and founded
cities as well there as to the mids
of the African coast.
Námorníci, vynálezci, obchodníci
• Písmo
• Hdt. 5.58 - ol 8í OoiviK£C OŮTOI ol
QĎV Káôu.a) ániKÔu.£voi, TWV fjaav ol
Tecpupaloi, áAÁa T£ noÁÁá
oíKhaavirc; TaÚTnv TTIV X ^ P 1 v
éanYCiyov 6i6aaKáÁia éq jovq
"EÁÁnvaq Kal 6fi Kal vpáuuaTa, OÚK
éóvTa nplv "EÁÁriai obe; éu.ol ÓOK££IV,
npwTa páv ToTai Kal anavirc;
XpéoovTai OoiviKeq • u.£Tá St xpôvou
TTpoftaivovTOQ apa Tfj cpoovfj
u.£T£(3aÁÁov Kal TÔV po9u.ôv TGÓV
Ypau.u.ÔTGOv.
These Phoenicians who c a m e with
Cadmus (of whom the A
Gephyraeans were a part) at their
settlement in this country, among
many other kinds of learning,
brought into Hellas the alphabet,
which had hitherto b e e n ^
unknown, as I think, to the Greeks;
and presently as time went o r ^ W i
sound and the form of the letters
were changed.
• Tac. An. 11.14 - et litterarum semet
inventores perhibent; inde
Phoenicas, quia mari praepollebant,
intulisse Graeciae gloriamque
adeptos... quippe fama est
Cadmum classe Phoenicum vectum
rudibus adhuc Graecorum populis
artis eius auctorem fuisse.
• Plin. NH. 5.13.67 - ipsa gens
Phoenicum in magna gloria
litterarum inventionis et siderum
navaliumque ac bellicarum artium.
which the Phoenicians, they say, by
means of their superior seamanship,
introduced into Greece, and of
which they appropriated the glory,
giving out that they had discovered
what they had really been taught.
Tradition indeed says that Cadmus,
visiting Greece in a Phoenician fleet,
was the teacher of this art to i^ret
barbarous tribes.
The Phoenician people enjoy the
glory of having been the inventors of
letters, and the first discoverers of the
sciences of astronomy, navigation,
and the art of war.
Zvyky, obchod
• Obřízka - Jos. A J . 1.10.3 - převzali o d Egypťanu
Purpur ^ ^ ^ Ě
• Str. 16.2.23 - av£Aaߣv aúTŕiv Tfj T£ vauTiÁia, K a 6 ' r\v ánávTCOv TQW áťi
KpdTTOUQ £íai Koivfj ®OÍVIK£C;, KOL T O n o p c p u p d o i c : noÁí) y S p
é^ň,TaaTai naaôáv f] Tupia KaÁÁiaTn, nopcpúpa (nejlepší n á m ^ ^ 1
světa, tyrský purpur nejcennější n a světě)
• Plinius- PI. N H . 9.60.127 - Tyri praecipuus his Asiae (nejlepší purpur
Tyru)
• Sklo - Str. 16.2.25 - výroba skla v Tyru a Sidónu
• PI. NH. 36.65.190-191
Remeslo, zruční
Hdt. 7.23.3 - stavba kanálu skrze
Athos;
OL St OoW\Kíq aocpinv £v T£ TOIQI
áÁÁoiai ěpvoiai ánoó£ÍKvovTai Kal 6fi
Kal év éK£Ívo).
L
• Hom.//. 23.743-745;
énťi Iióóveq noÁu6ai6aÁoi zv
fjQKriaav,
OoiviK£C 6' áyov ávóp£c; én' r|£pO£ió£a
TTÓVTQV,
QTfjaav 6' év Ái|j£V£aai, Oóavn St
óóópov ČÓGOKOV:
• But the Phoenicians showed the
same skill in this as in all else they
• Sidonci v umění zběhlí je zrobili nadmíru
vkusně, M
avšak foiníčtí plavci je odvezli po
vzdušném moři, ^
potom připluli v přístav a dali je Thoantu
darem.
Řemeslo
Známe i z Bible ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
• 1. Kniha králů - 7.13 - Král Šalomoun poslal pro C h u r a m a z Týru.
