D S B C B 4 9
T A R O V Ě K A
E K U M E N A - A N T I C K É
Z P R Á V Y O A S I I A
A F R I C E
E g y p t
TTÁED QTa 6w|jáaia • xei • • • AAq TTD aa x^pn Kan • pya
Aóyou |j£^w TTapÉx£Tai
Etymologie
• Aigyptos (An yurTTog) - z egyptského slova pro Memfis (Hikuptah)
• Aegyptus
• Nil (Nen koq Nilus) - také bůh řeky v řecké mytologii (Hapi)
• Mytologie - Aigyptos - syn Béla, potomek ló
Egypt a Řecko
• Mytologie
• Danaos x Aigyptos
• Héraklés
• Helena a Meneláos (včetně alternativní verze únosu - Hdt. 2.112-120), Próteus
• Údajně kolonizace - Bélos (Mesopotamie), Danaos (Argos), Židé, Kolchiďané,
Athény, M a k e d o n i e - D . S . 1.28-29
Egypt a Řecko
Naukratis - obchodní stanice, město
7. stol. pni
Psammétichos I., Amásis II. - Řekové se mohou usadit ve mě;
Papyrus, obilí, len <-+ stříbro, dřevo
Alexandrie - 331 pni, hlavní město Ptolemaiovské říše
Architekt - Deinokratés z Rhodu
Ptolemais
Mediterranean Sea
N a u c r a t i s
• Tanls Pelusíum
W a d i N at r u n
i 2a m
• Bubast is
Nile DeltaMerimda*
• Het iopolis
G b a . , C a , r o
«•««* Ä h l S
Dahshur •
F a i y u m L0W6T
Meydum •
Lahun •
• Herakleopolis
Egypt
Egypt a Řecko
• Častá účast řeckých žoldnéřů v Egyptě - pomoc při povstání
• Pol. 5. stol. pni (460-455 pni) - Inarós (200 lodí z Athén)
• Přelom 574. stol. pni - Amyrtaios (spojenectví se Spartou)
• Achóris (spojenectví s Athénami)
• 4. stol. pni (358 pni) - Nektanebos II. (Agésiláos II.)
• 332 pni - Alexandr dobývá Egypt
• Správce Egypta - Ptolemaios
Egypt a Řecko
• Ptolemaiovský Egypt
• 323-30 pni
• Alexandrie
• Hellenismus
• Řecká/makedonská vládnoucí vrstva
• Stylizace vládců do faraónů x navenek Řekové
• Múseion, Knihovna v Alexandrii
• Podpora egyptského náboženství
• Synkretismus - Sarápis
• Trilingvní nápisy
• Rostoucí vliv Říma
Egypt a Řecko/Řím
Šíření kultu ísidy (+Osíris)
Sarápis
Harpokratés
Hermanúbis
Mystéria
Autoři
• Hekataios z Mílétu
• Hérodotos - 2. kniha Dějin
• Hellaníkos z Lesbu - Aigypt iaka
• Hekataios z Abdér - Aigypt iaka
• Eudoxos z Knidu - o náboženství
• Strabón - 17. kniha Geógrafiky
• Diodóros - 1. kniha Knihovny
• Plútarchos - O ísidě a Osíridovi
m Manethó - Aigypt iaka - 3 části, dělení do dynastií, oprava Hérodota (?)
Dějiny Egypta podle Řeků
Nejstarší lidé světa (dle Egypťanů)
Hdt. 2.2
OD 5ÉAD YÚTTTIOI, TTpD V |JD v
• ^a|j|jiíTiX0 V
crcpécov (3aaiÁ£D acu,
• VÓ|Jl£oV • CJÚUTOD TOUJTOUC
V£V£a8ai TTÓVTCÚV • V8PCÁ)TTCOV
D.S. 1.10
cpaaD T O Í V U V A D YÚTTTIOI KOTD TD V
• £ • pyD <JD v • Ácowévsaiv
TTpgjTouc • v8pcÁ)TTOucv£V£a8ai
KOTD TD \ A D VUTTTOV5lá T£ TD V
£ • Kpaaíav TD q x ^ P a
S K Q
0 Sin TD v
cpúaivTOD NEÍAOU.
• Now before Psammetichus became
king of Egypt, • the Egyptians
deemed themselves to be the
oldest nation on earth.
• Now the Egyptians have an account
like this: When in the beginning the
universe came into being, men first
came into existence in Egypt, both
because of the favourable climate
of the land and because of the
nature of the Nile.
Vláda bohů
• D.S. 1.42
• uuG oAovoD ai 5 n an TD v TIV££ T n uD v
TrpD TOVD p£aiTD c A D VÚTTTOUG EOD C
KOD • pajacD Tq ppaxn AEITTOVTO T n v
uupícov KaD • KTOKiaxiAícov, KOD 0£D V
• axaTov (3aaiA£D aai T n VJ aiôoc
• pov • TTD • v6pcÁ)TTcov 5 n TD V xwpav
|3e|3aaiAen a6aí cpaaiv • TTD Moípiôoq
• Tľ| ppaxn A£ÍTTOVTa TD V
TT£VTaKiayiAícov uéxpi T n q • KOTOOTD q
KaD • vôoriKoaTn <; • AuuTnáôog, K a 6 n
• v • u£D q uD v Trap£|3áAo|j£v £ • q
A D YUTTTOV, • (3aaíA£U£ 5D
ľlToA£uan oq • véoq Aióvuaoq
XpnuaTÍ^cov.
• Some of them give the story that at
first gods and heroes ruled Egypt for a
little less than eighteen thousand
years, the last of the gods to rule
being Horus, the son of Isis; and
mortals have been kings over their
country, they say, for a little less than
five thousand years down to the One
Hundred and Eightieth Olympiad, the
time when we visited Egypt and the
king was Ptolemy, who took the name
of The New Dionysus. ...
• Hdt. 2.144
První králové
• Hdt. 2.99
• M VOTP vTípD Toy3aaiA£úaavTa
AD VÚTTTOUOD • p££q • Áeyov TOD TO
|jD v • TTOvecpupD acu TD V Mé|j(piv.
