128
Texts
KULULU4
129
la_
A n cm ^ ill
IC.I
°|Qfi\ flfr ft O
§ 10 \a-t6-pa-wa/irta REL-z'-sall ICRUS-i
l("*471")a-za-z>a-za-! § 11 \ma-pa-wa/i-saa-td-ti-li-isa '.tarla/Uu-ni-
sa-'
§ 12 '.ma-pa-wa/i-sa \ARHA-ti-i-li-sa \tarla/i/u-ni'-sa-'
§ 13 za-pa)\-wa/i-ta\CSTELE")wa/i-ni-za l"LOCUS"-to5-za-' l(SA^sd-ni-ti-i § 14 INEG2-pa->va/(-ra IMA IMALLEUS-i § 15 [\pa]-ti-\pa\-wa/i-*aTONITRUSJMLPA-pa-wa/i-ni-sa (DEUS)TONITRUS-sa \araJi-' \pa-ta INEG3-jc \pi-ia-i WARHA !DELERE-m< u-na
Who comes inside, eats (and) drinks, whether he (be) an inner' enemy or an outer' enemy
or overthrows this stele
from its place
or erases it
may the Halabean
Storm-God not give him
ARA PATA to destroy!"
5.11  KULULU4
The excerpts as shown above come from a funerary stele from Kululu, a rare example of a posthumous royal inscription. The text is written as a first person narrative, its author ostensibly the deceased Tabalean ruler Ruwas who reviews his life and lists the good deeds he committed. If Ruwas is correctly identified with the author of another inscription from Kululu (KULULU 1), namely 'Ruwas, servant of Tuwatis', the stele would be datable to Tuwatis'reign or shortly thereafter, c. 750-740 BC.
A small separate inscription on top of the four-sided stele informs us who commissioned the monument: Hulis, a nephew of the ruler Ruwas. Since the stele is only half a metre high, this inscription too would have been easily visible.
The text contains only few word-dividers and among the mainly cursive sign forms one can note a surprisingly frequent use of two less common variants of the ^-series, gas (*380) and sci4 (*402). The former hieroglyph, a single vertical stroke (log. UNUS) may derive its phonetic value acrophonically from the Luwian word for 'one' which we would reconstruct as *sani-.M Could sa4 (log. SCUTELLA) possibly depict a seal impression and have derived its value acrophonically from sasant- 'sealed'?35
£Q Edition: Hawkins, 2000,445-447.
34 Suggested by Neumann (peis. comm.).
35 Suggested by Nowicki (pers. comm.).
130
Texts
KUĽJLU4
131
§§ 1-4:
"I was the ruler Ruwas, the Sun-God's offspring, also my posterity(?) (is) the Sun-God's offspring the gods loved my times and they put into me a beloved soul."
§ 1   EGO-Wfl/i-mi       ru-wa/i-saj        IUDEX-m'-.sa á-sa-ha amu -wa = mi      ruwa - s tarwani = s as — ha
I      qpt. refl.   Ruwas n.sg.C  the ruler n.sg.C   I was l.sg.prt.
SOL-wa/i+ra/i-mi-sas
tiwarimi = s Sun-God's n.sg.C
offspring
§ 2   NEPOS ta-ha-wa/i-mu SOL-wa/i+ra/i-mi-sas
= ha = wa = mu     tiwarimi = s posterity^?) and qpt. for me  Sun-God's n.sg.C
offspring
§ 3   AQUTLK-wa/i-mu DEUS-w-i-zr
ara = wa = mu        masan(a) — i = nzi times qpt. forme the gods   mut. n.pl.C
(LľľUĽS)á-za-ta
aza = nta they loved 3.pl.prt.
§4   wali-mu-ta  (ĽTFUUS)á-za-mi-na   COR-tara/i-na       a-ta tu-ta (a) =wa=mu=ta  aza = (a)m(a) = i - n   atr(a) = i = n        anta tu = nta qpt. me lpt. and   beloved part. mut. a.sg.C soul mut. a.sg.C inside they put S.pl.prt.
