* * § " • ■ * KT Hm I 1 READ AND WRITE ďl love Ah! stomach cormorant (name of a bird) l V I \ good to meet TL READ AND WRITE picture, painting ? Huh? top, upper part house A. uh-huh T •.....• •.....• ■ READ AND WRITE / to chase Hey! many, much ď) (noun) blue blue house (adj.) blue READ AND WRITE tree XL- train station -/-^ / / i autumn, fall machine •> garden plant/tree big -•■I, fc • • ■ , * » • • ■ <0 1 > READ AND WRITE 1 V / —1, \ / < (it) opens stem multiplication table / j < V». memory / each/every station; a local train Al a bet accounting* pond 1 ^- business management* Note the pronunciation of the words with asterisks (*). See p. 31 for an explanation. ■71 f READ AND WRITE here carp (name of a fish) *"1 high school* airport* advertisement* V - —* / \ ľ .C <■■ <" .... . V* READ AND WRITE s foreign country; overseas gargling, a gargle key (health) condition play, drama PM, afternoon English* foreign language meeting ď) shadow -> chin, jaw < LESSON READ AND WRITE 1 \ X rhinoceros 3f umbrella this morning >-—X O- -J -V \ size, dimensions 1 / rabbit "Vi«, morning glory (name of a flower) \ 7 -i READ AND WRITE deer L salt f / foot, leg i - candy \ tasty, delicious READ AND WRITE Japanese-style room 3f 3c" jagged 1 time difference 1 W vacuum cleaner* v. pleasantly cool (breeze) / U 'J quiet wind 1 'v many (people)* family / pirate ivory [3D LONG VOWELS Japanese has both long and short vowel sounds. The words with asterisks (* ) that you've seen up to now contain long vowels. Let's review some of them. In the first word, the combination l"t + v * produces a long vowel that is pronounced Ike-el rather than /ke-i/, although kei is how the sound is romanized. The second word contains two long vowels: ^ ? , pronounced /ku-u/, and C 7 , pronounced/ko-o/ (not/ko-u/, even though kou is how we romanize it). The third word also contains two long vowels: H H /o-o/ and -tf ^ * /ze-e/, romanized as oo and zei. Long vowels take two beats—twice the duration of ordinary vowels. When pronouncing them, take care not to compress them into short vowels—you could end up with an entirely different word. For example, shujin is "husband," but shuujin is "prisoner." The only difference between the two words is how long the lul sound is held. Another example: Okasan means "Mr. Oka," but okaasan—with the long vowel /ka-a/—means "mother." When you want to tell someone that "Mr. Oka is calling," you wouldn't want it to sound like "Your mother is calling." In short, it's important to make sure long vowels are pronounced long to avoid misunderstandings. The examples of tfn * and { i 3 1 above illustrate an important principle: the pronunciation of ^ x after a hiragana ending in an lei sound (i.e., any of the hiragana in the e column as shown in the left-hand chart below: X., It, -If etc.) usually becomes /e/, and the pronunciation of 9 after a hiragana ending in an lol sound (i.e., any of the hiragana in the o column as shown in the right-hand chart below: H, Z , ^ etc.) usually becomes lol. There are exceptions to these rules, and you must learn them as the words are introduced. tz li O : ■a -0 It it T -When ^ ^ comes after any of the hiragana in this column, it is usually pronounced as/e/. > Mm ■ 71 1 k ( It s L -f t tz *> T n \z v / / Where is it? I 4P DOUBLE CONSONANTS The basic (regular-sized) hiragana ^> is pronounced /tsu/, but a small -z> doesn't have its own pronunciation. When you see a small o in a word, it's a signal to hold your breath for one beat in the position where the small o is. The effect of the small -o is to double the consonant that follows it. For example, listen to the following words, which mean "the whole family," "magazine," "(postage) stamp," and "over there" (in that order). L, $ o T, £> Did you hear the pauses? In writing the romanized transcription, the small -j is indicated by the addition