• D.S. 1.45
• USTD TOD CÖEOD CTOÍVUV TTpD TÓV
cpaai 3aaiA£D aaiTD q A D YUTTTOU
lylnvD v KOD KOTOOCD ^ai TOD q
AaoD COEOÚC T£ aeßsaGai KOD
8uaíac • TTITEÁED VTTPD c 5 D TOÚTOI^
TTapaTiSeaSai TpaiTé^ac KOD KÁÍVOC
KOD QTpCülJVD TTOAUT£A£D X P ^ CT0Ctl,
KOD TD aúvoÁovrpucpD V K O P
TTOÁUTSÁD ßiov £ • a n Y n a a a
6 a i
•
The priests told me that Min was
the first king of Egypt, and that first
he separated Memphis from the
Nile by a dam.
• After the gods the first king of
Egypt, according to the priests, was
Ivtenas, who taught the people to
worship gods and offer sacrifices,
and also to supply themselves with
tables and couches and to use
costly bedding, and, in a word,
introduced luxury and an
extravagant manner of life.
• Chybí zmínka o sjednocení Egypta
První králové
• Hdt. 2.100
• M£TD ÓD TOD TOV KaT£Á£VOV OD
• pízq • K |3ú|3Aou • AÁCJOV
paoiAéoov TpinKookjuv Kan
TpiríKOVTa o n vóucrra. • v
ToaaúTD ai S n yzvzn ai
• VQPCJÓTTCJOVD KTUJKaí5£KauD v
A n 6íoTT£q • aav, uía ó u yuva
• TTixoopir], on Ó D • AAoi • vóp£q
A n YUTTTIOI.
• =D.S. 1.44-45
• After him came three hundred and
thirty kings, whose names the
priests recited from a papyrus
roll. • In all these many
generations there were eighteen
Ethiopian kings, and one queen,
native to the country; the rest
were all Egyptian men.
První králové
• Sesóstris
• Hdt. 2.102-110
• TOÚTOIQI |jn vaTňAac • VÍOTH • q TD q
Xá)pag čin ypauuaTCjv Ásvouaac TÓ T£
• CJUTODOD vouaKaD TD crraTpnc,
• ... čin TD v aTnGÉcjwpáuuaTa • pn
A D vúTTTia5iňK£i • YK£KoAajjjj£va,
AéYOVTa TáĎ£-" D yn Tr|v5£ TD V X ^ P 1 v
D |joiai TOD ai D |JOD ai • KTr|aá|jriv
»
• D.S. 1.53-58 (Sesoósis)
• Dobyvatel
• Tažení do celého světa
• Dobytí Asie, části Evropy
• Stavba kanálů, rozdělení půdy, daně
• Senvosret III.
• he set up pillars in their land whereon
the inscription showed his own name
and his country's, and how he had
overcome them with his own power
• there is carven a writing in the Egyptian
sacred character, saying: "I myself won
this land with the might of my shoulders.
Stavitelé pyramid
• Hdt. 2.124-126
• Cheops (Chufu)
• p£TD Ó D TOD TOgaOIÁ£ÚOC(VTC(
ocpéoov XéoTTa • q TTD oav
KQKÓTr|Ta • Aáoai. KaTaKÁnjoavTa
váp piv TrávTa in • pn Trpa TO
pn v ocpéaq 6uoi£tjov TOUTÉCJOV
• TT£P£CM,U£TD 5 D • pyá&oQai
• CJOUTD K£Á£Ú£IV TTÓVTOC
A D VUTTTÍOUC
• TD q • TTOI££TO 6 D KCkq • CJOUTD • v
vhon TD Ó D TTupapíói a n TD
Xpóvov Y£véo6ai £ • K O O I D T£a
TTOI£Up£VD •
• but Cheops, who was the next
king, brought the people to utter
misery. For first he shut up all the
temples, so that none could
sacrifice there; and next, he
compelled all the Egyptians to
work for him,
• these the king meant to be burialplaces
for himself, and
encompassed them with water,
bringing in a channel from the
Nile. The pyramid itself was
twenty years in the making.
Stavitelé pyramid
• Cheops
• Hdt. 2.126
• • £ TOD TO 5n • ÁGsOtéOTTO: KOKÓTIITOC
• OTsypnuáTCjv 5sóusvov TD V BuvcJTÉpa
TD V • ajuTOEkaTíoavTa • TT'OD KŘUOTOC
TTpooTá^ai TTpr|oo£O0ai • pyúpiov • KÓOOV
5r| TI- OD Y a
P 6D TOD TÓ \Z • Á£VOV. TD V
CD TÓ T£ • TTD TOD TTdTpD £ TOXcÉVTO
TTpnoo£o0ai, n čin čn mn an TD v
5iavor|0n vai uvnuríiov KaTaAiTTéoGai, mn
TOD • aióvToč; n p n q an TD v • KÓOTOU
5É£O0ai • Kujq • v an TD D v a AíGov • v
TOD Ol • PYOIOI 5lJp£OITO. • K TOÚTCJV ČD
TD v AíGcjv • cpaoav TD v Trupauí5a
on Ko5oun0n vai TD v • v u£on TD V Tpin v
• OTISKU• av, • |JTTpOO0£ TD q |J£YÓAr|C
TTUpa|JÍ5og, TD 5 • OTD TD KD AOV • KOOTOV
• Aou Kan • uia£Oc; TrAÉGpou.
• And so evil a man was Cheops that for lack
of money he made his own daughter to sit
in a chamber and exact payment (how
much, I know not; for they did not tell me
this). She, they say, doing her father's
bidding, was minded to leave some
memorial of her own, and demanded of
everyone who sought intercourse with her
that he should give one stone to set in her
work; and of these stones was built the
pyramid that stands midmost of the three,
over against the great pyramid; each side
of it measures one hundred and fifty feet.