• 7.40-45 - Dále Churam vyrobil kotlíky, lopatky ajnísy. A
Tak Churam završil veškeré dílo, které pro krále Šalomouna konal n a
Hospodinově chrámu: 1
d v a sloupy, I
dvě kulovité hlavice n a vrcholech sloupů, 1
dvoje mřížování pokrývající obě kulovité hlavice n a vrcholech sloupů,
čtyři sta granátových jablek ke dvěma mřížováním (dvě řady granátových
jablek ke každému mřížování pokrývajícímu obě kulovité hlavice sloupů),
deset podstavců,
deset umyvadel na podstavce, ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
jedno Moře,
dvanáct býků nesoucích Moře,
kotlíky, lopatky a mísy.
Všechny předměty, které Churam zhotovil králi Šalomounovi pro Hospodinův
chrám, byly z leštěného bronzu.
Židovské poznámky
• Řemeslo, o b c h o d , námořníci (1. Královská 9.27) - Chíram p
Šalomounovými služebníky vyslal n a lodích také své služebi
zkušené námořníky.
Lháři, podvodníci, šarlatáni, únosci
• Hdt. 1.1
• nepaéoov uiv vuv ol Áóyioi OoiviKac
aíTiouc cpaal v£V£aGai Tfjc; óiacpopfjc;.
TOÚTOUC; yáp áno Tfjc; 'EpoGpfjc;
KaÁ£0|j£vr|c; GaÁäaanc; ániKOuivooc; énl
Tŕ]v6£ TÍ)V GäÁaaaav, KaloíKnaavTac;
TOUTOV TÔV XWpOV TÔV Kal VUV OÍK£OOOI ,
aúTÍKa vaoTiÁÍT]ai u.aKpfjai éniGéaGai,
ánayivéovTac; Sk cpopTia AlyônTiá T£ Kal
Aaaôpia Tfj T£ CCÁÁTI éaaniKV££aGai Kal 6fi
Kal éc; 'Apyoc. [2] TÔ óé 'Apyoc; TOUTOV TÔV
Xpôvov npo£iX£ ánaai TOW év Tfj VÍJV
v
EÁÁäói KaÁ£0|j£vrj X^Ptí- ániKOuivooc; óé
TOÚC; OoiviKac; éc; 6fi TÔ 'Apyoc; TOUTO
6iaTÍG£aGai TÔV CDÓOTOV.
The Persian learned men say that the
Phoenicians were the cause of the
dispute. These (they say) c a m e to our
seas from the sea which is called
Red, and having settled in the
country which they still occupy, at
once began to make long voyages.
Among other places to which they
carried Egyptian and AssyMn
merchandise, they c a m e to Argos,
[2] which was at that time
preeminent in everyway among the
people of what is now called Hellas.
The Phoenicians c a m e to Argos and
set out their cargo.
[3] n£|JTTTr| St f) EKTT\ riuxPTI
dnkovTO, £^£unoAnu£vcov acpi ax£66v
navTCOv, EA6£IV ETTI Tf)V 6dAaaaav
YOvalKac, dAAac, T£ noAAdc, Kal ST\ Kal
TOO ftaaiAfoc G u y a n a : TO St o l
oovo|ja dvai, KCTd TGOOTO TO Kal
"EAAny£c, AEYOUCJI, 'Iouv TT)V 'Ivaxoo:
[4] TaoTac, aTdaac, KOTO TTp6u.vny Tfjc,
v£oc, a)V££a8ai TG5V cpopTicovTG5V acpi
rjv 9ou.6c, LjaAiaTa: Kal TOOC, OoiviKac
6iaK£A£oaau.£vooc, opurjaai en'
OTJTCK;. Taq U.EV 6fi nAdjvac, TG5V
yuvaiKoov dnocpoYEtv, Tf)V 6E 'IOOV a o v
dAAriai dpnaaGfjvai. £a(3aAou.£vooc,
6E EC, TT]V v£a OLX£a6ai dnonA£ovTac
en' ALYUHTOU.
[3] On the fifth or sixth day after their
arrival, when their wares were almost
all sold, many women came to the
shore and among them especially
the daughter of the king, whose
name was lo (according to Persians
and Greeks alike), the daughter of
Inachus. [4] As these stood about
the stern of the ship bargaining for
the wares they liked, the Phoenicians
incited one another to set upon
them. Most of the women escaped:
lo and others were seized and
thrown into the ship, which then
sailed away for Egypt.