of a consonant, e.g., ikka, zasshi, kitte, acchi. The small -> represents a full beat. The word ^ -> \ for instance, has three beats, /i-k-ka/. When pronouncing a word such as this, hold the first consonant of the double consonant (the underlined letter) for a full beat. If you don't, it could change the meaning of the word. If /i-k-ka/ were pronounced with only two beats, as in /i-ka/, it would mean "squid" instead of "the whole family." To get an idea of what is meant here, note the difference in the length of the k sounds in the English word "placard" (where it is spelled with a "c") and in the phrase "black card." The pronunciation of the latter resembles the double k sound in >• * o ^\ Listen to the audio and practice reading the words below, keeping in mind the following rule: The small o takes one full beat. . n...^T, itl-T ... Ho LT, There is one hiragana before which the small o is never used: L n, which will be introduced later. That is, a small -> is never used to create a double "n" sound. For example, onna (woman) is written as H Ajf£, not -o "0.'. The small -o is written the same as the regular-sized However, in horizontal writing, it's written in the lower half of its real or imaginary square, while in vertical writing it's written in the right half of the square. Pay attention to the position of the small o when writing vertically and horizontally. i X 1 j - In horizontal writing, you write the small o in the lower half of the square, while in vertical writing you write it in the right half of the square. ft REVIEW Practice writing horizontally. READ AND WRITE 1 i ; /V J I* ov 1 j fallen hair puppy silk Í ( / • \ X \ V 1 (Japanese) cotton hand towel ......^ secret passage 1 • / /V 1 /./ \ (proverb) to nail jello to the wall I 46 READ AND WRITE cat C( J my older sister Jr ^ 0 s / 1 i - ! money ■ X \ a request, favor to ask I z one who dislikes very hot food/drin ( X \ polite, thorough, careful - CO co <0 <0 C READ AND WRITE fun, enjoyable the other day J 48 (D if throat fz 1 (7) nine (items), nine years old (of a person) —*• 0) —» boy X" X) peephole 0 - a REVIEW Practice writing horizontally. na ni nu ne no ni ji o ka ne na ga gu tsu ko no a Practice writing vertically. da m tsu ke te nu gu to ka ku id Fill in the following chart with the correct hiragana. LESSON READ AND WRITE teeth/tooth flower chopstick(s) twenty years old (of a person) READ AND WRITE airplane * % knee(s) t ' : v I'--V (calendar) date A / v_ ! öS ' J picture postcard My mother is awesome/amazing. (The third li is pronounced /wa/. See p. 7, Note 3.) drawer S3 I i overprotection (of a child) another person READ AND WRITE XX 1 ghost for example ML............. shrimp, prawn M.i snoring, a snore ^ 4- i - / pimple, acne pork X c. dangerous separately leftovers (food) I hat, cap jet lag r .\° W r \° / r \° w \ o \ O V J % \ o \ o vir- \ o o Q o • o o •X -;c° 58 59 READ AND WRITE sour i ~^ % * J full one (when counting animals) - a ■f r Japanese happi coat ticket I % O burp starving cheek(s) tail feverish o |_60 REVIEW Practice writing horizontally. ha hi fu he ho B ho ne hi ko u ki □ he i J' tsu ha na se I fu ku Practice writing vertically. DO D ho pe su p pa i bu ta bo shi ku bi »9 1 pa P1 pu pe po ba bi bu be bo Fill in the following chart with the corresponding hiragana. LESSON CIS''83*»** — - READ AND WRITE bad-tasting C» CS, ✓ v_ name window free time, time to kill V every day J (expression used after a meal) eapr READ AND WRITE -7 -7 ear(s) water / \ 7 f i c-'T""" •J J secret honey wastebasket, garbage can READ AND WRITE bug, insect 3C Jr ? % N cold (weather) cU 1 ? cavity (in a tooth) ■J- ^ .....!