• D.S. 1.63.5 (Chemmis)
• TTD o a 5 n aiepeon AI6ou
KaT£aK£uaaTai, TD V U D V
• pyaolav • xovroq 5uox£pn , TD V
§ • 5iauovD v a n ouviov o n K
• AOTTOVCJOV yn P •XIAIUJV • TD y
• q cpaoi, 5i£Ar]Au66Ttjov £ • q TD v
Ka6n • q plov, • q 5n • VIOI
Ypdcpouoi, TTAEIOVOOV • TPIOYIAIUJV
Kan T£TpaKoolcjov, 5iau£vouoi
uexpi TOD v n v on AIGOI TD v • %
• pxn <; ouvQeoiv Kan TD v • Any
KaTOOK£UD VP Or|TTTOV
5iacpuAdTTOVT£q.
• The entire construction is of hard
stone, which is difficult to work but
lasts for ever; for though no fewer
than a thousand years have
elapsed, as they say, to our
lifetime, or, as some writers have
it, more than three thousand four
hundred, the stones remain to this
day still preserving their original
position and the entire structure
undecayed.
Stavitelé pyramid
Chefrén (Chafra)
Hdt. 2.127
Xecppn va- mu TOD TOV ÓD TD
a n TD TpóTTD óiaxpn a6ai TD
• Tepa TÓ T£ • AAa Kan Trupa|jí6a
TTOID aai,
• ^
Chephren also built a pyramid, of
a less size than his brother's.
Stavitelé pyramid
• D.S . 1.64 (Hdt. 2.128)
• TD v č n paoiAéouv TD V
KaTaaK£uaaávT(juv a n TD q
• auTon cjácpouc auvépr]
un5ÉT£pov a n TD V mu qjupauíoiv
• vTacpD vaiTD vD prrAríQn, 5iá T£
TaAaiTTCjopíav TD v • v TOD q • pvois
Kan čin TD ToúTouq TOD q
paaiAea C D U D K O D Bia I a TTOAAD
Trpa ^ai 5 I D D P V D <ED TOD <;
a n Tíouq, Kan TD oúuaTa • TTeíAei
čiaaTTáaeiv Kan u£6n • ppeooq
• Kpíqjeiv D K T D v Tácpoov:
• And though the two kings built the
pyramids to serve as their tombs,
in the event neither of them was
buried in them; 5 for the
multitudes, because of the
hardships which they had endured
in the building of them and the
many cruel and violent acts of
these kings, were filled with anger
against those who had caused
their sufferings and openly
threatened to tear their bodies
asunder and cast them in despite
out of the tombs.
Stavitelé pyramid
Mykerínos (Menkaure)
Hdt. 2.129-134
This king too left a pyramid, but
far smaller than his father's
• riupauíóa o n o n Toq • TT£ÁÍTT£TO
TTOÁÁD v • Aáooou TOD TraTpa q • Pohřeb dcery, zabil ji
sám/neštěstí, socha krávy v Sais
Další králové
Hdt. 2.137-139 Sabakos-zAithiopie
(Sabako)
Hdt. 2.141 - Sethos (Šebitku) - boje s
Assyřany
Hdt. 2.142 - chronologie, délka vlády .
Thus far went the record given me by the
Egyptians and their priests; and they
showed me that the time from the first king
to that priest of Hephaestus, who was the
last, covered three hundred and forty-one
generations of men, and that in this time
such also had been the number of their
kings, and of their high priests. Now three
hundred generations make up ten
thousanayears, three generations being
equal to a century. Anaover and above the
three hundred the remaining forty-one
cover thirteen hundred and forty years.
Thus the whole sum is eleven thousand
three hundred and forty years; in all which
time (they said) they had had no king who
was a god in human form, nor had there
been any such thing either before or after
those years among the rest of the kings of
Egypt.
Hdt. 2.148
56^av 6i acpi • TTOinaavTO
Aa3upiv8ov, • Alyov • TTD p in q
Aluvqc T D cMolpioc KOTD
KpOKoSdAoov KaAeouevnv TTOAIV
udAiaTd K D K£lu£vov•
oav u£v vuv Kan aarrupaul5£c
Aovou u£Cov£c, Kan TTOAAD V
• KdaTq a n T£oov • AAnyiKD v
• pyujv Kan u£YdA(juv • vTa^lq,
• 5 D 5DAaBupiv8oc KaD T D q
TTupaul5ac • TT£pBdAA£i
• having so resolved they made a
labyrinth, • a little way beyond the
lake Moeris and near the place
called the City of Crocodiles
• Though the pyramids were greater
than words can tell, and each one
of them a match for many great
monuments built by Greeks, this
maze surpasses even the
pyramids.
Pozdější králové - Saitská dynastie
• Již správná chronologie
• Psammétichos (Psamtik I.)
• Hdt. 2.151-157
• Pomoc Řeků
• Nekós (Nechó) - Hdt. 2.158-159
• Stavba kanálu do Rudého moře
• Psammis (Psamtik II.) - Hdt.
2.160
• A p r i é s - H d t . 2.161
• Tažení do Libye
• Amasis - Hdt. 2.162-163, 169
• Hdt. 2.172-182
Dobytí Peršany
Amasis (570-525 pni),
Psamménitos (Psamtik III.)
X Kambýses II.
Bitva u Pelúsia Hdt. 3.10
Mimo Hérodota
• Osymandyás (Ramesse II.) •
• D.S. 1.47-49
• • TTD yD P v
TTpCÁJTCOV TÓCpCOV, • V
on q TrapaôéôoTcu in q TraAAaKÍôaq
TO n A I D q T£9ácp9ai, 5éKa QTaôíoov
cpqan v • TTáp^aBaaiAégjc uvD ua
TO n TTpoaaYOp£u9évToq
• auuavôúou
• • TTiY£Ypácp9cu 5n • TTD an TOD
'3aaiA£D cBaaiAeajv • auuavôúac
£ • uí. £ • 5é i\q £ • ôévaí |3oúA£Tai
TTr|AÍKOq £ • UD KOD TTOD K£D UOI,
VIKÓTCO TI TD V • uD v • pycov.'
Ten stades from the first tombs, he
says, in which, according to
tradition, are buried the concubines
of Zeus, stands a monument of the
king known as Osymandyas.
The inscription upon it runs: "King of
Kings am I, Osymandyas. If anyone
would know how great I am and
where I lie, let him surpass one of
my works.
