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dni 1Ů.1 ]] ]/j.2ŮŮfljCŮ50-]2^.]fl?5]j, The Airrhdr. Jemni si mmjiiJaTidn -E^ Oihci& SiliM Sjjijecj Mhuř. Per L.iindherg, Accerned 7 January
A possible role of social activity to explain differences in publication output among ecologists
lumás Grim
r. frhňw ínrrtáu.frirNÍftoyaf.czí ílcpr vt JJwíngy. Fii/jictý Utrti.. ir. St-otai/y      ťl£ 77.' ■ífi ("Jtarracx. <".flňr+ tfccn.biic.
r.l"iJk-jiinn (i.iinui if. The- srand aid hy váit.li scienTJfjc prdducrivňy if. evahiared. Oecjihe- a pkrhdra dt papers, on The isme- dt p.irJkjiidn and -.iiaiidn nuí.fi. nd smdy has. íjíi tar considered a pdsstde ettfti dt sddal atjJiJTJes on -i.iVJŇ.-giirin .11 "i .11. One o+ The- mcrtr +r^i.ieni fidal ac iieí. in The wrirld k lH rLnJd nř, akrihol. In lěj-mpe, mou a]■i.-ih■■ J li o-iíiiumad jí. "ver and, hased ují well known negaTJit ethrti*. at a J.ohoJ tonsujnjrr>:in íin on £ ni live jK-jtr,jjTiinr(-, | pjedicied nwair*? tfirreJjiianí herwecn heer cansdrnpTJfui and íí^-wjJ measures o+ it-ifnriuV perlo rnumce. Using a survey irom The í jwJi Reriiiil*:, Thar has The táiln.\ per can ha heer ■.nrt..irr.pdun rar in die world. I shdw tIht increasing per can ha heer cemsum pi idn if. assdcJaTed wifh Idwe-r n.irr.rwrf. dt papers, mni cřraTJons, and crraucdis per papej |a fjrrdpaTe measure dt papej c|.ialiiyl. In addition I to.md The same jiredjcjed Trends in cjompariíon of two separaTe geographic irras wřrhin The ť"sKdi RepAlic tíijt are alii known to differ in heer con;.jmpTion raTet. These cjorrelaTiíins are conikraiT wřrh Ťhe possitijliry tjht leisure Time iw.-iaJ jk" i Kil iff. rr.tlii ůrfl.ience The (].iaJiiy and cijamřry of ř.c ie nrirK work and may he pcirenTiaJ sources dt půlili ca lion and lŠhqůji biass.
Pu.r>Lc^TJcn .lUjooesH fj.e. rJie mirnrjer arxl urancn rare: cí .i-.Tenrihi-.   papers!   li a.  vadeJ^ .iiLmiiij-are  meijy- m
j-i.'itrLmíriTTi íhf tKci icajdernic pertytrmajK^ jt jJ] levek fr^inn i r.-l ivirlii j I .íi-ienri-w.1! to nirsinaJ jevjcvn idwev jjxI Blndburm 2(XH. [eimu ajxi EGuJckeva. JiK^i. Both pur>J i^T»n jjjJ. (^TiTJChn .ítiggíti -were prerviiku.Jy .Jiíkwn tí> r>= intliLeiriood riy vj-riery <tf fj/.Tíhr.i, lh■lJu-Jj říp .ttj.tjstjcjJ I ry: rjl.iij-Tj iti-ijxnt; <:r rtiiLlr.1;, number '.i ca-autlkari, L.tt rume cr ca-autrbtKri, rjj.rKiruJin.' jjkL .flenriti-:- fieJd té cmpury ÍKiívlJer jjílL femrdíhra Aňíll^, T/í^nza. AÍXll^, T-tuciu
my líTr.iv.d«lLť?= ri> .Trudy hi.'. t<h dj.Te irwtiT^j.Ted errerruJ fi-.TíHT; Jti.í TJ^Kdy (Xhnn«.Ted T<ř tKc piiLb-iirKin pre men jT»eJf e:.jí. .wí-iijJ jjkL rt-.rta.rK!ruJ acuvjues fcT. Fj^. 2 in LoTTJe et aJ. Í0Ú7>-
