31.10 BILINGUAL MIXED LANGUAGES INTRODUCTION • Previously -> bilingual mixture -> two languages involved are maintained -> not a distinct language • Code-switching • Today -> bilingual mixture results in a new and autonomous creation -> BILINGUAL MIXED LANGUAGE INTRODUCTION • New mixed languages arise in situations of ongoing or complete language shift, though they do not emerge at the same stage of the shift process -> di ff erences in nature and degree of mixture found in them • Code-mixing patterns tend to develop in a certain order • Simple insertions > more complex insertions > alternations > insertions in the other direction CLASSIFICATION ON MIXED LANGUAGES • BAKKER (1994): two categories according to socio-historical criteria: social settings and circumstances in which they arose • Cat. 1: languages created by settled ex-nomadic groups who need a secret language for communication among themselves >>>>> normally lexicon of the original ethnic languages and grammatical system of the “host language” • Anglo-Romani, Caló, Callahuaya, Krekonika • Cat. 2: languages which arise in mixed households involving men speaking language A, who “invade” the territory of language B and Marry local woomen • Michif, Island Carib, Chindo CLASSIFICATION ON MIXED LANGUAGES EXAMPLE SOCIO-HISTORICAL CHARACTERISTICS SOCIO-HISTORICAL CHARACTERISTICS CATEGORY 1 ANGLO-ROMANI, CALÓ, CALLAHUAYA, MA’A, ETC. CREATED BY EX-NOMADIC GROUPS WHO NEED A SECRET LANGUAGE L2 PROVIDES GRAMMAR. L1 PROVIDES LEXICON CATEGORY 2 MICHIF, ISLAND CARIB, CHINDO, PETJO, JAVINDO, ILWANA, ETC. ARISE IN MIXED HOUSEHOLDS WITH IMMIGRANT MEN AND LOCAL WOMEN GRAMMAR DERIVED FROM MOTHERS’ LANGUAGE AND LEXICON FROM FATHER’S CLASSIFICATION ON MIXED LANGUAGES EXAMPLE SOCIO-HISTORICAL CHARACTERISTICS SOCIO- HISTORICAL CHARACTERISTIC S CATEGORY 1 ANGLO-ROMANI, CALÓ, CALLAHUAYA, MA’A, ETC. CREATED BY EXNOMADIC GROUPS WHO NEED A SECRET LANGUAGE L2 PROVIDES GRAMMAR. L1 PROVIDES LEXICON CATEGORY 2 MICHIF, ISLAND CARIB, CHINDO, PETJO, JAVINDO, ILWANA, ETC. ARISE IN MIXED HOUSEHOLDS WITH IMMIGRANT MEN AND LOCAL WOMEN GRAMMAR DERIVED FROM MOTHERS’ LANGUAGE AND LEXICON FROM ALL OF THIS IS VERY DEBATABLE EXAMPLE 1: MEDIA LENGUA • Blend of Quechua grammatical structure and Spanish-derived lexical forms that make up about 90% of the vocabulary. • Spoken in several small towns or village communities in the central Ecuador highlands. • In-group language among craftsmen and construction workers, particularly among younger men who work near the capital Quito. • RELEVANT GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF MEDIA LENGUA > Salcedo (Cotopaxi) and Pijal (Guayas) EXAMPLE 1: MEDIA LENGUA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wUyJ_Mqh5IU EXAMPLE 1: MEDIA LENGUA • These villages are situation geographically and geographically between the world of the urban centres in the Valley and the India world of the mountain slopes • Spanish -> Communication with non-Indian world • Quechua -> Quechua speaking mountain communities • M.L. -> Everyday interaction between villages EXAMPLE 1: MEDIA LENGUA • The language appears to have come into being between 1920 and 1940 • Acculturated Indians could not identify completely with either Spanish or Quechua, hence they created Media Lenguas as a mean of expressing their separate group identity. • Contact between Quechua and Spanish led to mutual lexical borrowing and structural changes • However, M.L. is neither Quechua with heavy Spanish borrowing, nor Spanish with Quechua substratum • The language is unintelligible to speakers of either of its source languages EXAMPLE 1: MEDIA LENGUA (1) a.      ML         Unu fabur-ta      pidi-nga-bu     bini-xu-ni.                               one  favor-ACC  ask-NOM-BEN  come-PROG-1sg.                               "I come to ask a favor." "I come to ask a favor."         b.       Q           Shuk fabur-ta  maña-nga-bu  shamu-xu-ni                               one  favor-ACC  ask-NOM-BEN  come-PROG-1sg         c.      Sp.          Vengo para pedir un favor.                               I-come for ask-INF a favor. EXAMPLE 1: MEDIA LENGUA 2)   a.      