Mimo Hérodota
• Ramesse II. •
• D.S. 1.47
• U8TD 5n TD V TTUÁD vnspíaTuÁov
£ • Vai T O • TTpOTépOU "
• 5lOÁOYCÁ)T£pOV, • v •MucpD c
• Trápx£iv TravTOíaq ônAoúaaq TD V
TTÓÁ£|JOV TD V V£VÓ|J£VOV CXU TD
TTpD q TOD q • V TODRáKTPQIC
• TToaTávTac • cpn on q
• QTpaT£D a 6 a i TT£^D V JJD V
T£TTOpáKOVTa UUpIÓQIV, • TTTT£D Ol
5n oiauupíoiq, £ • q Ténapa uépn,
5in pquevriq TD <; Tráaris aTpcmn q,
• v • TTÓVTCJOV uD on q TOD PaaiAewq
• axn^évai TD v • v£uovíav.
B e y o n d the pylon, he s a y s , there is
a peristyle more remarkable than
the former one; in it there are all
m a n n e r of reliefs depicting the w a r
which the king w a g e d against those
B a c t r i a n s w h o h a d revolted; against
these he had m a d e a c a m p a i g n
with four hundred thousand footsoldiers
and twenty thousand
cavalry, the whole army having
been divided into four divisions, all
of which were under the c o m m a n d
of s o n s of the king.
Alexandr a Egypt
• Pseudo-Kallisthenés
• Romance o Alexandrovi
• 1.1-12
• Poslední egyptský faraón,
Nektanebó II., otcem Alexandra
Egypt - dějiny
• Hérodotos i Diodóros - důraz na
stavitelskou činnost králů
• Příběhy k vládě králů
• Špatná chronologie (D.S. 1.50)
• Dobré záznamy k Saitské dynastii
Manetho
• Chronologicky
• Kronika
• Linie bohu
• The first man (or god) in Egypt is
Hephaestus, • who is also J
renowned among the Egyptians
as the discoverer of fire. His son,
Helios (the Sun), was succeeded
by Sosis; then follow, in turn,
Cronos, Osiris, Typhon, brother of
Osiris, and lastly Orus, son of
Osiris and Isis.
• Seznamy vládců, 30 dynastií,
délka vlády, občas události z vlády
• Čerpal z oficiálních seznamů
vládců
• Flavius Josephus - Cont ra
Apionem
• Plútarchos - O ísidě a Osíridovi
Náboženství
Egypt - místo zrození bohů
Hdt. 2.43-63
Piu. De Iside
D.S. 1.11-20
D.S. 1.9.6
'ETTEÍ 5Ě KOTÓ Tř|v A'I'YUTTTOV OECJV TE
Y£vÉa£i£ ÚTTáp^ai uuBoAoyouvTai, aí
TE TO)V ácnpcjv ápxaióTaiai
napaTipnaEiq £Úpna9ai AEyovTai,
Trpóq 5E TOÚTOI£ npá^ic Ó^IÓAOYOI
Kai TToAAai usyaAajv avopwv
iaTopouvTai ...
And since Egypt is the country
where mythology places the origin
of the gods, where the earliest '
observations of the stars are said to
have been made, and where,
furthermore, many noteworthy
deeds of great men are recorded,
Náboženství
• Interpretatio graeca
• Osíris - Dionýsos
• ísis - Démétér/Afrodíte
• A m m ó n - Z e u s
• Ptah - Héfaistos
• Ápis - Epafos
• Set - Týfón
• Hórus - Apollón
• Anúbis/Osíris - Hádés
• R a - Hélios
• Thoth/Anúbis - Hermes
• Hathor - Afrodíté
Interpretatio graeca
m D.S. 1.25
• Ka96Aou 5E TToAAri, Y\q ZOT\ 5iacpojvia
TTspi TOUTOJV TOJV 9£0)v. Thv auTrjv
yap oi u s v l a i v , oi 5s Ar)ur)Tpav, oi
5E ©sauocpopov, oi 5s l£Ar)vr)v, oi
5s "Hpav, oi 5E Traaaiq Talc,
TrpoariYopiaiq ovoua^ouai. Tov 5£
"Oaipiv oi p£v l a p a m v , oi 5£
Aiovuaov, oi 5£ IIAouTOJva, oi 5£
A u ^ w v a , Tiv£q 5£ Aia, TroAAoi 5£
n a v a TOV auTOv v£vouiKaai- A£youai
5£ Tiv£q l a p a m v dvai TOV Trapa ToTq
"EAAnai flAouTOJva 6voua?6u£vov.
• In general, there is great
disagreement over these gods. For
the same goddess is called by
some Isis, by others Demeter, by
others Thesmophorus, by others
Selene, by others Hera, while still
others apply to her all these names.
2 Osiris has been given the name
Sarapis by some, Dionysus by
others, Pluto by others, Ammon by
others, Zeus by some, and many
have considered Pan to be the
same god; and some say that
Sarapis is the god whom the
Greeks call Pluto.
Náboženství
• Řečtí bohové (mimo jiné) pocházejí
z Egypta
• Např. Héraklés (Šu) Hdt. 2.43
• K O D uD v • TI y£ o n Trap AArjvojv
• Aapov TD o n vopa A D YÚTTTIOI TOD
• paKAéoq, • AADD AAnvscuD AAov
Trap' A D vujTTÍajvKaD • AAnyoJv
oD ToTónBqjěvoi TD • pcpiTpúojvog
yóvD TO n vopa • paKAéa, TTOAAÓ poi
KaD • AAa T£Kprjpia • QTD TOD TO
OD TCO • X£IV, D VÔD KÓD TÓÔ£, • TI T£
TO n • paKAéoq TOÚTOU o n Y°V
££<;
• ucpóT£poi • a a v • pcpiTpúojv KOD
• AKUnvny£VOVÓT£C TD • V£K06£V
• TT'ÄD VUTTTOU
• I have indeed many proofs that the
name of Heracles did not come
from Hellas to Egypt, but from
Egypt to Hellas (and in Hellas to
those G reeks who gave the name
Heracles to the son of Amphitryon);
and this is the chief among them —
that Amphitryon and Alcmene, the
parents of this Heracles, were both
by descent E g y p t i a n s
Náboženství
• Napr. Dionýsos Hdt. 2.48-49
• Napr. věštírny Hdt. 2.54
• n c p c u j a v o n • p é e q T o n ©nPaiéoq
A I D q óúo y u v a n mq • p d a q • K
©npécov • £C(Y8D v a n TTD
OOIVÍKCJOV, Kan TD V U D V a n Téoov
TTuQéaQai • g A i p ú q v TTpnBen a a v
T D V Ó D • q ion q • AAqvaq- TaÚTaq
S D TD q y u v a n mq £ • vai T D q
• ôpuaauivacTD uovTríiaTTparrac
• v TOD ai £ • pquévoioi • 6v£oi.