Hom. O d . 13.271-287
ať)Táp énťi 6fi TÓV y£ KCIT£KTCIVC>V ó^éTxcAKcp,
ať)TÍK' éyow énl vfja KI OW O P Í V I K O C áycmoĎc
éAAiGáu.nv,K Q
í crcpiv |j£vo£iK£a Án'i'ôa ÓCĎKO:
Toúq M' £K£Á£uaa núÁovó£ KaTaaTfjaai Kal
écpéaaai
ťiq "HAióa otav, ó9i KpaTÉooaiv 'ETTEIOÍ.
áAA' rj TOI acpéaq K£i9£v áncbaaTO Tq ávéu.010
nóAA' áEKašouivooc;, oúó' fj9£Aov
éčanciTfiaai.
K£l9£v ó£ nAayx9£VT£(; IKÓVO|J£V év9á6£
VUKTÓq.
Avšak sotva jsem jej svým břitkým oštíjpem zahiL
ihned na rychlou loď jsem k slovutným Foiníkům prchl,
prosil jsemjich, když libou část jsem z lupu jim vydal,
aby mě na loď vzali a zavezli do země pylské,
aneb k Élidě skvělé, kde epejský panuje národ.
Avšak vichřice silná je zahnala od oné země
na velkou mrzutost jejich, vždyť neměli vůle mě podvés
Odtud pak zahnáni byvše, jsme za noci připluli semo.
• OTTOOófj 6' éq Aiuiva
npo£p£aaau.£v, ovSi i\q f||jTv
óópnoo u.vfjOTic; ěnv, M-áAa n£p
XOTéouaiv éÁéaáai,
áAA' aťJTCoq áTTo(3ävT£c; £K£Íu.£9a
vnoc; ánavT£q.
£v9' éu.£ u.év YAOKÚQ UTTVOC; £TTnAo9£
oi St xpnuaT' éu.á yAacpupfjq ÉK
Vr|ÔC £AÓVT£C
KäT9£aav, £v9a n£p avjoq énl
i|ja|já9oiaiv éK£Íu.nv.
oi 6' Xiôovinv £i) vaiouévnv
áva(3ávT£Q
CÚXOVT': aúTág éya) Ainóunv
áKaxnM-čvoc; ílTOp.
V přístav jsme přihnali loď jen s obtíží,
aniž si někdo A
vzpomněl na jídlo z nás, ač velmi jsme po
jídle prahli, I
nýbrž jsme vystoupli z lodi a všichni jsme
ulehli k spánku. M
Tehdáž námahou mdlý jsem libým byl
přemožen spánkem. ^
Lodníci majetek můj pak z duté vynesše
lodi, ^^^H
složili na břeh v písku, kde já jsem ve
spánku ležel,
sami však do lodi vstoupli a k Foinícku,
lidnaté zemi,
odpluli, já jsem tu sám však zůstal, v
srdci jsa sklíčen.
• Hom. O d . 15.415-418
• £v9a St OoiviK£c vauaiKÁUTOi
fjAu6ov ävSpzq,
TpôóKTai, popi' áyovT£c, á8óp|jaTa
vrfi M^crivn.
£GK£ St TTCITpÔC, £|JOTO yOVÍ]
Ooiviaa' évl OÍKGÚ,
KaÁrí T£ |j£YáÁr| T£ Kal áyÁaá ěpya
íóula:
TTIV 6' ápa QoiviK£c; noÁonainaÁoi
IÍTT£OÓTT£OOV.
• Jednou foinícký lid tam připlul, proslulý
plavbou, A
šejdíři, bez počtu tret v své tmavé
vezouce lodi. I
Jakous foiníckou ženujsme tenkrát v
otcově domě ^
měli, i krásnou i velkou i skvostná znající
díla.
Tu tedy počali tehdáž ti foiníčtí pronSMI
mámit.
• Hom. O d . 15.419-475 Únosci, ženou se za ziskem, otrokári
Plat. Resp. 4 3 6 a
LjäÁiať áv TIC; aíTiáaarro TÓTTOV, f\
TÔ cpiÁoxpniJCiTQv TÔ nepi TOÔC, T£
O o i v i K a c £Ívai K a l TOUc; KaTá
AÍYUTTTOV cpain TI C; ctv O\JX n K i a r a .
