The Universe of Images •Masaryk university •9 Faculties, over 200 departments and institutes •43, 000 students •2, 000 academic faculty Masaryk University Campus by A PLUS Center for Biomolecular research Clinical imaging Center for Biomedical Image Analysis Film studies Archaeology Social studies Visual sociology Astrophysics Families of images bellini1500 digi5 908 vh3 N13 Art images Media images Information, epistemic images Special images D:\přednášení obr\různádíla\22220006.jpg D:\přednášení obr\obrazy\obrazyvěda\5.jpg D:\přednášení obr\malířství číny\monument\17EARLYS.jpg D:\přednášení obr\čína\japan\41toadiji733.jpg D:\přednášení obr\ritual\death\Snímek 289.jpg D:\přednášení obr\ritual\oxfordp.jpg D:\přednášení obr\obrazy\manipulace\81.jpg D:\přednášení obr\obrazy\vizkult\112.JPG D:\přednášení obr\obrazy\obrazyvěda\51A.gif D:\přednášení obr\obrazy\počátky\hohlensteinl28KBC.jpg D:\přednášení obr\čína\užité\11yingqing12.jpg D:\1.SLO\1046.TIF D:\přednášení obr\obrazy\vizkult\05.JPG D:\přednášení obr\obrazy\manipulace\snowboard_design_by_N3AK.jpg D:\přednášení obr\čína\kniha\11C.jpg ART (Religious imagery) Art history Visual studies Visual studies // Bildwissenschaft Obsah obrázku text Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Obsah obrázku text Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Visual studies within art history ? •- Orlan, (Cyber)feminism: postmodern utopia? •- Watchmen – Grafic novel •- Instalattion art in street art •- Topics of traditional Japanese tattooing and their influence on contemporary tattooing • http://www.rackham.dk/artikel/billeder/watchmen/superpeople2.jpg http://jpbizdirect.files.wordpress.com/2007/11/tatoo1.jpg Some of the most interesting things about images happen in and around epistemic images! • D:\přednášení obr\obrazy\obrazyvěda\heart.jpg D:\přednášení obr\obrazy\obrazyvěda\55V.gif D:\přednášení obr\obrazy\obrazyvěda\36.gif D:\přednášení obr\obrazy\obrazyvěda\9N.jpg http://csci.ucsd.edu/afni-diff-plugin/images/oblique-view-vectors.png D:\přednášení obr\obrazy\bloodflow model.jpg • • http://www.springerimages.com/img/Images/BMC/VOL=2007.6/ISU=1/ART=250/MediaObjects/MEDIUM_12938_200 7_Article_250_Fig4_HTML.jpg https://www.medical.siemens.com/siemens/en_GLOBAL/gg_mr_FBAs/images/option_images/Applications/DTI/ 01_Head_DTI_Fibertracking_ign.jpg http://www.humanconnectome.org/img/art/tractography-fig1.png http://www.medical.toshiba.com/resources/images/mr/3T-m-power/mtensor.png Different visual competencies D:\přednášení obr\oko\morfologie\1E.jpg • • • • • • • • • http://www.cs.utah.edu/~demarle/classwork/scivis/brainisoandstreams.png Averaged diffusion tensors using a 5x5x3 Gausian kernel weighted with their linear measure cl, resulting in a macrostructural measure of fiber tract organization Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon Challenge for art history (teaching) D:\přednášení obr\různádíla\22220006.jpg D:\přednášení obr\obrazy\obrazyvěda\5.jpg D:\přednášení obr\čína\japan\41toadiji733.jpg D:\přednášení obr\ritual\death\Snímek 289.jpg D:\přednášení obr\ritual\oxfordp.jpg D:\přednášení obr\obrazy\obrazyvěda\51A.gif D:\přednášení obr\obrazy\manipulace\snowboard_design_by_N3AK.jpg D:\přednášení obr\čína\kniha\11C.jpg Obsah obrázku rostlina, strom Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Canon Obsah obrázku text, obloha, exteriér, budova Popis byl vytvořen automaticky http://jpbizdirect.files.wordpress.com/2007/11/tatoo1.jpg Obsah obrázku text Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Global art Visual cultures What is image? pipe Kinds of images – J.J. Gibson •Solid images –– three-dimensional objects like sculptural pieces, statues, models or toys. •Pictorial images –– pictures, paintings, drawings, engravings, photographic prints, projected slides or shadow-casters like low or high relief. •Arrested images –– screen images like Oriental shadow-play and cinematic images. •Mirror images –– virtual objects or scenes behind smooth reflective surfaces. •Projected camera images (camera obscura) –– pictures formed on the inner surface of a dark chamber with a pinhole or lense in the opposite wall. •Photographic camera images (camera lucida) –– camera images arrested by a shutter, latent image in emulsion, negative image on film and positive image on another surface. •Retinal images –– an optical image on the inner surface of the dark chamber of the vertebrate eye (false analogy with the camera obscura), or a physiological image in the mosaic of photoreceptors of the retina transmitted to the brain (false analogy with a latent arested image in photographic emulsion). •Optical after-images –– "supposedly the after-sensation of overstimulating the photoreceptors", or of prolonged stimulation of them, with a fixated eye". •Memory images –– "taken to be the trace of an arrested physiological image that has been transmitted to the brain" •Mental images –– "a little-understood kind of experience"; we do not have tiny observers in our heads but, "if not an image, what is the experience to be called?" Dream images, imaginary fantasies, metaphorical imagery, mind’s eye images, schemes of thought? “The Family of Images“ (WJT Mitchell) •Graphic (pictures, statues, designs) • •Optical (mirrors, projections) • •Perceptual (sense data, appearances) • •Mental (dreams, memories, ideas, fantasmata) • •Verbal (metaphors, descriptions) Amazon.com: Iconology: Image, Text, Ideology eBook : Mitchell, W. J. T.: Kindle Store • Image refers to its subject iconically, on the basis of likeness • Criterium of likeness • • https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ4uciyl3pfQkYveM1UOjF98TvnKMPI0DJhLPkZJOE3qSj bicmQpg http://morskeplaze.cz/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/496e578311_45644992_o2.jpg What is an image? Theological tradition… • John of Damascus (675-750?), Apologia Against Those Who Decry Holy Images • • •An image is a likeness of the original with a certain difference, for it is not an exact reproduction of the original………. • •For the invisible things of God since the creation of the world are made visible through images. We see images in creation which remind us faintly of God………… Critique of orthodox conception… •Relativisation of likeness • • • • • • • …no degree of resemblance is sufficient to establish the requisite relationship of reference. • •Almost anything can stand in for anything else! Amazon.com: Languages of Art: 9780915144341: Goodman, Nelson: Books Obsah obrázku text Popis byl vytvořen automaticky What is an image? An inclusive definition •Image is a mapping (transfer) of an object or some of its property (chemical, physical….) into the image space. autoradiograph bloodflow model 2 Image-body-medium • Visibility of images is grounded in their specific mediality • • Images live in their media, much as we live in our bodies • • Images happen, exist between bodies and media …..Body is an image medium • Obsah obrázku osoba, interiér, stojící, skupina Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Image and marking •Mark •Marking •Image, image-making • • Study for Deluge - portion of sheet by Jacopo Pontormo Some of earliest „images“ Homo Erectus: ca 540-430, 000 BP Incised and drawn lines on ochre tablets Blombos, ca 100, 000 - 75, 000 BP When is an image? • • • C:\Documents and Settings\Lada\Plocha\digi2007\digi 175.jpg http://i163.photobucket.com/albums/t311/duditty/MarkRothko0975.jpg Taxonomy of markings • • MARKING •Nonsemiotic Semiotic •(cutting traces) • • self-sufficient semantic • • • non-representational representational images • • • signs notations • > http://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/prehistoricart/images/Mammoth-from-Vogelherd-Cave-Germa ny-c25000BC.jpg • External images •(in front of the eyes) • •Art history, visual studies, film studies……….. •Internal images •(behind the eyes) •Psychology, cognitive science, neuroscience http://www.eyedesignbook.com/ch3/fig3-56aBGre.gif Somatic (endogenous) images • •Entoptic phenomena • Afterimages • Mental images • Visions, hallucinations •Dreams •Memories •Neuronal correlates purkinje http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/El_Greco,_The_Vision_of_Saint_John_(1608-1614).j pg ..we must categorize image phenomenologically, by their most striking characteristics: Edmund Husserl and phenomenological conception of image •Bildträger /image carrier/ •Entity of real world •Image carrier is a medium that makes image object visible and its semiotic use possible = • Entity of real world • •Bildobjekt /image object/ • an image object is “a nonthing supposedly appearing to us at present…“ = •Intentional object of consciousness • • • • http://www.philosophybasics.com/photos/husserl.jpg Phantasie, Bildbewusstsein, Erinnerung. 