• The priests of Zeus of Thebes told
me that two priestesses had been
carried away by from Thebes by
Phoenicians; one of them (so,
they said, they had learnt) was
taken away and sold in Libya, and
the other in Hellas; these women,
they said, were the first founders
of places of divination in the
countries aforesaid.
Náboženství
• Hdt. 2.50
• I x ^ č n v č n KaOrrávTCjov TD
O D vóuaTaTD vQ£D v a £Aa VÚTTTOU
• Ar)AuQ£D q TD v • AAáóa. ÓIÓTI
U D v v a p • K TD v pappápoov • K£i,
TTuv6avóu£voq OD TCO £ • píOKCO
• óv- óoKéoo ó'D v uáAiOTa
• TŤ A D VÚTTTOU • TTD y9CM
• Nejzbožnější z lidí - 2.37
• 0£OO£3££C ÓD TT£piOOD £ D ÓVT£q
uáAiOTa TTávTQjv a VOPCJÓTTOJV
VÓUOIOI TOIOD OIÓ£ XPéWVTQI.
• Indeed, wellnigh all the names of
the gods came to Hellas from
Egypt. For I am assured by inquiry
that they have come from foreign
parts, and I believe that they came
chiefly from Egypt.
• They are beyond measure
religious, more than any other
nation
Náboženství
• ísis a Osíris
• D.S. 1.11
• M£0£pur|V£uo|j£vcjjv yáp T O Ú T O J V zle, T Ó V
'EAAr|viKÓv Tfjg 5iaAÉKTOu TpóiTOv sívai T Ó V
uěv "Oaipiv TToAuócp9aAuov, ... Twv 5š
TTap'"EAAr|ai TraAaiojv U U B O A Ó V O J V nvšg
T Ó V "Oaipiv Aióvuaov TTpoaovouáčouai K Q Í
Zsípiov TTapojvú|Jwg\.. Tňy 5s l a i v
U£8£pur|V£uou£vrrv £ ' V
Q ' TTaAaiáv,
T£0£iu£vr|^ T H ^ TTpoanYOpia^ áiTÓ jf\q
ái5íou Kai TTaAaiá^ yzviozojq. Képara 5 '
aŮTn £TTiTi8£aaiv áiTÓ T£ Tfjg ógjeoog nv
£XOuaa cpaív£Tai Ka0' Ó V áv xpóvov
ÚTTápxn urrvo£i5ií<;, Kai CCTTÓ if\q
Ka8i£poju£:vnc aŮTrj |3oóc Trap' A Í Y U T T T Í O K ; .
• For when the names are translated into
Greek Osiris means "many-eyed, ... And of
the ancient Greek writers of mythology
some give to Osiris the name Dionysus or,
with a slight change in form, Sirius. ...As for
Isis, when translated the word means
"ancient," the name having been given her
because her birth was from everlasting and
ancient. And they put horns on her head
both because of the appearance which she
has to the eye when the moon is crescentshaped,
and because among the Egyptians
a cow is held sacred to her.
Osiris
• D.S. 1.17
• Tóv 5s "Ocnpiv Aévouaiv, wansp
£Ů£PY£TIKÓV óvTa Kai cpiAóóo^ov,
QTpaTÓn£5ov uiva auaTriaaaBai,
5iavooú|j£vov én£Á8£Tv ánaaav
Thy oiKouuivny Kai 5i5á^ai TÓ
vévog Td)v ávBpcÁjncjv Trív T£ Trjq
á|jn£Áou (puT£Íav Kai TÓV anó poV
TOU T£ nupívou Kai KpiGívou
Kapnou•
Of Osiris they say that, being of a
beneficent turn of mind, and eager
for glory, he gathered together a
great army, with the intention of
visiting all the inhabited earth and
teaching the race of men how to
cultivate the vine and sow wheat
and barley
Osiris a (sis
MMMrajiiniiiimniirrfmRimniinnmnnmTin
D.S. 1.21
(Paai yap vouiucos paaiAsuovia if\q
A I Y U T T T O U T O V 'Oaipiv U T T O T U C P O J V O C
avaipsGnyai TaSsAcpou. piaiou Kai
daspoug O V T O ^ - 6v S I S A O V T O T O a w u a T O U
CpOV£U0£VTO<; Z\Q K O J £l'KOai U£pr|
OOUVai TU)V aUV£TTI0£U£VCjJV £ K O O T C 0
M£pi5a, |3ouA6|j£vov TravTag u£Taax£Tv
T O U uuaoug, Kai 5ia T O U T O U voui^ovTa
auvaYwviaTag £^£iv Kai cpuAaKa^ jf\q
|3aaiA£iag |3£|3aioug. Tnv 5£ l a i v
a5£Acphv o u a a v Oaipioog Kai yuvaika
|J£T£A0£Tv T O V cpovov, QUVayWVI^OUivOU
T O U TTai56g auTrjg "Qpou- av£Aouaav 5i
T O V Tucpoova Kai T O U < ; auuTTpa^avTag
|3aaiA£uaai Tfjg A I Y U T T T O U .
This is the story as they give it: When
Osiris was ruling over Egypt as its lawful
king, he was murdered by his brother
Typhon, a violent and impious man;
Typhon then divided the body of the
slain man into twenty-six pieces• and
gave one portion to each of the band of
murderers, since he wanted all of them
to share in the pollution and felt that in
this way he would have in them
steadfast supporters and defenders of
his rule. 3 But Isis, the sister and wife of
Osiris, avenged his murder with the aid
of her son hforus, and after slaying
Typhon and his accomplices became
queen over Egypt.