Ruwa-, 'Ruwas' [PN]
(SGV)tiwarimi; 'offspring of the Sun-God'
NEPOS-fa, 'posterity(?ľ
AQUILA = ara-, 'time' COR = atrafl-, 'soul' tu-, 'to put'
•s* The past tense of the first clause identifies this text as a posthumous rather
than a contemporary inscription, •a" The common genealogical title tiwatami- (here rhotacised) can be analysed
as compound noun tiwat(a)- 'Sun-God' plus an Anatolian suffix expressing
family relationship ■mi(ya) 'offspring of .*
§§ 6-8:
íaá.
(D
"And I was dear to my lords and they made me governor(?) and I was house-lord in the lord's house."
§ 6   wa/i-ta DOMINUS-«a-2a-' 'a-mi-ia-za BONUS-si-ia-za-ha
(a) = wa = ta = anza    amiya - anza = ha
and qpt. lpt.  to the lords dpi.    my      d.pl.   I was dear7 l.sg.prt.
§ 7 \wa/i-mu LEPVS+ra/i-ia-la-ta (a) = wa = mu tapariyala = nta
and qpt. me    they made governor 3.pl.prt.
§ 8   DOMSVJS--ni-ha-wa/i-mu DOMUS-wr-i
= i = ha — wa - mu        pam(a) = i in the lordly d.sg. and qpt. for me in the house d.sg.
DOMUS-n/ODOMINUS-ni-i-ío, á-sá-ha
= s as = ha
house-lord  n.sg.C   I was l.sg.prt.
DOMINUS, 'lord' BONUS-ii-/a-za-, 'be dear to7' tapariyala-, 'make governor(?)'
DOMUS " parna(n)-, 'house' DOMUS-«i"(-)DOMINUS-ni, 'house-lord'
■s" The compound noun DOMUS-m'(-)DOMINUS-n!-/- sa4 'house-lord' appears to be the title of a prestigous office.
36 Cf-Neumacn, 1996,10.
63
132
Texts
§§ 10-12
ML
"And I blessed my lords well and 1 was eyery man's father and I honoured the good for eyery man."
10   \wa/i-ta a-mi-zi-i DOMINUS-m'-zi Iwa/i-su
(a) = wa = ata     am(a) = i — nzi = nzi wasu
and qpt. them  my    mut. n.pl.C lords n.pl.C  well adv.
u-sa4-nii~wa/i-ha § 11 QM£JlS-ma-si-sa4-ha-wa/i-mi
usa = nuwa - ha tanima = as(a) = i = s = ha = wa = mi
I blessed caus. l.sg.prt.   of every (man)   p.adj. mut. n.sg.C and qpt. refl.
ta-ti-sa^ tat(a) = i - s
a-sag-ha       § 12 a-wa/i as ~ ha (a) = wa
father mut. n.sg.C I was l.sg.prt.
OMNlS-zm {a) = \va tanim(a)= i
and qpt.   for every (man) d.sg.
sa-na-wa/i-sas
sanawi = 0 = sa the good a.sg.N npt.
CUM-/U i-zi-i-sa-ta-ha
izist = ha prev.       I honoured l.sg.prt.
KULULU 4 § 15:
133
"This stele placed Hulis, Ruwas's brother's child."
§15   \za-wa/i STELE *hu-li-sa4\\
za = 0 = wa    wani(t) = 0 = za      huli = s this a.sg.N qpt.   stele    a.sg.N npt.    Hulis n.sg.C
PONERE-ta ^u-wa/i-sag      IFRATER-/a-50« \NFANS-ni-sas
tuwa = ta ruwa - as *atala(?) = as =s
he placed 3.sg.prt.    ofituwas g.sg. of the brother g.sg. the child n.sg.C
FRATER-Zo = *atala-(?), 'brother'
huli-, 'Hulis' [PN]
5Z?Ab^a^ue^anSCipti°n Wmi(t)-for STBLE is on]y a suggestion, cf. rvAKrvAMlo A4b, §6.
worn, 'well' sanawi-, 'good'
usanuwa-, 'to bless'
i
Unlike present forms, the past tense of the verb as- 'to be' tends to be written.