1904-05. D:\přednášení obr\vystavování\výstavy\Snímek 149.jpg • •Image-object (image) represents a subject • • • • • • • • C:\Users\Lada\Desktop\tumblr_msv6ninouL1rf1jvro1_1280.jpg If no one looks at image-carrier, there is no image-object ! Image carrier, pictorial vehicle) = medium Image object (pictorial image) = IMAGE Image subject (pictorial subject) = referent •…the physical image “awakens” the mental image and this in turn presents something else, the subject”…. • •“how an image carrier is able to produce in the viewer the consciousness of ´an image object presently presenting itself” is, at least for the moment, inexplicable….. • •…..We do not know how this “awakening“, precisely this coming-to-consciousness, functions.“ • • • http://bilder.buecher.de/produkte/12/12814/12814962z.jpg Phenomenological conception of the image •…a picture is nothing other than an intentional correlate of the mental activity of picture-viewing. This image has a clearly identifiable vehicle, the physical material of the picture. • •Evan Thompson • http://media.npr.org/assets/bakertaylor/covers/m/mind-in-life/9780674057517_custom-ff3c5bc4cf2f11ba 0ad3328cf9ab739f2166a022-s6-c30.jpg Bildträger = medium •FORMAT • •SURFACE • •MATERIAL/TECHNIQUE Russian, 17th century, Christ as Pantokrator [with oklad], Egg tempera on wood panel, Brass oklad and tsata with enamel and semi-precious stones, Collection of the Maryhill Museum of Art relief_r2_c2%20w3%20700x978 http://www.sinoarts.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Qing-Dynasty-brocade-case-of-scroll-painting-Wei -Hu-Huo-Lu.jpg Images always comes to us in some format 22 XG 05 12E book1 bild Keck_lab_fMRI_scan01 • •Shaping of format extends from the format itself into the social space which it occupies and determines the conditions of viewing • •Image format determines conditions of manipulability, transfer and ownership of the image • • • 05 Materiality • D:\PRACOVNI\IMAGES\MEDIUM\DSC_0413.JPG Materiality C:\Users\Lada\Desktop\reinhardt.jpg C:\Users\Lada\Desktop\Nová složka\DSC06438.JPG C:\Users\Lada\Desktop\Nová složka\DSC06441.JPG C:\Users\Lada\Desktop\Nová složka\DSC06440.JPG Ad Reinhardt, Black painting Images are not isolated, they live in symbiosis with words !!! Výsledek obrázku pro humanitarian aid ads • Image-text 21A C:\Documents and Settings\Lada\Plocha\digi2007\digi 713.jpg Schemas-diagrams • Text „infects“ pictorial space 27C a057 • http://archive.monumenta.com/2007/images/stories/edito/varus.jpg Narative picture (ilustration of the text ) D:\přednášení obr\různádíla\24200013.jpg D:\přednášení obr\malířství číny\akademie\29LiGonglinclassicacs1085.jpg Methods of art history •Formalism •Iconography and iconology •Social history •New social history, contextual history •Poststructuralism, critical theory •Feminism •Deconstruction • „Classic concepts“ of art history •Form •Expression •Symbol •Style •Idea •Meaning •Space •Context •Original, copy •Author • Culture-specific critical concepts •Ars •Disegno •Concetto •Colorito •Sfumato •Durezza •Grazia •Pentimenti…………………. • • http://www.keramidasevangelos.com/images/stories/sfumato/sfumato-mona-lisa.jpg • • • • • qi yin shendong • •Spiritual consonance • • • D:\přednášení obr\malířství číny\wenrenhua\28CMFkal.jpg Zhao Meng-fu, Autumn colors in Qiao and Hua Mountains, 1296 D:\přednášení obr\malířství číny\wenrenhua\29B.jpg D:\přednášení obr\malířství číny\wenrenhua\29C.jpg Gao-gu (ancient and lofty) • • •„Poté co jsem v 9.měsíci namaloval tento obraz potěšení z divoké přírody • v podzimním hájku pro Siao-šana, přinšesl jej nazpět a požádal mne abych jej nadepsal. Stalo se, že 15.dne minulého měsíce jsem míjel altán Ti-ling? a kasiové stromy před ním byly v plném květu. Tom mne inspirovalo k této básni……. • • • • • • • •Pingdan: (literally: straight and pale) D:\přednášení obr\malířství číny\wenrenhua\63Benjoyingwildernessautumngrove1399.jpg Ni Zan, Delight in nature in autumn grove, 1339 Concepts and terms •Representation Context •Sign Meaning/Interpretation •Simulacruum Histories •Communications Appropriation •Word and Image Art History •Narrative Modernism •Performance AvantGarde •Style Primitive •Memory monument Commodity •Beauty Collecting/Museums •Ugliness Value •Ritual Postmodernism/postcolonialism •Fetish Visual culture •Gaze •Gender •Identity • http://www.nationalgallery.co.uk/static/images/products/large/1025582.jpg ….and a few other (which are relevant for our course) •Image •Image-carrier •Medium, mediality •Format •Surface •Materiality •Gaze •Visuality •Intention •Mimésis •Anachronism •Empathy •Embodiment •Attention •Affect •Gestalt •Agency • • •Kunstwollen /Riegel, Panofsky/ •Macchia /Sedlmayr/ •Pathosformel /Warburg/ •Nachleben /Warburg/ •Beholder´s share /Gombrich/ •Affordance /Gibson/ •Period eye /Baxandall/ •Pan /Didi-Huberman/ •Ikonische Differenz /Boehm/ •Real metaphor /Summers/ •Opera aperta /Eco/ •