Osiris, Isis, Hörus, Tyfön
• Plu. De Iside. 12-19
• During his absence the tradition is
that Typhon attempted nothing
revolutionary because Isis, who was
in control, was vigilant and alert; but
when he returned home Typhon
contrived a treacherous plot against
him and formed a group of
conspirators seventy-two in number.
• As it happened, they had seen it,
and they told her the mouth of the
river through which the friends of
Typhon had launched the coffin into
the sea.
• Recognizing the body he divide
into fourteen partsn and scatter
them, each in a different place.
• Of the parts of Osiris's body the
only one which Isis did not find
the male member,
• Later, as they relate, Osiris came to
Horus from the other world and
exercised and trained him for the
battle. After a time Osiris asked
Horus what he held to be the most
noble of all things. When Horus
replied, "To avenge one's father and
mother for evil done to them,"
Nabozenstvi - hellenismus
• D.S. 1.18
• TOJ 5' ouv Oaipi5i auv£aTpaT£ua9ai
5uo A£YOuaiv uiouq 'Avouftiv T£ Kai
MaK£56va, 5iacp£povTaq av5p£ig.
AucpoT£pouq 5£ x p n a a a u a i ToTq
£TTiar|MOTaTOiq OTrAoiq OTTO TIVOJV
^OJOJV OUK aVOIK£IOJV Tfl TT£pi OUTOUq
£UToAuig- TOV u£v y a p 'AvoufBiv
TT£pi8£a8ai Kuvrjv, TOV 5£ MaK£56va
AUKQU TrpoTouny- acp' fjq a m a q Kai
TO £tua TauTa TiunBrjvai n a p a ToTq
AlYUTTTiOIC.
• Now Osiris was accompanied on
his campaign, as the Egyptian
account goes, by his two sons
Anubis and Macedon, who were
distinguished for their valour. Both
of them carried the most notable
accoutrements of war, taken from
certain animals whose character
was not unlike the boldness of the
men, Anubis wearing a dog's skin
and Macedon the fore-parts of a
wolf; and it is for this reason that
these animals are held in honour
among the Egyptians.
Nabozenstvi - hellenismus
• D.S. 1.20
• Kai KOTO: u£v Thv 0paKr]v
AuKoOpyov TOV paaiAsa TCJV
|3ap|3apojv £vavnouu£vov ToTq UTT'
auToO TrpaTTop£voiq aTTOKT£ivai,
Mapojva 5£ YHpaiov n5r} Ka9£OTU)Ta
KaTaAlTT£Tv £TTI[J£Ar|Tr)VTCJV £V TaUTfl
jr\ x ^ p g cpuT£uou£V(jjv, Kai KTioTriv
auTov TTOifiaai Tn,c; ETTCJVUUOU
Tr6A£Ojq, fjy ovouaaai Mapojv£iav.
Kai MaK£o6va u£v TOV uiov
aTToAiTT£Tv |3aaiA£a Tfjq 6TT' £K£ivou
TTpoaaY9p£uO£iar|C MaK£5oviac
TpiTTTOA£|ja) 5' £TTITp£L|jai TO^ KOTO
Tf|v ATTIKHV Y£wpY'a
^•
In Thrace he slew Lycurgus, the
king of the barbarians, who
opposed his undertaking, and
Maron, who was now old, he left
there to supervise the culture of the
plants which he introduced into that
land and caused him to found a city
to bear his name, which he called
Maroneia. 3 Macedon his son,
moreover, he left as king of
Macedonia, which was named after
him, while to Triptolemus he
assigned the care of agriculture in
Attica.
Kult zvirat (Hdt. 2.65-76; D.S. 1.83-
89)
D.S. 1.83
rispi 5E TOJV acpispojuEvojv ^OJOJV KOT'
AI'YUTTTOV EiKOTOjq cpaivaai TToAAoTq
TrapaSo^ov TO yivousvov Kai £ n T r
l G £ W
£
a£iov. IEPOVTCU yap £via TOJV COJOJV
AIYUTTTIOI K a 9 ' UTT£p|3oAnv ou CoJVTa
uovov, aAAa Kai reA^uTriaavTa, oiov
aiAoupouc Kai Touq ixv£u MPvac Kai
K u v a c £TI 5 ' tepaKac Kai mq
KaAouu£vaq Trap' auToTq ifeic Trpoq 5£
TOUTOIC TOUq T£ AUKOUC KOI TOUq
Kp0KQ0£JA0UC KOi £T£pa TOIOUTO TTA£IOJ,
TT£pi OJV Tac arriaq a.Tro5i56vai
TT£ipaa6u£9a, |3pax£a TrpoT£pov u m p
auTOJV 5i£A96vT£q.
As regards the consecration of
animals in Egypt, the practice
naturally appears to many to be
extraordinary and worthy of
investigation. For the Egyptian
venerate certain animals
exceedingly, not only during their
lifetime but even after their death,
such as cats.n ichneumons and
dogs, and, again, hawks and the
birds which they call "ibis," as well
as wolves and crocodiles and
a number of other animals of that
kind, and the reasons for such
worship we shall undertake to set
forth, after we have first spoken
briefly about the animals
themselves.
Kult zvířat
• D.S. 1.85.5
• "Orav 5' ánoBávn TI TÜJV
dpnuevüüv, aivoóvi
KaTaKaÁúnjavTsc Kai UST' oiuüüYnq
Tá ojf\Qr\ KaTanAn^áusvoi
cpépouaiv z\q Tác; Tapixsíac snsiTa
éspansuBévTCJv aŮTd)v Ksöpig Kai
ToTq ouvauévoig sůajoíav
napéxčoÓai Kai noAuxpóviov TOU
aoüuaTog Trípnaiv B á m o u o i v év
ispaTq BrÍKaiq.
• When one of these animals dies,
they wrap it in fine linen and then,
wailing and beating their breasts,
carry it off to be embalmed; and
after it has been treated with
cedar oil and such spices as have
the quality of imparting a pleasant
odour and of preserving the body
for a long time,D they lay it away
in a consecrated tomb.