Ojk ívf The mírT Gíhrnrriítn .vtídjJ jí.tjvitjci in The wvirJd. i.i jJ lí: K:: I -.-'isrj.iiirnprKirj — cttj rnj.t»Í jj2 bilJKin pecpk ■wxnrJJ-wiJe vr±TUJTi■; aJ-iyikcL-:- Hevcra^ew™ fW-nrki HeaJck Orjajirrj-TJitn ^ťííM, p. 1}. In Eumpe, íhjr. i.i mímrh' in The riirm cr rjeer drinking ÍWítrJd HeaJrh Ojjuíitjon 2CKH, TaUe A\. I (Jukk tctt The effecT cr aJ-.eihíJ mhn^unnpTJChn í*n .loenrjfií: pertchrnnajvx necj.u.íe this hypínhe.u.í JcjjíLí tí> urj*:rLL KvhLuJ preíLií.tj<m.i. TTiJ.i \r. TiecjiLie Ít i.i vreU kncivn tJu.t a.Jukh(hlJc íLrink.i ne^a.rn,dy jjT»_t hiunjjj •-frgiiiuw lipa.tíh rit1: rhir aje :nn:jJ ri:r ajw pkwi-:-jJ a.rxL mervraJ pertíif majvx n<n Tíh .rpeaJt íkf .Tuch j. ■J.anjjj-Jin^ jíruvjíy is príi-iLiL-.irjj-: a. hJ^i ([luJiry science. ípesjfiíjJiy. jlÍlí:keIn"
hevera^erí, indudjn^ neer. impaar "nnernery. a.KírriiTiníJJ prcrjlem .r,:4\in?., ptir-.epnuJ axiaJy^i.1; jxrl .Tynrheu.i, .Tpeed. cí infy:rma.Tian pKKjemrr^, ajvl effloení.-y" [Pjj-mmh l^A, p. ^TTlus, hunnu-j o:^qjtjpi^t":nrmajjjc Jiljiis^ jj^cL aJfer (Lrinkin^ li deerea-^ed ar Lí.tt m The .diciT Term ax>l ctmtt; (if neer -:Ln nA: itjj: eiTend nsyíhnd The mere tj me spenr vflth. tJtjs jjcrjvjíy. ThJ.i dikes ry.vr .TpecifiíjJIy hviJd fiif íkrher rediea.TJ<inaJ ajcuvnjeK. MchresKver. p(irerjTjaJ efres-TS <trj Ecáenrtifjc preiditinviry cr crher .iiL-.h a^-m'inu, e.j. rncun rajn dimhinj íhr piidanj rniltJu■:khtir. iRšiil^Jr ec aJ. 2ÍXM1,
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,™jnpTJíhn lí pew nj^veJy j.mKjj.T«d wiTh deprfmve .TyrnpTcm.s iPaJrjj era.1. 2íXf7\ uxL deprcwKi-n. ~wrrh .Tymprc-nnarK: Jckm cť rn<irjva.TKhn1 adversely ajTes-ts v^trii príhliK-TiviTy (JiierwaxT ec aJ. 2rt0ii}. JVIíhreitver, í^KtperiTJverier is ctitjcjJ tíhr TUjí^eTífiiJ penvhrmjjvx in .Kjenoe fl.eimii jjjd KihriiJiev-j. JCX>^i! axxL aiieikcl wax .dic^vn rc .itj-:dirmxírJy dttirta-Tt ciKtperaTJvene.Tí wiThin ^Kups ÍHínpThjxKW et aJ. ÍÍW/}. Ak^Kh/iJ dr inkj nj aiiťh Jead.^ t<t wíiík jJierurjthn ifareennerj ml Cajunhejí^ l^íír- Thus. TkuJi .ihdfTTernn direo' IpkysicIc^kvaJ! axri Icr^ rerrn id-:Lirt-.r I pwihclcj/i-:aJ! dT*LT7i <tf aJ-:yJií!l tlíc are -weJJ Juííhvm Tíh decrea.íe rnenraJ and wvtrJíJr^1 pertíhrmariíE in jeneraJ. Here l predií.t The sajtie ne^aTJve etTer-ts in .i-Lienrirr:- pertřirrnajjce ltj paju-lilIij. The ■Cj.-xJi P.epur:J v., vrrrh rridi tk: naJ k The hJ^iesc crhn.siLmpTJChn <tf neer per -:apira in The wvtrJd ÍIÍĚ.^) litres per   yeaj;   Kitltj   Re-feajdh   [uttitiith   *.t   D ri r±kj rxr uxL
COMMENT
CJE1U Cůu piagmaňf jd jf' l m m mi :-Gi.i-n ewith. poiítraL jealiti' ? p.-S2G
i j::lt w.r ;h1 ]LispirLi^ÍLi3aJe ^bricgEi juiclcsr bJíron.1
r nnO t a adi-Bnces d>? ed axid axi encore sjjdabLbUrography as
nx:iLl,ii'. Suppartwa rally to deiťiid MaruK Stewaxdship CounciJ cerLtĚKBtLon p. 5 31
The lost correspondence of Francis Crick
Alexander Ciann jiid Ian Wltkowski unveil n^vly found letters between key players in the DNA story. Strained relationships and vivid personalities Leap off the pages.
