1. THE ATOM QUIZ 1. The smallest particle of an element to still be that element is the atom proton molecule 2. This is a substance made up of only one kind of atom. mixture compound element 3. The center of the atom that contains the proton and neutron is the shell nucleus orbit 4. Changing the number of neutrons of an atom changes its: isotope ion charge 5. Which two particles would be attracted to each other? electrons and neutrons electrons and protons all particles are attracted to each other 6. The neutron has this sort of charge. negative alternates positive and then negative no charge 7. Most of the mass of an atom is in the nucleus. True False 8. The total number of protons in the atom is its atomic weight atomic energy atomic number 9. The sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom is its atomic weight atomic energy atomic number 10. The part of the atom that orbits the nucleus is the proton neutron electron 11. The chemical combination of two or more atoms in fixed amounts is called a mixture orbit compound 12. The smallest part of a compound that still is that compound is a mixture molecule nucleus 13. When atoms share electrons it is called a chemical bond radiationcurrent 14. Atoms with an electrical charge due to giving up or taking on more electrons are called ions solutions isotopes 2. BONDING Listening: Available at http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp02/02020.html Click on ANIMATION - NARRATED A. Covalent Bonds 1) Watch the animation and answer the question: What is the most versatile element on Earth and why? 2) Listen again and fill in the gaps: A covalent bond ___________when two atoms share electrons. In the case of two hydrogen atoms, each ____________its single electron with the other. This sharing allows each to fill its electron shell with two electrons. The pair of shared electrons __________a covalent single bond. Let´s now _____________ oxygen, an atom with eight electrons. Two electrons fill the innermost shell, and the other six electrons __________ in the next shell. This outer shell needs two more electrons to ___________ it (the octet rule). Two oxygen atoms form a covalent double bond by sharing two electron pairs from their outer shells. Carbon is perhaps the most versatile element on Earth, in large part because it contains only four electrons in a shell that can __________eight. To fill its outer shell, carbon forms four covalent bonds with up to four other atoms. In a molecule of __________, carbon shares electrons with hydrogen atoms, forming four covalent single bonds. Although this molecule is _____________ simple, carbon often forms the backbone of large, complex molecules. With each carbon atom able to bond to four other atoms, _____________ molecules are incredibly diverse. Triple bonds are ___________, but nitrogen gas molecules (the most ____________molecule in the air we breathe) form triple bonds. The two nitrogen atoms share three pairs of electrons, allowing each to have eight electrons in its outermost ________________. B. Ionic Bonds 1) Listen to the recording and note down the key expressions. 2) Try to reconstruct the information. 3. THE ARTICLE Fastest View of Molecular Motion A. Vocabulary I – Revision There is a list of expressions from the text that you are supposed to be familiar with. Revise that vocabulary and make sure that you really know what the expressions mean. motion (n) observation (n) state (n) release (v) x-ray (n) effect (n) behave (v) involve (v) researcher (n) equal (v) B. Vocabulary II – New Expressions Can you explain the following expressions? Ask your colleague if you are in doubt. rely on (v) timescale (n) devise (v) essence (n) provide (v) rip away (v) encode (v) burst (n) devise (v) pulse (n) draw back (v) underpin (v) stringent (adj) accuracy (n) insight (n) fire (v) Reading activities A. Scanning Read the text quickly and try to answer the following question: 1. What was the timescale that the researchers watched molecules on? 2. What molecules and/or what parts of molecules did they observe? B. Comprehension I: Read the text again and answer the questions below: 1. What material did the researchers use when they were trying to observe motion in a molecule? 2. What instrument was used at the experiment? 3. In the experiment – where exactly did the researchers find the information about the motion of protons in a molecule? C. Comprehension II: Re-read the text and make questions for the following answers. 1. In the journal Science. 2. Within x-rays released after re-collision. 3. It will help scientists understand how molecules behave in chemical processes. 4. Quantum computing. D. Vocabulary Building Give the English equivalents of the following Czech expressions: 1. provádět pozorování 2. vynalézt novou techniku 3. uvolnit rentgenové paprsky 4. účinek na pohyb protonů v molekule 5. řízení chemických reakcí 6. provádět testování 7. jedna atosekunda se rovná miliardtině miliardtiny sekundy 8. pochopit podstatu 9. excitovaný stav Post-reading Activities A. Description Give a brief description of the experiment. B. Hunt for Info Try and find the English expressions for the following (The definitions follow U.S. usage in which a billion is a thousand million and a trillion is a 1 followed by 12 zeros.): one thousandth of a second one millionth of a second one billionth of a second one trillionth of a second one millionth of a nanosecond C. Translation Translate the underlined sections of the text below. Remember, this is not to be word-for-word translation. Fastest view of molecular motion Scientists have made the fastest ever The electron is then drawn back to the molecule, and observations of motion in a