Kult zvířat
• Hdt. 2.65
• TD Ö'D V Tig TD V 6r)piOJV TOÚT0JV
D TT0KT8ÍVD , D V UD V D KOJV,
6ávaToq D ^ r p i . D v ÖD D £KOJV,
D TTOTÍV£I ŠIMíny T D V D V O D D pzzq
Ta^üJVTai. D q ö'D v a ßiva a or\m
D TTOKT8ÍVD , D V T£ D KD V D V T£
D £Kujvj£8vávai a vávKr]
• D.S. 1.83
• OÜTÜJ 5' £v TaTq Tujv ÖXAOJV ijJUxaTc;
£VT£Tr|K£V f\ TTQÖq TO £uJC( TaÜTCi
ö£iaiöaiuovia ...
• Whoever kills one of these
creatures with intention is
punished with death; if he kill by
mischance he pays whatever
penalty the priests appoint.
Whoever kills an ibis or a hawk,
with intention or without, must die
for it.
• Kocka a ibis
• So deeply implanted also in the
hearts of the common people is
their superstitious regard for these
animals ....
Kult zvířat
• D . S . 1.83
• ánoKTSÍvavTOC P c j u a i o u Tivôg
ďíAoupov, Kai TOU n A r ) 8 o u c
ouvôpauóvToc éni Tny o k í a v TOU
npá^avToq, o ú 8 ' oi nspcpBévTsq
ú n ô TOU paoiAécjq ápxovTsq éni
Tŕiv napaÍTľ|oiv o ú 6 ' ó Koivôq á n ô
jf\q PcÁjpn^ cpópoq íoxuosv
é^sAéoBai jr\q Tipcopíaq TÔV
áv 8 p u m o v, Kaínsp CÍKOUOÍQK;
TOUTO nsnpaxÓTa•
when one of the Romans killed a
cat and the multitude rushed in a
crowd to his house, neither the
officials sent by the king to beg
the man off nor the fear of Rome
which all the people felt were
enough to save the man from
punishment, even though his act
had been an accident.
Kult zvířat
• Hdt. 2.66
• TTUpKCiTD c ÖD Y£V0M £vnC Sen a
TTpnYMCiTa KaiaAa|jßav£i TOD C
an £Aoupouc- O D |JD V Y D p A D YÚTTTIOI
öiaaTavT£c (PUAQKD C D xouai TD v
a a £AOÚPCJV D u£AnaavT£caߣvvüvai TD
KC(IÓU£VOV, OD ÖD aD ÉAoUpOl
ÖiaÖUVOVT£C KOD D TT£p0pajQKOVT£C
TOD C D vGpÓJTTOUC • OČAAOVTOI D C TD
TTD p. TOD TO ÖD Y'vó|j£va TT£v0£a |j£YáAa
TOD CAD YUTTTÍOUg KOTaAa|jßaV£l. D v
D TÉoiai ö'D v O D KÍOIQI aD ÉAoupoc
D TTOGavD D TTD TOD aD T0|jáT0U, OD
D VOIK£OVT£C TTČ(VT£C ^UpD VTOI TD C
D cppúac Moúvac, Trap'D TÉOIQI Ö'D V
KÚCJV, TTD V TD OD |JQ KQD TD V K£(paAr|V.
• And when a fire breaks out very strange
things happen to the cats. The
Egyptians stand round in a broken line,
thinking more of the cats than of
quenching the burning; but the cats slip
through or leap over the men and spring
into the fire. When this happens, there is
great mourning in Egypt. Dwellers in a
house where a cat has died a natural
death shave their eyebrows and no
more; where a dog has so died, the
head and the whole body are shaven.
Kult zvířat
• Kočky-Hdt. 2.66-67
• Krokodýl-Hdt. 2.68-70
• Někde uctíván, jinde ne (dokonce i jako
potrava), egyptský výraz champsai
• Hroch-Hdt. 2.71
• OD 5D • TTTTOIQD TTOTÓUIOI VÓUD | J • V
TD ncmpniJiTn • poi en ai, TOD ai ôn
• AAoiai An YUTTTÍOIQI on K • poí. cpúaiv
ôn TrapéxovTai • 6ír\q ToiiívóeTeTpáTTOuv
• QTÍ, ôíxnAov, • TTAan (3oóg,
ai|jóv, AocpiD v • xov • TTTTOU,
xauAióôovTag cpán vov, on pn v • TTTTOU
Kan cpuwrjv, pévaG oc; n oov Te (3on q
n péyioToc;- Tn oepu.a 5'an Ton on TU
5n TI Traxú n OTI n oTe an ou yevo|jévou
^uoTn TToiéeaG ai n KÓVTIQ n ^ a n Ton .
• River horses are sacred in the province
of Papremis, but not elsewhere in
Egypt. For their outward form, they are
four-footed, with cloven hoofs like oxen;
their noses are blunt; they are maned
like horses, with tusks showing, and
have a horse's tail and a horse's neigh;
their bigness is that of the biggest oxen.
Their hide is so thick that when it is
dried spearshafts are made of it.
• Vydry-Hdt. 2.72
• Hadi-Hdt. 2.74
• Okřídlení ještěři - Hdt. 2.75 - Arábie
• Ibis-Hdt. 2.76
• Hdt. 2.73
• • <JTI 5n KOD • AAoq • pviq • poq, TD
on vouacpoD vi£ • yD P^v piv on K
£ • 5ov £ • pD • aov YpacpD • Kan
yn p 5n KOD aTTdvioc • nicpoun acpi,
Ol' • T£(JUV,D q • AI OTTOAD TOI AEVOUQI,
TT£VTaKoaicov- cpoiTD v 5n TOT£ cpaan
• TT£D V OD • TTOGavD TTdTrjp. • CTTI
5£, £ • TD YpacpD Trapopoioq,
Toa6a5£ Kan TOI6Q5£- TD pD V
a n TODypuaoKOija TD V i m p D v TD
5D • pu9pDD c TD udAiaTaaD £TD
TT£pinynaiv • poiOTOToq KOD TD
p£ya9oq. TOD TOV 5n Aeyouai
p r | X A V
O
CT
6ai T a 0 £
. • MOO v o D
TTICTTD A£yovT£q-...
