Známé ontologie ISKM89 Organizace dat - sémantický web | podzim 2023 Zuzana Nevěřilová | Centrum zpracování přirozeného jazyka Explicit, formal specification of a shared conceptualization. (Thomas R. Gruber, 1993) ● konceptualizace - abstraktní model (jak rozumíme konceptům v doméně a vztahům mezi nimi) ● všechno musí být explicitní (koncepty, vlastnosti, vztahy) - počítač sám od sebe ničemu nerozumí ● formální - počítačově zpracovatelné (logicky konzistentní) ● sdílené - shoda na konceptech a jejich vlastnostech (co s kontroverzemi?) Ontologie (informatika) Hierarchie ontologií Top Ontology (vrcholová) žádná doména Application Ontology (aplikační) specifický účel Doménová ontologie Task Ontology (o. aktivit) ● stejný termín pro rozdílné věci (title academic - book, author - creator) ● různé termíny pro stejnou věc (author - writer) ● různé způsoby modelování (time point - time interval) ● různá granularita (pes - psovitá šelma - šelma - masožravec - savec - strunatec) ● různé pokrytí ● různý pohled na svět Rozdíly mezi ontologiemi ● syntax (jiný formát) ● terminologie (+ jiné jazyky) ● sémantika (stejná doména, jiné koncepty, rozdílná granularita, rozdílný pohled na svět) ● pragmatika (rozdílná interpretace) Spojování ontologií - zobrazení (mapping) ontologie O1 ontologie O2 zarovnání A zobrazení ontologie O1 další parametry: pravděpodobnost, slovníky, thesaurus ● dbo, dbp, dbr - DBpedia ● wd - Wikidata ● schema - schema.org ● dc, dcterms - Dublin Core, DC terms ● foaf - Friend of a Friend ● geodata - GeoNames ● vcard - VCF ● skos - Simple Knowledge Organization System https://www.w3.org/wiki/Good_Ontologies Známé ontologie (skoro standardy) DBpedia - historie Harald Sack, Tabea Tietz: Knowledge Graphs 2023. FIZ Karlsruhe. On-line course. https://open.hpi.de/courses/knowledgegraphs2023/items/7zgzAtXgoj5CxfiX8Yb0Q0 denní snapshots měsíční vydání (dataset release) DBpedia - počty instancí https://www.dbpedia.org/resources/ontology/ Class Instances Resource (overall) 4,828,418 Place 967,491 Person 1,592,912 Work 552,115 Species 190,369 Organisation 317,867 Other 1,207,664 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_%28novel%29 - stránka na Wikipedii Rozdílné reprezentace entity https://dbpedia.org/resource/It_(novel) - identifikátor entity (věci) https://dbpedia.org/data/It_(novel) - data o věci (RDF/XML) https://dbpedia.org/page/It_(novel) - stránka o věci (HTML) DBpedia Rozdíl oproti DBpedii: ● identifikátory nejsou kvalifikovaná jména (QNames) ● Q-item - pro věci, P- pro vlastnosti, L- pro lexémy ○ např. P569 = dateOfBirth ● reference (původ informace) ● kvalifikátory (např. startDate-endDate - jak dlouho nějaká informace platí?) Wikidata Knowledge Graph Wikidata není znalostní báze: ● není plně W3C compliant ○ nepoužívá RDF, RDFS, OWL ● je to databáze, která má jeden z formátů RDF a umožňuje dotazy (také) přes SPARQL ● Wikidata je odvozená z databáze Wikimedia Wikidata Knowledge Graph Thing Types: ● Action ● BioChemEntity ● CreativeWork ● Event ● Intangible ● MedicalEntity ● Organization ● Person ● Place ● Product ● Taxon Data Types: ● Boolean ● Date ● DateTime ● Number ● Text ● Time schema.org ● Contributor - An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource ● Coverage - The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant ● Creator - An entity primarily responsible for making the resource ● Date - A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource ● Description - An account of the resource ● Format - The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource ● Identifier - An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ● Language - A language of the resource ● Publisher - An entity responsible for making the resource available ● Relation - A related resource ● Rights - Information about rights held in and over the resource ● Source - A related resource from which the described resource is derived ● Subject - The topic of the resource ● Title - A name given to the resource ● Type - The nature or genre of the resource https://www.dublincore.org/ https://www.dublincore.org/specifications/dublin-core/dces/ Dublin Core - ontologie zdrojů (resources) abstract, accessRights, accrualMethod, accrualPeriodicity, accrualPolicy, alternative, audience, available, bibliographicCitation, conformsTo, contributor, coverage, created, creator, date, dateAccepted, dateCopyrighted, dateSubmitted, description, educationLevel, extent, format, hasFormat, hasPart, hasVersion, identifier, instructionalMethod, isFormatOf, isPartOf, isReferencedBy, isReplacedBy, isRequiredBy, issued, isVersionOf, language, license, mediator, medium, modified, provenance, publisher, references, relation, replaces, requires, rights, rightsHolder, source, spatial, subject, tableOfContents, temporal, title, type, valid