134 Texts
^  Read the entire text and check whether you have understood it.
§1	EGO-wa/i-mi ru-wa/i-sa^UDEX-ni-sa Osa-	I was the ruler Ruwas,
	ka SGL-wa/i+raA-mi-sas	the Sun-God's offspring
§2	'NEPOS-ta-ha-wa/i-mu SOL-wa/i+ra/i-mi-	and my posterity (is) the
	sa8	Sun-God's offspring
§3	AQUJLA-wa/i-mu VEXJS-ni-i-zi (LITJUS)ó-	the gods loved my times,
	zata	
§4	wa/i-mu-ta (LlTUUS)á-z«-m;-«a COR-	and they put into me a
	tara/i-na a-ta tu-tá	beloved soul.
§6	wa/i-ta DOMINUS-na-za-' á-mi-ia-za	And I was dear' to my
	BCMUS-si-ia-za-ha	lords,
§7	\wa/i-mu LEPVS+ra/i-ia-la-ta	and they made me
		governor(?),
§8	DOMmVS-ni-ha-wa/i-mu DOMUS-w-i	and I was house-lord in
	DOMUS-ní(-)DOMLNfUS -ni-i-sa4 á-sá-ha	the lord's house.
§ 10	'.wa/i-ta á-mi-zi-i DOMINUS-w-zí \wa/i-su u	And 1 blessed my lords
	sa4-nú-wa/i-ha	well,
§11	OMNlS-ma-si-sa4-ha-wa/i-mi tá-ti-sa4 á-sas-	and I was every man's
	ha	father,
§12	a-wa/i OMNIS-mi sa-na-wa/i-sag CUM-ní i-	and I honoured the good
	zi-i-sa-ta-ha	for every man.
toss?
§ 15   \za-wa/i STELE lhu-li-sa4 11 PONERE-to Vh-wa/i-sas IERATER-/a-sas IINFANS-ni-sas
This stele Hulis, Ruwas's brother's child, placed.
ASSUR letters
135
5.12 ASSUR letters
On 12.7.1905, the excavations at Assur unearthed seven thin lead strips with Hieroglyphic writing, rolled up and buried together with an Old-Assyrian cuneiform tablet under the floor of a house. One assumes that the owner of the house interred these objects for their alleged magical properties. We know that lead was used as a writing material also in Kululu - economic documents in Hieroglyphic Luwian survive - and amongst other ancient peoples such as the Egyptians and Phoenicians. Lead, a by-product of silver mining and readily available in Anatolia, is a very pliable metal and can easily be impressed even with a finger nail. In contrast to the more frequent stone inscriptions which were crafted by a mason, the lead documents from Assur and Kululu are in fact the only surviving examples of hieroglyphic handwriting.
As in the case of the objects from Babylon, Assur is an unlikely provenance, one assumes the letters would have come there as booty. Internal evidence from the letters suggests Karkamis- as the place of origin. On epigraphic criteria the letters are dated late, namely to the 8th century BC.
The letters are correspondence between businessmen, containing demands for merchandise and reproaches for not sending it. Only two lead strips (e and/) of the excavated letters survive today, some excerpts from them are presented in the following. Naturally, one would not expect to find the same kind of normative literary language employed for royal inscriptions in personal correspondence, and indeed, the style and content differ from the stone inscriptions. An added difficulty is the lack of comparable material. Many words, and even some grammatical forms are without parallel and therefore difficult to understand. But the letters also contain much desired attestations of otherwise rare'forms, such as verbal forms of the second person.
letter e, as found
Edition: Hawkins, 2000,533-555.
136
Texts e, §§ 1-3:
"Say to Pihamis, Haranawizas speaks: Peace (be) with you! You are fallingin error(?) as regards writing!"