• Another bird also is sacred; it is
called the phoenix. I myself have
never seen it, but only pictures of it;
for the bird comes but seldom into
Egypt, once in five hundred years,
as the people of Heliopolis say. It is
said that the phoenix comes when
his father dies. If the picture truly
shows his size and appearance, his
plumage is partly golden but mostly
red. He is most Tike an eagle in
shape and bigness. The Egyptians
tell a tale of this bird's devices
which I do not believe.
• Benu (?)
Kult zvířat - příběhy
• D.S. 1.84
• AlUU) YÓp T T O T S T T I £ £ O U £ V 0 J V TtOV K O T '
A Í V U T T T Ó V cpaai TToAAoúg áÁÁríÁojv u£v
äi|jaa8ai 5iä T Q V £vö£iav, T O J V 5
acpi£poju£vojv aoojv T O TTapáiTav |jr|5'
aiTÍav ax£Ív unö£va TTpoa£vr|V£x0ai.
• Käv £v áAAri x^pg T T O U QTpaT£uó|j£voi
T Ú ^ O J Q I , Aufpoúu£voi Toúg aiAoúpouc Kai
Toúg iépaKac KaTayouaiv z\q A I Y U T T T O V
• £ T U X £ V £v Mé|jcp£i T£A£UTríaag ó " A T T I ^
YHpa- Ó Ö£ Tř|V £TTI|J£A£iaV £ X W V aŮTOCl Tr)V
T £ rífoi|jaa|j£vr|v x o p n Y ' Q V - oúaav Trávu
TToAArív, £i^ Tacpnv aiTaaav £5aTTávr|a£
Kai TTapá T O U riToA£|jaíou mvTrÍKOVTa
ápyupiou TáAavTa TTpoa£5av£íaaTO.
• Once, they say, when the inhabitants of Egypt
were being hard pressed by a famine, many in
their need laid hands upon their fellows, yet not
a single man was even accused of having
partaken of the sacred animals.
• And if they happen to be making a military
expedition in another country, they ransom the
captive cats and hawks and bring them back to
Egypt,
• it happened that the Apis in Memphis died of old
age; and the man who was charged with the
care of him spent on his burial not only the
whole of the very large sum which had been
provided for the animal's maintenance, but also
borrowed in addition fifty talentsn of silver from
Ptolemy.
Kult zvířat - důvody
• D.S. 1.86-87 (Piu. Delside.
379e-382c)
• cpaoi yáp Toúg i% ápxnq
vsvouévouc; Bsoúq, oAivoug övTaq
Kai Kanaxuouévouq u n ö TOÜ
nAhBouc; Kai jr\q ávouíag TCJV
\fr\\fzwG)w avBpoüTTüüv, óuoi(jj8řjvaí
Tiai čxooic ...
• cpaaiv ouv KaTaaKsuáaavTac
SÍKÓVaC Td)V Č C J O C J J V ä vüv TIUÜÜQI,
Kai nrí^avTaq éni aauvícjv, cpopsTv
Toúg nvsuóvac;,
• They say namely that the gods
who came into existence in the
beginning, being few in number
and overpowered by the multitude
and the lawlessness of earth-born
men,D took on the forms of
certain animals
• Consequently, they say, the
commanders fashioned figures of
the animals which they now
worship and carried them fixed on
lances
Kult zvířat
• TpÍTny 5' cuTÍav cpépouai jf\q
aucpiaßnTriasux; TCJV ^COÜJV Thy
xpsíav, qv SKaaTov aŮTd)v
npoacpápsTai n p ó q Thy djcpsÁsiav
TOU KOIVOU ßlOU Kai TO)v
avBpoüTTüüv.
• The third cause which they
adduce in connection with the
dispute in question is the service
which each one of these animals
renders for the benefit of
community life and of mankind.
Mumifikace
• Hdt. 2.85-90
• 0 p n voi 5n KOD Tacpai acpeoov £ • a n
a n 5e... • TT£D v 5n TOD TO
TToirjaiuai, o n TCO n q Tn vapix£uaiv
Koui^ouai. ... o n u n v 5 n D KTTOSD V
uia6n n uoAoynaavTEq
n TraAAdaaovTai, o n 5n
n TTOA£ITT6U£VOI n v o n Kr)uaai n 5£
Tn aTTOu5ai6TaTaTapiy£uouai. ...
o n TTpoar)KOVT£<; Troi£n vTaEuAivov
TUTTOV n v8pCjQTTO£l5£a TTOir]ad|J£VOI
5n n a£pyvn ai Tn v v£Kpov, Kan
KaTaKAr]iaavT£q o n TCO Gqaaupi^ouai
n v o n KrjuaTi 6r]Kain , n aTdvT£g
n p6n v TTpn q Ton xov.
• They mourn and bury the dead as
I will show. ... When this is done, they
take the dead body to be embalmed.
... The bearers, having agreed in a
price, go their ways, and the
workmen, left behind in their place,
embalm the body. ... These make a
hollow wooden figure like a man, in
which they enclose the corpse, shut it
up, and preserve it safe in a coffinchamber,
placed erect against a wall.
Mumifikace
D.S. 1.91-93
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And after treating the body they return it to
the relatives of the deceased, every
member of it having been so preserved
intact that even the hair on the eyelids and
brows remains, the entire appearance of
the body is unchanged, and the cast of its
shape is recognizable. 7 This explains why
many Egyptians keep the bodies of their
ancestors in costly chambers and gaze
face to face upon those who died many
generations before their own birth, so that,
as they look upon the stature and
proportions and the features of the
countenance of each, they experience a
strange enjoyment, as though they had
lived with those on whom they gaze.
Literatura
• Matthews, R. (Ed.). (2003). Ancient Perspectives on Egypt. London: Oxbow.
• Lloyd, A. (1975). Herodotus: Book II: Introduction. Leiden: Brill.
• Burkert, W. & Nenci, G. (1990). Herodote et les peuples non grecs. Geneve:
Fondation Hardt.
• Vasunia, P. (2001). The Gift of Nile: Hellenizing Egypt from Aeschylus to
Alexander. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Chamoux, F. (1995). L'Egypte d'apres Diodore de Sicile. In H. Leclant (Ed.).
Entre Egypte et Grece. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.