ML         No   sabi-ni-chu        Xwan  bini-shka-da                               NEG know-1sg-NEG  John    come-NOM-ACC                               "I don't know that Juan has come"         b.      Q.           Mana yacha-ni-chu    Xwan   shamu-shka-da.                               NEG know-1sg-NEG   John    come-NOM-ACC         c.      Sp.          No   sé         que  Juan ha  venido.                               NEG I-know that  John has come. EXAMPLE 1: MEDIA LENGUA • M.L. > incorporation of Spanish phonological shapes into a Quechua morphosyntactic framE SPANISH QUECHUA EXAMPLE E I DECIR > DIZI O U PODER > PUDI IE I BIEN > BIN SIETE > SITI EXAMPLE 1: MEDIA LENGUA • M.L. > incorporation of Spanish phonological shapes into a Quechua morphosyntactic frame • Pronouns Person Quechua Spanish Media Lengua English 1 sg Ñuka Yo/Me/Mi Ami I / Me 2 sg Kan Vos (tú) Bos You 3 sg Pay Él El He/She 1 pl Ñukunchi Nosotros Nustru We 2 pl Kan-guna Ustedes (vostedes) Bos-kuna You 3 pl Pay-guna Ellos El-kuna They EXAMPLE 2: MICHIF • 19th century as a result of contact between French-speaking European men and Indian Women in the Red River area (Winnipeg, Manitoba) • Colonisation of Canada in the 17th century by the Brits. • Trading posts on the Hudson Bay made contact between Europeans and Indians to increase. • 1784 North-West Company founded. Employees were French speakers who worked as guides and traders. EXAMPLE 2: MICHIF • 19th century as a result of contact between French-speaking European men and Indian Women in the Red River area (Winnipeg, Manitoba) • Colonisation of Canada in the 17th century by the Brits. • Trading posts on the Hudson Bay made contact between Europeans and Indians to increase. • 1784 North-West Company founded. Employees were French speakers who worked as guides and traders. Prolonged contact with natives >>>>?? • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HFUGfkRQ4RE EXAMPLE 2: MICHIF • Michif arose as an expression of the separate identity of the Métis • Cohabitation between groups of men and women speaking di ff erent language have produced similar bilingual mixture that serve as the language of the descendants • Examples: Krojos (Javanese mother, Dutch father), Griekwas (Khoekhoes mother, Afrikaans father) • The creation of Michif seems to have been brought about especially by the coming together of Métis who traveled west from Manitoba to engage in bison hunting after 1821 EXAMPLE 2: MICHIF • Source languages > Métis French and Plains Cree • From French > 90% of nouns and structure • From Plains Cree > Verbal system and grammatical categories e:gwanêgi  li: sava:z     ki:pa:∫amwak  la vyâd          they           the Indians  dried               the meat            la vjâd    Orêja:l,  la vjâdi     ∫ovrø, tut  ki:pa:∫amwak          the meat moose, the meat-of deer,   all they-dried it.            da: dibc&ca:k  ki:a:∫ta:wak  mana          in   little-bags  they-put-it  usually            “These Indians dried the meat. Moose meat, deer meat, they dried it all.          They used to put it in little bags.” CONVERGENCE AND INNOVATION IN MICHIF • MICHIF > not a blend of French with Cree. Both components have been subject to varying degrees of modi fi cation, as we would expect in a language contact situation. • French (and a few English) verb stems have been incorporated and adapted to Cree verb morphology, while a few French verbs are conjugated as in French • Michif also employ French nouns or adjectives to create property-denoting stative verbs (/w/) or transitive verbs (/ihke/) EXAMPLE 3: MA’A • USAMBARA MOUNTAINS IN NORTHERN TANZANIA • GROUPS WHO MIGRATED TO THE REGION SEVERAL HUNDRED YEARS AGO • ALMOST ALL OF ITS GRAMAR IS BANTU. HALF OF ITS LEXICON COMES SOUTHERN SUHITIC. THE REST IS DRAWN FROM BANTU LANGUAGES EXAMPLE 3: MA’A • Oral tradition has it that the Mbugu were originally from Lukipya (nowadays in Kenya) • To escape harassment > Migration to Usambara mountains > Adoption of Pare (language of the area) • Ma’a minority with the Mbugu > resisted assimilation for longer and developed a mixed language as a sign of their resistance and autonomy. • Language is incomprehensible by their neighbours. • https://apics-online.info/surveys/62