§1
id-sas-za asaza = 0 Say 2.sg.imp.
[\]pi-ha-mi
Pihami = i" to Pihamis d.sg
\hara/i-na-wa/i-za-sa-wa/i-'
Haranawiza = s = wa Haranawizas   n.sg.C qpt.
C'LOQUl"-')ha-ri+i-ti
hari = ti he speaks 3.sg.prs.
§ 2 [\]sa-pi-su+ra/i-wa/i-a-ti sapisur =0 = wa - ti health    n.sg.N qpt.   to you
§ 3   \u-sa-ta(-)mu-ti-sá-ha-wa/i-' \ha-tu+ra/i-' ustamu   = tis = ha = wa hat = ur = a
you fall in error(?) 2.sg.prs. and qpt. for writing v.noun d.sg.
asaza-, 'to say'
(LOQUI)ňaIi'-/7iar/-, 'to speak' pihami-, 'Pihamis' [PN] haranawiza-, 'Haranawizas' [Pří] sapisur-, 'health'
hatura-, 'letter' hat-, 'to write' ustamu-(1), 'fall in error(?)'
i®" The Assur letters frequently write space fillers smaller than the other hieroglyphs, see the name Haranawizas; compare also e, §§ 13-14.
«3* The verbal noun in -ur (here sapisur) supplies the cases of the infinitive, its forms appear to be neuter.
■s" The suggested analysis of an otherwise unexplained ustamutis(a) as 'falling in error, making a mistake' is based on parallel words occurring in Hittite and would make good sense in view of the following reproaches."
ASSUR letters e, §§ 4-6:
"(Are) we to write back ourselves? We (are) to write no letter You yourselves must write!"
137
§ 4   la-ZH -za-ha-wa/i-za \a-pi anzunza =ha = wa = arcza we n.pl.C and   qpt.   refl. back
\ha-tu-ra+a
hat = ur = a for writing v.noun d.sg.
§ 5 \wa/i-za
(a) = wa = anza and qpt. to us
!NEG2-' iSEL-i-ha na kwi — n = ha none a.sg.C indef.
\ha-tu+ra/i-na hatura = n a letter a.sg.C
\ha-tu-ra+a
hat = ur = a for writing v.noun d.sg.
§ 6   \wa/i-ma-za \u-zu -za
(a) = wa= manza unzunza and qpt. yourselves    you n.pl.C
\ha-tu-ra+a
hat = ur = a for writing v.noun d.sg.
\a-sa-ta-ni
as = tani you are 2.pl.prs.
a-zu -za, we api, 'back'
REL-i-ha = kwis-ha, 'someone'
NEG2 REL- -ha = na kwa/i- -ha, 'no one' -manza, 'yourselves' u-zu!-za, 'you'
"®" Note the rhetorical question of § 4.
■s- The value of the sign *432, zu1 has not been proven for the Iron Age but a
reading zu is established for the Empire period. »3" The verb as- 'to be' with the dative expresses an obligation.
37 Suggested by Neumann (pers.comm.).
138
Texts
ASSUR letters
139
§ 7 la-wa/i
e, §§ 12-14:
"Hear your kind of letter back! Do we need to write back? Or why did 1 make it, this letter of mine?"
,a-pi api
\u-zi-na
wiz(a) = i = n
and qpt.   back   your   mut. a.sg.C
IREL-i \ha-tu+ra/i-na
kwi     hatura - n indef.(?) letter a.sg.C
0-1
"And now let our lord's and our goods miss you in no way and may they not let us go nor cause me to die!"
§ 12 \u-nu-ha-wa/i-ma-za-ta
unun = ha - wa - manza = ta now    and   qpt.     you lpt.
\ni-i \ma-nu-ha ni manuha in no way
\AX}TW£,+Ml-ta-ra+a-nu *tuma(n)ti = ranu hear 2.pl.imp.