molecule. when it collides a very short burst of x-rays is released. They "watched" parts of a molecule moving on an attosecond timescale - "That has encoded information within it about the where one attosecond equals one state of the molecule at the point of re-collision, billion-billionth of a second. and can give us information about the motion of the protons in this molecule," Dr Tisch told the BBC News The researchers say the study gives a website. new in-depth understanding of chemical processes and could be used The process is ultra-fast, and the team was able to in future technologies such as observe the effect the laser had on motion in the quantum computing. molecules with an accuracy of 100 attoseconds - the fastest ever recorded. The study, which relies on short pulses of light from a specially The team said being able to see detailed molecular built laser, was published in the motion would help scientists understand how molecules journal Science. behaved in chemical processes, thus providing possibilities for controlling molecules. "Understanding how something changes in time means really understanding "Control of this kind underpins future technologies, its essence, and we are now looking such as control of chemical reactions, quantum at changes on a very, very fast computing and high brightness x-ray light sources for timescale," said team member Dr John material processing," said Professor Jon Marangos, Tisch, of Imperial College London, another Imperial College author on the Science paper. UK. "We now have a much clearer insight into what is Ultra-fast process happening within molecules and this allows us to carry out more stringent testing of theories of molecular The researchers devised a new structure and motion." technique to "see" the motion of protons, one of the building blocks Article of an atom, in molecules of hydrogen ©http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4766842.stm and methane. The technique involves firing a very short but intense laser pulse at a molecule, which rips an electron away, leaving the molecule in an excited ionised state. HW: Articles - Členy The definite article: the člen určitý: the (lze přeložit ten, ta, to) – se používá: 1. mluvíme-li o někom/něčem opakovaně (bylo zmíněno už dříve) Once upon a time there was a king. And the king had three daughters. 2. je-li něco dále blíže určeno the force of gravity, the man that we saw yesterday 3. je-li podstatné jméno určeno konkrétní situací Give me the book, please. 4. označení osoby nebo věci jediné svého druhu the Sun, the Earth, the Queen 5. u zpodstatnělých přídavných jmen označujících celou třídu the young (mladí lidé), the English (Angličané) 6. ve 3.stupni přídavných jmen k označení nejvyšší míry vlastnosti the most interesting 7. u řadových číslovek the first place 8. před názvy řek, moří, pohoří, novin, organizací, hudebních nástrojů the Thames, the Pacific Ocean, the Guardian, the European Union, the piano The indefinite article: a / an člen neurčitý a / an (lze přeložit nějaký, jeden) se používá: 1. mluvíme-li o něčem poprvé I have a new book. 2. s názvy povolání, národnosti, politického přesvědčení, návyku (jeden svého druhu) He is a doctor / a Buddhist / a socialist / a smoker 3. ve spojeních a few, a little (málo) … as a child (jako dítě)… six times a week (sedmkrát za týden)… half an hour (půl hodiny) such an idiot (takový idiot) … quite a shock (docela šok) Zero article „nulový člen“ - žádný člen se nepoužívá: 1. v množném čísle podstatných jmen počitatelných, která by v jednotném čísle měla člen neurčitý I have a new book. I have new books. 2. v obecném významu - v množném čísle, před nepočitatelnými a abstraktními podstatnými jmény People are selfish. Give me some bread. Beauty is precious. 3. před většinou geografických názvů kromě řek, moří, pohoří, před jmény Prague, England (ale: the United Kingdom, the USA), Charles 4. u názvů dopravních prostředků s předložkou by by car, by bus Exercises: Fill in the gaps with the right articles (the – a/an – no article) 1. I want to buy ......... laptop computer next week. Can you please go to ........ grocery store on fifth street and buy 2 cartons of milk? Please meet me at the train station in ...... hour from now. …… President of the United States will be visiting …… Australia next week. "What do you do?" -- "I'm ……. teacher." He's from ……. USA. Have you read ……. book which I gave you last month? Susan works in …… London. "Did you lock …… door?" -- "Oh I forgot!" I usually go to school by ……. bike. Who was ……. first man on …… Moon? "Can I borrow your calculator?" -- "Sure, but …… display is broken." She's bought ……. new car. She drives a Mercedes now. I learned to play ……. piano when I was 10. …… British are well known for their humour. Who is ……. best actor in Hollywood? …… Dead Sea is full of minerals. 2. This is my …… friend Josh. He is from …… United Kingdom. He lives in …... house in …... Bristol. …… house is small but he has got …… large garden. He is …… [IMG]policeman and he likes …… job very much. He goes to …… work by …… car. It takes about half …… hour. He is married and has got …… three children. He is …… very happy man. 3. ..... atoms are considered to be …… basic units in …... science. At …… beginning of …… 20-th century it was thought that …… atoms were very much like …… planets orbiting …… Sun. That model suggested that …… particles with …… negative charge are moving around …… nucleus situated in …… centre. …... force of …… attraction between …… positive and …… negative electricity was thought to keep …… electrons in their orbits. …… new approach to .….. structure of …… atom was suggested by …… young physicist in 1913. …… scientist was …… Niels Bohr.