Plat. Leg. 7 4 7 c
K a 9 á n £ p AÍYOTTTÍOUC Kal OoiviKac
Kal noÁÁá £T£pa á n £ i p v a a u £ v a
V£Vn Vl)V £QTIV ĹÓ£lV ĎHÔ TfjC; TO)V
áÁÁoov £niTnô£uuáTGOv Kal
KTnuäTGOv ä yíKíoQíplQQ,
• or the love of money whi
might say is not least lik
found in Phoenicians a
population of Egypt.
examples of this w e c a n see today
in the effect produced oriflB^
Egyptians and Phoenicians an
many other nations by the illiberal
character of their property, a n d
their other institutions,
Plat. Resp. 414c
u.n6EV Kaivov, rjv 6' eyco, aXXa
OOIVIKIKOV ii, npoTepov U.EV fj6n
noAAaxo\3 yzyovoq, coc, cpaaiv oi
noinTal Kat ngnsiKaaiv, ecp' f||jcov 6E
oi) yeyovoc, ovS' ol6a EL y£v6u.£vov
dv, neTaai 6E aoyvfic TTSIGOQC.
• Str. 3.5.5
• ... Kat noaeiScbvioc, fiy^Tai TOV Aoyov,
TOV 6E ypnauov Kal rovq TJoKKovq
dnoaToAouc Lii£i3a|ja OOIVIKIKOV.
Nothing unprecedented," said I,
"but a sort of Phoenician tale,
something that has happened ere
now in many parts of the world, as
the poets aver and have induced
men to believe, but that has not
happened and perhaps would not
be likely to happen in our day and
demanding no little persuasion to
make it believable."
Posidonius thinks this view the most
probable of all and looks upon the
oracle and the several expeditions
as a Phoenician invention.
Cic. De Re Pub. Fr. 3
Poeni primi mercaturis et mercibus
suis avaritiam et maqnificentiam
et inexplebiles cupiditates omnium
rerum importaverunt in G raeciam.
• Původ luxusu a lakoty v
způsobili Foiníčané
Lidské oběti
There stands in their midst a bronze
statue of Kronos, its han^H
extended ov er a bronze brazier,
the flames of which engulf the
child. When the flames fall upon
the body, the limbs contract and
the open mouth seems almost to
be laughing until the contracted
body slips quietly into the brazIe^B
Thus it is that the 'grin' is known as
'sardonic laughter,' since they die
laughing.
Pozitivnější pohled
Pomponius Mela 1.56
Phoenicen inlustravere Phoenices,
sollers hominum genus et a d belli
pacisque munia eximium: litteras
et litterarum operas aliasque etiam
artes, maria navibus adire, classe
confligere, inperitare gentibus,
regnum proeliumque conmenti.
The Phoenicians are a clever
branch of the human race and
exceptional in regard to the
obligations of war and p e a c e ,
and they made Phoenicia famous.
They devised the alphabet, literary
pursuits, and other arts too; they
figured out how to win access to
the sea by ship, how to c o n d u c ^ H
battle with a navy, and how to
rule over other peoples; and they
developed the power of
sovereignty and the art of battle.
• Později řada foinických topoi aplikována n a Kartagince
• Námořníci
• Obchodníci
• Prohnaní lháři, podvodníci, nelze jim věřit
• Punico fides
• Krutí
• Lidské oběti
Sýrie
• Meleagros z Gadary
• áAA' £í páv lôpoq éaai, laXáp: £í 6'
oiiv aô Y£ Oolvi^
Naióioc,:: £í 6' "EAAn,v, Xalpe: TÔ 6'
ať)Tô cppäaov.