§ 8 \wa/i-za \d-pi (a) = wa = anza api and qpt. ourselves back
\a-zu?-za-ha anzunza = ha we n.pl.C and
\ha-tu+ra/i-' II
hat = ur — a for writing v.noun d.sg.
§9
ni-pa-wa/i-na nipa = wa — an or     qpt. it
\d-mu
amu
1
IREL-za kwanza why
\i-zi-ia-wa/i iziya = wi I make l.sg.prs.
\d-mi-na arn(a) = i = my mut.
n
a.sg.C
\za-na za = n this a.sg.C
\ha-tu+raJi-na hatura - n letter a.sg.C
unza/i-, 'your'
REL-za ~ kwanza{7) 'why'
«5* In main clauses, REL(-i) is occasionally used as an indefinite particle, is* l.pl.imp. -ranu rhotacised from -tanu.
\ARHA- C'COR")pa+ra/i-ra+a-ia arha      para - ia prev.   let it miss 3.sg.prs.
:DOMINUS-m-i = i
the lordly n.pl.N
\a-za-ia-ha-'. anza = aya = ha our    n.pl.N and
\sa-na-wa/i-ia sanawi = a goods n.pl.N
§13
\wa/i-za~' (a) = wa -and qpt.
anza us
ni not
\ARHA
arha
prev.
\("*69")sa-tu'     §14 \ni-pa-wa/i-mu !lARHA-
sa = ntu nipa = wa = mu arha
let go 3.pl.imp. or     qpt. me
IMORI-n«"'
*walanu - 0
let die 2.sg.imp.
ni manuha, 'in no way' arha para-, 'to miss, lack' anza/i- 'our'
arha sa-, 'to leave, let go'
arha MORI = *\valanu-, 'to cause to die'
"s" § 12: Neuter plural subjects may take a singular verb, cf. 4.1.
■s" The writing sa-tu' clearly identifies i as a space filler (note its small size in
wa/i-za- and in IMORI-hm"'); it cannot be part of the verbal ending -tu.
Though less frequent than *450 a, the sign *209 i occurs as a space filler
also in some other inscriptions, notably from Mara§.
140
Texts / §§ 11-13:
"TcT 0 I 0
JL
"Since you (are) to write by no means abandon us, nor cause me harm!"
§ 11 \wa/i-ri+i"
(a) = wa = ri
\ku-ma-na \ha-tu-ra+a
human hat = ur = a
and qpt. you since
for writing v.noun d.sg.
§ 12 [wa/i-za
(a) = wa = anza and qpt. us
\ni-i-' \ma-nu-ha ni manuha in no way
\ARHA-' l("*69")ra-fl' arha   sa ~ si prev. let go 2.sg.prs.
§ 13 ni-pa-wa/i-mu nipa = wa = mu
^G\LUJM'')hwi/a-pa-sa-nu hwapasa = nu = 0
or     qpt. me    cause harm caus. 2.sg.imp.
kuman, 'since'
(SlGTLLUMjhwapasanu-, 'cause harm'
•s" -ri is the rhotacised form of the enclitic reflexive personal pronoun -ti 'you'.
os1 If you compare the last two clauses with the closely parallel §§ 13-14 on the previous page, you will notice that a negative command may be expressed with either the imperative (e, § 13) or the indicative present (f, § 12). The use of the indicative is the more usual construction, the imperative occurs only in few, late examples.
ASSUR letters
^   Read the entire text and check whether you have understood it.
141
%>VvA
rfr&
e, §1	\d-sas-za [\]pi-ha-mi \hara/i-iia-wa/i-za-sa-	"Say to Pihamis,
	wa/i-' ("LOQUr-')ha-ri+i-ti	Haranawizas speaks:
§2	[}]sa-pi-su+ra/i-wa/i-a-ti	Peace (be) with you!
§3	\u-sa-ta-mu-ti-sa-ha-wa/i-' \ha-tu+ra/i-'	You are falling in error(?)
		as regards writing!
