24.10 Code switching in its social contexts introduction • Bilingualism > active role in the kinds of structural di ff usion that lead to convergence of linguistic systems • Hows the performance of bilinguals who exploit the resources of the languages they command in various ways? • Bilinguals achieve this by alternating between their languages,, or by mixing them in di ff erent ways introduction • Bilingualism > active role in the kinds of structural di ff usion that lead to convergence of linguistic systems • Hows the performance of bilinguals who exploit the resources of the languages they command in various ways? • Bilinguals achieve this by alternating between their languages,, or by mixing them in di ff erent ways • AKA CODE SWITCHING SOCIOLINGUISTIC SITUATIONS IN CODE-SWITCHING • STABLE LONG-TERM SITUATIONS: SWITZERLAND, BELGIUM… SOCIOLINGUISTIC SITUATIONS IN CODE-SWITCHING • STABLE LONG-TERM SITUATIONS: SWITZERLAND, BELGIUM… • COLONIZATION INTRODUCING EUROPEAN LANGUAGES AS OFFICIAL VEHICLES OF ADMINISTRATION, EDUCATION AND PUBLIC ACTIVITIES: AFRICA, SOUTH EAST ASIA, CARIBBEAN AND SOUTH AMERICA SOCIOLINGUISTIC SITUATIONS IN CODE-SWITCHING • STABLE LONG-TERM SITUATIONS: SWITZERLAND, BELGIUM… • COLONIZATION INTRODUCING EUROPEAN LANGUAGES AS OFFICIAL VEHICLES OF ADMINISTRATION, EDUCATION AND PUBLIC ACTIVITIES: AFRICA, SOUTH EAST ASIA, CARIBBEAN AND SOUTH AMERICA • INCREASING FLOW OF IMMIGRANTS INTO MORE INDUSTRIALIZED NATIONS IN EUROPE, NORTH AMERICA, ETC SOCIOLINGUISTIC SITUATIONS IN CODE-SWITCHING • STABLE LONG-TERM SITUATIONS: SWITZERLAND, BELGIUM… • COLONIZATION INTRODUCING EUROPEAN LANGUAGES AS OFFICIAL VEHICLES OF ADMINISTRATION, EDUCATION AND PUBLIC ACTIVITIES: AFRICA, SOUTH EAST ASIA, CARIBBEAN AND SOUTH AMERICA • INCREASING FLOW OF IMMIGRANTS INTO MORE INDUSTRIALIZED NATIONS IN EUROPE, NORTH AMERICA, ETC • SITUATIONS IN WHICH SPEAKERS OF NON-STANDARD DIALECTS ARE REQUIRED TO LEARN THE STANDARD VARIETY OF THEIR LANGUAGE FOR PURPOSES OF EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL ADVANCEMENT >>>>> BI-DIALECTALISM • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jguyvVsmnLY • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bo3hRq2RnNI code-switching Exolingual and Endolingual • Relevant sociolinguistic situations can be categorised in terms of two interdependent distinctions: EXOLINGUAL AND ENDOLINGUAL code-switching Exolingual and Endolingual • Relevant sociolinguistic situations can be categorised in terms of two interdependent distinctions: EXOLINGUAL AND ENDOLINGUAL • EXOLINGUAL interaction involves speakers of di ff erent languages • ENDOLINGUAL interaction involves speakers with the same language background code-switching Exolingual and Endolingual • Relevant sociolinguistic situations can be categorised in terms of two interdependent distinctions: EXOLINGUAL AND ENDOLINGUAL • EXOLINGUAL interaction involves speakers of di ff erent languages • ENDOLINGUAL interaction involves speakers with the same language background • Either type may involve BILINGUALISM or UNILINGUALISM code-switching Exolingual and Endolingual BILINGUAL UNILINGUAL EXOLINGUAL Interaction among speakers with di ff erent languages Interaction between native and non-native speakers of the same language ENDOLINGUAL Interaction among bilinguals Interaction among monolinguals Defining code switching • “The alternate use of two or more language in the same utterance or conversation” Defining code switching • “The alternate use of two or more language in the same utterance or conversation” • DRAMA! Researchers dont agree on precisely what kinds of alternation should be included under the designation “code-switching” • Scholars would exclude the use of di ff erent languages in di ff erent situations or activities • Some researchers also exclude cases involving “non-contiguous stretches of talk, for example, one occurring at the beginning, other at the end of the conversation” Defining code switching • BASICALLY, CODE SWITCHING IS TAKEN AS REFERRING ONLY TO THOSE CASES WHERE BILINGUAL SPEAKERS ALTERNATE BETWEEN CODES WITHIN THE SAME SPEECH EVENT, SWITCH CODES WITHIN A SINGLE TURN OR MIX ELEMENTS FROM TWO CODES WITHIN THE SAME UTTERANCE Defining code switching • BASICALLY, CODE SWITCHING IS TAKEN AS REFERRING ONLY TO THOSE CASES WHERE BILINGUAL SPEAKERS ALTERNATE BETWEEN CODES WITHIN THE SAME SPEECH EVENT, SWITCH CODES WITHIN A SINGLE TURN OR MIX ELEMENTS FROM TWO CODES WITHIN THE SAME UTTERANCE • AUER (1995): Four patterns of code switching Patterns of code switching PATTERN 1: switches from code 1 to code 2 • These types of switching often mark a shift in topic, role-relationship or activity. Auer refers to this