• If you are a Syrian, salam
are a Phoenician, naidi
you are a Greek, chair
and say the same you
Sýrie
• Ath. 5.46
• Kal oi KOTá Ti)v Xopiav óě TTÓVTEC;, cpnoi,
6iá Tf]V Tfjc, ycbpac eú&oaiav ánó Tfjc
nepl TavayKaTa KOKonaBsiac aovooooc,
EVELJOV nÁeiooc, L va DJCOXOLVTO auvex&c,,
T0T9 u.£V You.vaaioic, ax; paÁavdoic
XPC0|J£VOI; aÁ£icpóu.£VOi sÁaia) noÁOT£Á£T
Kal uúpoic, TOTC 6E Ypau.u.aT£Íoic,—
OŮTOOC; Y&P ÉKÓAOUV Tá KOlVá TÓW
aovódnvcov—a>c, oíKryrnpioic,
év6iaiTcb|j£voi; Kal TÓ nÁ£lov u.£poc, Tfjc;
flU-épac; vaaTpidóuEvoi év aúTOíc, OLVOIC
Kal ftpcbu.aaiv, ÍÚGTZ Kal
npoaanocpépEiv noÁÁá, Kal
KaTauÁoú|j£voi npóc, x£Ácovióoc,
TTOÁOKpÓTOO LjJÓcpouc;, CúOTZ Tác, nÓÁEIQ
óÁac, TOTC; TOIOÚTOIC; KEÁÓÓOIC;
a u v n x ^ 9 a i . '
'And," says he, "all the natives Ggd
inhabitants of Syria, on account of
the fertility of the land, a r e ^ |
accustomed to make frequent feasts
after their necessary labours, in order
that they may rejoice together, using
their gymnasia as baths, a n d
anointing themselves with expensive
oil and perfumes; and at their
grommateia (for that is the name
which they give to their puBlic
entertainments) living as if in their
own houses, and gratifying their^^
stomachs the greater part of the d a y
with wine and meat, and also
carrying away a quantity of the wine
to their own homes, they thus spend
the day, listening also to the music of
the loud lyre made of the tortoise
shell, so that whole cities resound with
noises of this kind."
Sýrie
Ath. 12.39 - éycú St é(3aaiA£oaa Kal áxpi
écbpoov TOÍJ fiÁiou cptic,, fcrnov, gcpayov,
TÍcppoôiaiaaa, ťiScúq TÓV T£ xpôvov ÓVTO
(3paxúv ôv ^waiv 01 ávGpoonoi Kal
TOÍJTOV noAAác, ČXOVTO |j£Ta(3oAác, Kal
KaKonaudaq, Kal aW äv KOTaAinoo
áyaGaw áAAoi £^ouai Tác, ánoAaôaac;,
610 Káyd) f)|j£pav oť)6£|jíav napéAinov
TOÍJTO noiaw ...1
XapóavänaAAoc,
AvaKUv6apä^£G0 nalc, AyxiáAnv Kal
Tapaôv £Ó£i|j£v fi|j£pTi |jifj. eoQ\í, TTLV£,
nalfe: obe, TáAAa TOÚTOU OÚK á^ia TOÍJ
ánOKpOTHIJCITOq £OIK£ A£V£iv.'
I was the king, and while I lived on earth,
And saw the bright rays of the genial
I ate and drank and loved ; and knew
full well
The time that men do live on earth was
brief, m
And liable to many sudden changes,
Reverses, and calamities. Now others
Will have the enjoyment of my luxuries,
Which I do leave behind me. For these
reasons
I never ceased one single d a y l r ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
pleasure.
The king, and son of Anacyndarases,
In one day built Anchiale and Tarsus. Eat,
drink, and love ; the rest's not worth even
this - by "this" meaning the snap he was
giving with his fingers
Liv. 35.49
Suros omnis esse, haud paulo
mancipiorum melius propter
servilia inqenia quam militum
genus.
• Liv. 36.17
• hie Syri et Asiatici Graeci sunt,
vilissima genera hominum et
servituti nata
• these were all Syrians, far better
fitted to be slaves, on account of
their servile dispositions, than to be
a race of warriors. I
• here Syrians and Asiatic Greeks,
the most worthless peoples among
mankind and born for slavery;
• Cic. Prov. 5
• tradidit in servitutem ludaeis et Syris,
nationibus natis servituti.
he handed them over as si
the Jews and Syrian natiqi
themselves born for slaved
• Juv. Sat. 8. 158-162
• sed cum peruigiles placet instaurare
popinas,
obuius adsiduo Syrophoenix udus amomo
currit, Idymaeae Syrophoenix incola
portae
hospitis adfectu dominum regemque
salutat,
et cum uenali Cyane succincta laqona.