§4	\a-zu?-za-ha-wa/i-za \d-pi \ha-tu-ra+a	(Are) we to write back
		ourselves?
§5	\wa/i-za INEG2-' \BEL-i-ha lha-tu+ra/i-na	We (are) to write no
	lha-tu-ra+a	letter,
§6	\wa/i-ma-za [u-zu'-za \ha-tu-ra+a \a-sa-ta-	you yourselves must
	ni	write!
§7	\a-wa/i \d-pilu-zi-na IREL-f \ha-tmra/i-na	Hear your kind of letter
	\AXJDIRE+MI-ta-ra+a-nu	back!
§8	\wa/i-za \d-pi \a-zu?-za-ha \ha-tu+ra/i- 1!	Do we need to write
		back?
§9	ni-pa-wa/i-na \d-mu IREL-za U-zi-ia-wa/i	Or why did I make it, this
	\d-mi-na \za-na \ha-tu+ra/i-na	letter of mine?"
142
Texts
e, § 12  \u-nu-ha-wa/i-ma-za-ta \ni-i \ma-nu-ha \ARHA-' ("COK')pa+ra/ira+a-ia IDOMINUS-n/-/ \a-za-ia-ha-' \sa-na-wa/i-ia
§ 13 \wa/i-za[Ini-i \ARHA \("*69")satu' § 14 \ni-pa-wa/i-mu IIARHA- MORI-tju"''
"And now let our lord's and our goods miss you in no way,
and may they not let us go, nor cause me to die!"
/, § 11   \wa/i-ri+i' \ku-ma-na \ha-tu-ra+a "Since you (are) to write,
§ 12  Iwa/i-za \ni-i-' \ma-nu-ha \ARHA- 1("*69")    by no means abandon us, sa-si'
§ 13 ni-pa-wa/i-mu ("SlGTLLUM")hwi/a-pa-sa-   nor cause me harm!" nu
6 Vocabulary
a- [conj.], 'and' a(ya)- [v.], 'to make'
alalilunama- [noun, C, det. COR], 'envy, covetousness'
ala/i/unaza- [v., det. COR], 'to covet, desire'
ama/i-, amiya- [poss.pron.], 'my'
amiya-, s. ama/i-
amu [pers.pron.], T
-an [pers.pron.], 'him, her, it'
anan [prev./adv./postpos.+d., SUB-na-na], 'under'
anantarali- [adj., INFRA-tara/i-], 'lower'
*anat(i)- [noun, C], 'mother'
anta [prev./postpos.+d.], 'in, inside'
antan [prev.], 'in, into'
antatil(i)- [adj.], 'internal, inner'
anzali- [poss.pron.], 'our'
an-zu?-za [pers.pron.], 'we'
-anza [pers.pron.], 'we, us'
apa- [dem.pron.], 'that'
apan [conj., prev./postpos.+d., POST-naAni], 'behind, after; afterwards, in future'
apara/i- [adj., POST+ro/i'-], 'later' apari, s. apati apati [adv.], 'there' api [adv.], 'back'
apin [dem.pron., abl. of apa-], 'with/from that' ar- [v., log. "PES2"], 'to come' araiy(a)- [adj., det./log. LONGUS], 'long' arali- [noun, C], 'age' arapata [noun, N.(?)],'?' arawan(i)- [adj.], 'free'
arha [postpos.+abl./prev./adv.], 'forth, away; completely'
arhatil(i)- [adj.], 'outer'
arma- [noun, C], 'moon; month'
arut(i)- [noun, C, log. "*78"], 'wing, basket(?)'
as- [v.], 'to be'; anta as- (+d.) 'to be inside'; api as-, 'to be behind, remain' -as [encl.pers.pron.], 'he; she'
asa- [v., log. SOLiUM(+M7)L 'to sit; dwell'; anta asa-, 'to live in' asa- [noun., C, log. MENSA.SOLIUM], 'seat'
asaza- [v.], 'to speak, proclaim'; asazama/i- [part.], 'declared, pronounced'
2819