pattern as “discourse-related” code-switching or “conversational” code-switching. Patterns of code switching PATTERN 1: switches from code 1 to code 2 • EXAMPLE: bus conductor switches from Swahili to English in an exchange with a passenger • Conductor: Umelipa nauli ya basi? (Have you paid the bus fare?) • Passenger: … • Conductor: where are you going? • Passenger: Na fi ka Jerusalem (im going to Jerusalem [housing state]) • Conductor: You must always say clearly and loudly where you are going to alight, ok? Patterns of code switching PATTERN 1: switches from code 1 to code 2 • EXAMPLE: a market-vendor and a customer alternate between Swahili and English as they negotiate prices • Vendor: Habari, mhewshimwa. Have some vegetables (Hello, respected sir…) • Customer: Mboga gani? Nipe kabeji hizi. How much is that? (Which vegetables?. Give me these cabbages…) • Vendor: Five shillings only • Customer: Thats too much. Sina pesa. (… I dont have much money) Patterns of code switching PATTERN 2: negotiation of language of interaction • Participants switch from one code to another until consensus is reached on the medium of exchange • Mother: Finished homework? • Son: … (no response) • Mother: Steve, yiu mo wan sue? (Steve, do you want to review your lesson?) • Son: (1.5 secs) Ive fi nished Patterns of code switching PATTERN 3: no single language can be identi fi ed as the base language • Referred to as “unmarked choice” and used to express “strategic ambiguity” or a strategy of neutrality. • Speaker may switch from sentence to sentence leaving language choice open • Interviewer: Unapenda kufanya kazi yako lini? Mchana au usiku? (When do you like to do your work, days or nights?) • Nurse: As I told you, I like my job. Sina ubaguzi wo wote kuhusu wakati ninapofanya kazi. I enjoy working either during the day au usiku note ni sawa kwangu. Hata family members wangu wamezoea mtindo huu. There is no quarrel at all. Obubi bubulaho. ([…] I have no di ffi culty at all regarding when I do work. […] or at night. […] there is no badness) Patterns of code switching PATTERN 3: no single language can be identi fi ed as the base language • There was a guy, you know, que he se montó. He started playing with congas, you know, and se montó and empezó a brincar and all that shit. ([…] that he got up […] got up and started to jump […]) • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ez5F2PSUDyg • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgWQoZz6nEk Patterns of code switching PATTERN 4: momentary switches • The kind of alteration is referred to as intraententian, or more accurately, intraclause code-switching. • It produces utterances which have most of their lexicon as well as morphosntanctic apparatus from one language, referred to as the matrix language, with insertion of single words or phrases from the other languages, referred to as the embedded language. • BASICALLY: Mixed constituents in the sentence. English stem “decide” with French su ffi xes “-er”: DECIDE > DECIDER Canadian French) SOCIAL MOTIVATIONS FOR CODE SWITCHING • Sociology of Language, Linguistic Anthropology and Social Psychology of Language Choice have contributed to our understanding of social motivations for code switching, and their insights complement one another in providing a comprehensive picture how macro-level societal norms interact with micro-level factors to constrain the linguistic behaviour of bilinguals. • SOCIOLOGY OF LANGUAGE: provides insight on how macro-level social institutions and group relationships in fl uence patterns of code switching. • ANTHROPOLOGY investigates how micro-level interpersonal relationships, participant foals and types of interaction a ff ects behaviour in speci fi c encounters • SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, communication accommodation theory sheds light on how attitudes and groups consciousness in fl uence individuals to accommodate to one another through linguistic compromises. SOCIAL MOTIVATIONS FOR CODE SWITCHING • Sociolinguistic Domains: contexts of interaction into which social life is organised and which in fl uence the language of interaction • Family • Work • Religion • Friendship • Education • … SOCIAL MOTIVATIONS FOR CODE SWITCHING • Sociolinguistic Domains: contexts of interaction into which social life is organised and which in fl uence the language of interaction • Family • Work • Religion • Friendship • Education • … Such domains are associated with speci fi c language varieties which are seen as appropriate for a particular interaction. Domains are “institutional contexts and their congruent behavioural co- occurrences” SOCIAL MOTIVATIONS FOR CODE SWITCHING • Selected