And when he's off to enjoy
a midnight eating-bout ^
A Syrio-Phoenician, drencnWin
endless perfumes, runs ^ ^ ^ ^
To greet him, some Syrian Jew from
the Idumaean Gate,
With that host's welcome, 'My Lord
and Master' while
Cyane, robe hiked to her thighs,
offers the jar for sale.
Sýrie - vychytralí, slabosi, luxus
The tribune was astounded and perplexed b'
this proposal, but he was a man accustomec
to keeping his wits about him (he was a
Syrian, ana the men from the East are rather
more cunning in their thinkin^H
But if any one of you is concerned about
affairs in Syria, he may judge how feeble the
effort is there and how slight the hope of
success by the fact that these men have not
dared to venture beyond their own borders
and were not bold enough to plan for a
ourney to Rome. There they remain, content,
believing that this temporary taste orlivin^^P
uxury represents the total profit to them of this
irmly established empire.
[2.10.7] The truth is that the Syrians are suited
only to games and childish banter. This is
especially true of those who live in Antioch,
who are reported to be highly enthusiastic
supporters of Niger.
Sýrie - Elagabalus
• C D . 80.11
• Tôjv ô s 6r\ napavo|jnMČ| T G : ) V
aúTOu K a l TÔ KOTOL
TÔV 'EÁ£Yap>aÁov £)(£Tai, oť>x ÓTI 0EÓV n v a
^EVIKÔV éc JT]W 'Pcb|jnv éah,YCiY£V, oúó' ÓTI
K a i v o n p E n é a T a T a aúTôv éu.£YäÁov£v, áÁÁ' ÓTI
K a l n p ô TOU Aiôc aúTOu TÍYCI Y£ V
aúTÓv, K a l ÓTI
K a l I spéa OÚTOU s a u T ô v ijjn<
pio"0íivai énoinaev,
ÓTI T£ TÔ aĹÓOlOV TT£pi£T£U.£, K a l ÓTI XOipťlCDV
Kp£óúV, (bc K a l Ka6apcbT£pov ÉK TOUTOOV
0pno"K£6acov, án£ÍX£TO 'épooÁEÚaaTO u.sv yä p
n a v T ä n a a i v ať>Tô ánoKÓijjai: áÁÁ' ÉKEÍVO U.EV
Tfjc u.aÁaKÍac EVEKO n o i f j a a i éTT£0úu.na £
' TOUTO
6E (bc K a l Tfj TOU 'EÁ£Yap»äÁou2
l£paT£Ía
n p o a f j K O V s n p a ^ E v : éč; o u &r\ K a l sTépoic TGOV
auvóvTcov a u x v o l c ôu.oicoc éÁou.hv a T
ó: K a l _
UÍVTOI K a l ÓTI TT\V éa6fjTa TTIV p>app>apiKnv, fj o l
TÓÚV Xúpcov l e p a c x p w v T a i , K a l ónMo^ia
noÁÁáKic scopaTO ÉVÓEÓOUÍVOC: ácp' o u n £ p
oť>x f]KiaTa K a l TTI V TOU A a a u p i o u éncovu|JÍav
£Áa(3£V.
• Closely related to these irregularities was his
conduct in the matter of Elagabalus. The
offence consisted, not in his introducing a
foreign god into Rome or in his exalting him
in very strange ways, but in his placing him
even before Jupiter himself and causing
himself to be voted his priest, also in his
circumcising himself and abstaining from
swine's flesh, on the ground that his devotion
would thereby be purer. He had planned,
indeed, to cut off his genitals altogether, but
that desire was prompted solely r^Jhis
effeminacy; the circumcision which^^H
actually carried out was a part of the i^Rstly
requirements of Elagabalus, and he
accordingly mutilated many of his
companions in like manner. 2 Furthermore,
he was frequently seen even in public clad
in the barbaric dress which the Syrian priests
use, and this had as much to do as anything
with his receiving the nickname of "The
Assyrian."
Literatura
• M a z z a , F. (1987). The Phoenicians as seen by the A n c i e n t W
M o s c a t i (Ed.). The Phoenicians. N e w York: Abbeville.
• Malkin, I. (2005). Herakles a n d Melqart: Greeks a n d P h o e n
the M i d d l e G r o u n d . In E. G r u e n (Ed.). Cuituroi Borrowings
Appropriations in Antiquity. Stuttgart: F. Steiner.
ans in
Ethnic