- cT cj c' T rice ball cU difficult n z: ^ TT I'm sleepy. J 66 READ AND WRITE eye(s) In - <36 uncooked rice ! :- c«. pickled sour plum magnifying glass How do you do? READ AND WRITE grand-champion sumo wrestler reservation horizontal writing Sunday toothpick Good morning, (informal) Li CONTRACTED SOUNDS Small f, rp, and X are added to hiragana of the i column (i.e., J, L, i? etc.), as shown below, to create contracted hiragana syllables. Billig Sílili "'S r (.* < BBil IkPB| v * 1 X. a a i u e o $ < It ka ki ku ke ko \ L -f -ti- 9 ;a shi su se so Hi £ T £ ta chi tsu te to ■ ■■ ir IC tó & <7) na ni nu ne no ■71 li U ^\ li ha hi fu he ho i A t] tb ma mi mu me mo ■HHj >a 1* Jt yu yo __ b 'J •?> *l 6 ri ru re ro 19 -b £ wo HB n $ f kya í' f gya L f cha IC if nya V- f hya If f bya r pya A f mya ') f rya $ i$ kyu tj) gyu L rp shu I! ti ju *> (J) chu IC rj> nyu CA * hyu t/1 rp byu 1$ pyu fj> myu 'J fj> ryu $ J: kyo =t gyo L «t sho* i: X jo* *> l cho* I- J: nyo U l hyo If X byo If X pyo A J; myo ij j; ryo** *ln some cases, the combination is such that the pronunciation is more clearly indicated in romanization with an "h" or no additional letter, rather than with a "y." **The basic hiragana lJ /ri/ wi 11 be introduced in Lesson 8. Although the above contracted sounds are written with two hiragana characters (one regular-sized and one small), they each represent only one beat, just like single hiragana characters. A student once said to me, "Please give me freedom" (It 1 \ tzi^x Jiyuu kudasai), but what he actually wanted to say was "Please give me ten" ( C rp 1 < tz~S >■ * Juu kudasai). The word "freedom" is It rp 1 /ji-yu-u/ with three beats, whereas the word for "ten" is C rp 1 /ju-u/ with two beats. So, in order to avoid confusion and misunderstanding, keep in mind that the combination of an / column hiragana and a small f, rp , or J: is pronounced as a single beat. Like small -o, small <•, *,and J; are written in the lower half of their real or imaginary square in horizontal writing, and in the right half of the square in vertical writing. READ AND WRITE automobile, car 1 - r-f } See you. (Japanese) tea baseball (cow's) milk weekend ^1 * today address just right 7 K sickness, disease / one hundred REVIEW Practice writing horizontally. --► ya yu yo o B yo ko ga ki o ya yu bi □ fu yu ya su mi □ □ ni chi yo u bi ya sa i □ D kyo u ya kyu u □ □ hya ku byo u ki ED ja a ma ta LESSON Practice writing vertically. READ AND WRITE camel J next month (public) lottery In í ď) h bathroom boring salty READ AND WRITE f ' ' 0 / > squirrel < medicine traveling, trip slowly an only child Thank you. 81 '10 READ AND WRITE crocodile, alligator ring (jewelry) 1 h ii rumor, gossip peace v CiL disposable wooden chopsticks M -r r: t 11.a)£> b) X. b) 9 X. c) 9 ^ d) b/C 8. a) (I" 9 I b) (1 9 L C) (s /C i djIlL 12. a) £> b) 9 £> c) h t> d) J; 9. a) 11 I c) £ I u d) £ u I ^ 13. b) d) v ^ 10. a) /^"-o C 9 b) ^N -z> Z c) ^ o 3 9 d) It o 3 9 14. a) < % biU c) < h d) 11. a) H If b) ^ 9 If v. ^ 0 £ 9 lt^ d) C^ttVN 15. a) 'J IjX b) ^Nlt/C 12. a)v^-tf\ ^ b)>v-th ^ 16. a) tz L Z* b) tzL C* c) As Z~ d) it As z' LONG VOWELS I. Listen Lo the audio and practice pronouncing the following pairs. Long Vowel /e-e/ Long Vowel /o-o/ ; ; ... c 9 ; 9, c ^ ... c 9 ^ \ x... 9 #h J C . . . J C" 9\ f C ... f ■) -?:^hx . . . 9 ^ II. Listen to the audio and select the correct word. 1. a] c) 2. a) b) fcfe^^^fXy c) 3. a) c) d)£li>*/0 4. a) c) ^ 1: ^ ^ d)fclCV^/C 5. a) < b) < 9 $ c) < j d> < ** 6. a) b) -if^lfv, \ c) -If ua6v ^ d) It^x.^ 7. a) b) J $ T c) $T d) J 0 T I 94 CONTRACTED SOUNDS I. Listen to the audio and practice pronouncing the following pairs. £ f£ 9 . . . J r£ 9, 'J Jl 9 . . . (j i: 9. lJ^9...'Jr$9 II. Listen to the audio and select the correct word. 1. a] Ity 9 b) 9 2. a) •J 0 9 b) 'J ^ 9 0 L 'J *P 9 3. a) tfJ: 9 v b) T/ J: 9 u ^ 0 T/"j; 9 IC/C 4. a] 5. a) |C r)j 9 #H ^ b) r£ 9 tfH n c) r$7$H N 6. a) < b) ^ < 0 L *> < 7. a) J Jt 9 b) J J: 9 c) £> Jt 9 8. a) U J: 9 U b) U I 9 !i Otfjt 9 (J 9. a) J l* 9 'i I 9 b) J J: 9 'J * 9 c) J J: 9 ^ 9 10. a) J^ < b) J" <