domains of language choice among NYC Puerto Ricans. (Green fi eld and Fishman 1968) • DOMAIN ROLE RELATIONSHIP PLACE TOPIC LANGUAGE FAMILY PARENT/CHILD HOME FAMILY MATTERS SPANISH WORK EMPLOYER/ EMPLOYEE WORKPLACE JOB PERFORMANCE ENGLISH EDUCATION TEACHER / STUDENT SCHOOL HOMEWORK ENGLISH SOCIAL MOTIVATIONS FOR CODE SWITCHING • Selected domains of language choice among NYC Puerto Ricans. (Green fi eld and Fishman 1968) • DOMAIN ROLE RELATIONSHIP PLACE TOPIC LANGUAGE FAMILY PARENT/CHILD HOME FAMILY MATTERS SPANISH WORK EMPLOYER/ EMPLOYEE WORKPLACE JOB PERFORMANCE ENGLISH EDUCATION TEACHER / STUDENT SCHOOL HOMEWORK ENGLISH Components do not always correspond so neatly to the con fi guration shown on the table SOCIAL MOTIVATIONS FOR CODE SWITCHING • Discussion of a work-related topic in the home setting may lead to con fl icting language choice, as do other mismatches among the components of a domain. In such cases, the neat compartmentalization of language choice by domain often breaks down, leading to code switching proper DIGLOSSIA • Diglossia > In diglossic communities, one of the varieties, designated the HIGH language, is employed in more o ffi cial, public cdomains such as government, education, literature, etc., while the LOW language is used in more private and informal domains such as the family, friendship, neighbourhood. >>>>> two related language varieties DIGLOSSIA • EXAMPLE: KELLER’S (1982) ACCOUNT OF LANGUAGE USE IN GERMANSPEAKING SWITZERLAND, WHERE THE DIGLOSSIA IS STABLE AND EVERYONE IS AWARE OF ITS EXISTENCE. • H: Sie konnten jenes Häuschen dort drüben nicht kaufen. Es war ihnen zu teuer. (they can (past) that house (dimin.) over there not buy. It be (past) forthem too expensive) • L: Si händ säb Hüüsli deet äne nid chöne chau ff e. S isch ene z tüür gsy (they have that house (dim.) over there not can buy. It is for-them too expensive be) CODE SWITHING AS ACCOMMODATION • Exclusive use of a language may signal commitment to national identity, while the use of another language may indicate resistance to national identity. • CANADA: ENGLISH/FRENCH > The use of French in Québec may signal commitment to Quebec national identity, while the use of English may indicate resistance to that nationalism. • Such choices may simply be due to monolingualism. • Inter-ethnic interactions can proceed only when interlocutors have determined each other’s ethnic a ffi liation, language ability and language preference, and particularly the values they associate with di ff erent language choices. CODE SWITHING AS ACCOMMODATION • EXAMPLE > CANADA • MAN: could you tell me where the French test is? • RECEPTIONIST (IN FRENCH): pardon? • MAN: could you tell me where the French test is? • RECEPTIONIST: en français? • MAN: I have the right to be addressed in English by the government of Quebec • RECEPTIONIST: Qu’est-ce qui’l dit? CODE SWITHING AS ACCOMMODATION • In other cases, speakers continually switch languages until some consensus on one or the other is reached, as in the following example: • CLERK: central booking, may I help you? • PATIENT: oui, allo? • CLERK: bureau de rendez-vous, est-ce que je peux cous aider? • […] ALTERNATION FRENCH-ENGLISH • PATIENT: êtes-vous français ou anglaise? • CLERK: n’importe j’suis ni l’une ni l’autre • PATIENT: mais… • CLERK: ç ne fait rien CODE SWITHING AS ACCOMMODATION • Code switching becomes a strategy of neutrality by which speakers avoid committing themselves to a distinct ethnic identity, choosing a middle path instead. • Situation in Quebec represents one way in which code alteration is linked to social processes and interactions between groups, and becomes a means of expressing relationships of power or solidarity. CONCLUSION • TENDENCY TO RESTRICT THE DEFINITION OF CODE SWITCHING ONLY TO THOSE KINDS OF LANGUAGE MIXTURE PRACTISED BY SKILLED BILINGUALS. HENCE THOSE KINDS OF MIXING THAT CHARACTERIZE THE INTERLANGUAGE OF LEARNERS ACQUIRING A SECOND LANGUAGE TEND TO BE TREATED AS DISTINCT PHENOMENA. • Code switching is a continuum of language behaviors, and there are no sharp boundaries between it and other kinds of language mixture • This kind of language performance is a refl ection of the way speakers perceive their social identities and relationships to one another, in the broader context of their community’s social structure • Code switching can often be an act of identity by which speakers locate themselves in social space and in relation to their interlocutors • It is the interplay between social and structural factors that determines the actual types of code switching practised by individuals and groups. • THE ROLE THAT STRUCTURAL FACTOS PLAY IS SUBJECT OF THE FOLLOWING LESSON