https://www.dublincore.org/ https://www.dublincore.org/specifications/dublin-core/dcmi-terms/ Dublin Core - ontologie zdrojů (resources) - DC Terms ● koncepty a schémata Concept, ConceptScheme; notace Notation ● kolekce Collection ● vlastnosti (properties): ● broader, narrower, broaderTransitive … ● related ● mappingRelation ● definition, example ● altLabel, prefLabel, hiddenLabel https://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/ SKOS - Simple Knowledge Organization System (standard W3C) skos:prefLabel "animals"@en ; skos:altLabel "fauna"@en ; skos:hiddenLabel "aminals"@en ; skos:prefLabel "animaux"@fr ; skos:altLabel "faune"@fr . Agent Person: name, title, img, knows, interest, publications OnlineAccount: accountName Project Organization Group: member, theme, fundedBy Document Image: topic, thumbnail http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ FOAF-a-Matic: http://ldodds.com/foaf/foaf-a-matic.html FOAF Kind: Individual, Organization, Location, Group Gender: Male, Female, Other, None, Unknown Type: Internet, Postal, Work, Phone VCard Relation Type: Agent, Child, Contact, Crush, Coworker, Neighbor vCard has address has calendar busy logo has name, has nickname, has language has geo https://www.w3.org/TR/vcard-rdf/ Feature: name, alternateName, countryCode, population, postalCode, parentCountry Class: A (country, state, region), H (stream, lake), L (park, area), P (city, village), R (road, railroad), S (spot, building), T (mountain), U (undersea), V (forest), Code wgs84_pos: lat, long (Basic Geo WGS84 https://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/) https://www.geonames.org/ontology/documentation.html Příklady: https://www.geonames.org/export/geonames-search.html Geonames https://github.com/CLARIAH/awesome-humanities-ontologies ● Kulturní dědictví ○ CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) ■ Rozšíření: Linked Art Data Model pro kulturní dědictví ■ Rozšíření: CRM Archeo Excavation Model pro archeologii ○ Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/aat/ ○ Agregátor Europeana https://www.europeana.eu/en/search?query=&view=grid&page=1 ○ STITCH (Semantic Interoperability to access Cultural Heritage) https://www.cs.vu.nl/STITCH/ ● Lexicon modeling - Lemon ● Theme Ontology - https://www.themeontology.org/ ● Music Ontology - http://musicontology.com/ ● ECPO Enumeration and Chronology of Periodicals Ontology https://cklee.github.io/ecpo/ecpo.htm Ontologie v humanitních vědách CIDOC CRM https://www.cidoc-crm.org/functional-units People, Organizations, Living Organisms Objects: Build Works, Costume, Tools, Weapons, Containers, Sound Devices, Visual Works Attributes: Design, Color, Conditions Styles and Periods Materials Brand Names Příklad: https://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=kilt&logic=AND¬e=&english=N&prev_p age=1&subjectid=300209920 Getty - Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online https://lemon-model.net/ Ontologie Lemon https://www.themeontology.org/ Theme Ontology betrayal choice the Macbeth's murdered their liege lord King Duncan to usurp his position the dangers of unchecked ambition choice the Macbeths' power hunger lead to bloody battles and piles of corpses the lust for power choice especially Lady Macbeth lusted after more power civil war major other nobles rose up against Macbeth and eventually defeated him in battle destiny major Macbeth and Banquo had their fortunes foretold by three witches high treason major Macduff killing the king he had been loyal to was a surprise treason. husband and wife major Lord and Lady Macbeth loyalty to a friend major Macbeth arranged to murder his closest friend and ally, Banquo loyalty to a leader major the Macbeth's to their liege lord King Duncan regicide major The Macbeth's killed their liege lord King Duncan. second guessing one's self major Macduff was hesitant about the murder even before carrying it out, and Lady Macduff pictured blood on her hands later on … MusicGroup, MusicArtist Composition, Arrangement: Instrumentation, Orchestration MusicalExpression: Libretto, Lyrics, Score, Sound Medium: CD, DVDA, MagneticTape Festival Label Instrument MusicalManifestation: Record, Release, Track http://musicontology.com/specification Music Ontology Spojování ontologií - zobrazení ontologie O1 ontologie O2 zarovnání A zobrazení ontologie O1 další parametry: pravděpodobnost, slovníky, thesaurus dbpedia:George_Orwell = wikidata:Q3335 :Author = :Writer :Fiction ≥1.0 :ScienceFiction rdfs:label ≥0.9 dc:title :speed = :velocity ⨉ 2.237 - interoperabilita ontologií Data Catalog Vocabulary https://www.w3.org/TR/vocab-dcat-3/ https://lov.linkeddata.es/ What is LOV