In the auriTJier. of 1975, James "v^rtKui -wrote to Francis Crtck propoiliife tbaL pjmethlDS bepubllilied on Hie utory of the RNA.Tl« CUih an Lnfc-j nul gf'fip c-J" 1J mei nt^j j win ■ li j uLth^ .il -jliI PJ4i*l:irLdtilt Kfcnrtfc c ode. Crlct nHpaDltd. on 16 ]uJy: ^ALraoat alliny □v^n eBily corrpspoDdencewaE- ijnfortur^eLylJiJLTwa away wlLhout my ku0"w3z-iyp by an j-efflclttit sf crttll^J,.,' TTieT-'il'yi: oide Library lo L lid dun. ^hLzb a cqulit d th* hh I l-ulty of^Ilrt \z'b pidfe islum il fi ap hts trorohlm in :ij?i.fllsoqurtir Ihls parage in d warn Uiat:"RMeircb^ra
3h iMild II utt th Ht tbtTf11 :lj DM EOJTI *■ Li j E5 uf tflfry      nErtrjHJU dd n 11."
i". 1.1 u ii^ ■ 11 luv-1- itf teraspuiid>?iu;e"watneverthro"w□ out. but ■ — nil -Lm with Sydney BrejinarbpBpere. FAeod? rand Crick abanedin. oeSlceiD Cani bridge frcnn to 1S77. They Dioved off Lees :ui d b ull dl Dga ti ^veiril tlrne!. — froiii th ? Cav^Ddlih [j bra lory to the ■Tint' to the uefvf Medical Clea earth Council [MRC] L Bb oratory of IdoJeciilaj FJLology i.LfvlBj. jdJ r^L^^n c-lfl^ei wllbln Lhe l.f-LlJ ItJi
ii-<i Mupi i^Ui^ li in -m-hVH '. IIl kV   -il     - n1tl(-i>_-.- t^n_-i|    ■ i■ ■ -1 ■ ii i ii ■
fttai with. Erairier's pafitra. AUdem a is61 letter from Crick Lolrw-
eminent nhag? ^en(-tlc]a WkIhw SiybalEtl supports thla conjecture: ^ Do lo ryiye rue tornot SBptfin s e b ril£r to y Mirteltei of 15th. D «too- I bea:. but LL arrived atdrirl&ljnai Unie and got uxLiiBld a raoriy, Syiioey i BrerLrjer/spapen..'"
JiarlLerthd^^ai.wefoiLDdlheriilaslngcorr^onileri^^intb^papers I that B n?nK[" donated to the CoLd Spring WajbxLabocjtory Library z arcduVes. Trie eil en Five Crick rxiflt e r LlL nine archive booea of cut- § rtrepo n d*-£i ■: pb ot ccj: Hph t. rxi ate b nil p re pr Lni: s. repnntj. raetLng 3 prograni roes. Doteriindoewspapet cultlrigs. date fium l?50to IWd\, I ihebidknromtLi?Lnid-l^SJttotheJLiJd-lS60&.fTLecatalogue!a'lhe ^ ■ ■ i'i|f.-l-. I"-1 -.- ■■ ■_-1 1 -.-I I-.--: 11- "il h-iLyi-.n-iUU..-.--NlVr-nlVnil!"-
TbeJettei& of greatest Jntere^t unvefJei bene for the first ttrae. are those between -Cnc): sn d Mnnrii-^ V/Ukl n 3 when they were berth. aeBrcbingfrir ihe Btructure of DNA. They reveal teillngrdetaJlt of trie relations between the itvaJ parnes. a□ d.nj1-^ vtvldins]yhlJcrto the [>er-eoDslltlee Lrrwr/ed. There is also previously unknown cor lespo ndtnce to     !■--=■■ i j h>.-i key pl^^rs in the development of molecular biology.
_™ o- fp-rTU hep -><\ i n_v-i   i f.n_ftTrir_
+ K. Lee et al. in PLOS one 5
LETTER
Reliability of flipper-banded penguins as indicators of climate change
CiafceS»r»ixuaA+l Caine-Li-Bohec^1, JofiM Duraat1, Vincent A. Vlblanclj, HlcJwJ Qautfcfer-OfiK:* Darid bleaiuielj, Voung-Hjang Mi*. Nigd G. Voce or7, Wife C Stemeth^   Vron Le WaJm1 J
Ii 200 7, 11 if [ rUtri^k-ťrniiieriLaJ Pond u-n CiliinaL* ( Junge I l i j^J l lJjfJLLtHl4 n nrj4e.nL need L<h j.ise.1.1 Ure re-.|xi-n-.e-.'i-l marine tvni-.y. Lťin. Líh tl i nu Le ťhanijť1. netaiL-.e l Irey U* in -a JlíjjJl 1-aLi Hide rejfi'tn, Ulv SmiLJiem euKiy.Ttťim -art1 expetled líh Ihť -.im-nuk aJ lei." Led liy lJjiIhJ Lvaj-ininif U Jni^ Utp předa Hit-, :il ll:U I- i I ■ pi ■. i .li1-. iKvanE l-.ut.lL a-, |wn_L{u in a-, i nl*_Lj raLi ve LndkaLirr. mayJreJp i ■-íwk.^ Ul* iin|:hk.L. id tlůiiaLe tdmijfe 11-n marine tJUMy.vkíiiu**. Vel rfUHl a™ Halil*? i nNtrinaLiii-n *m pen^jniri poplila lim dvíumitii i. luieditn LlLetirnLmveriial u.\e hhI IJřpper Ihamlinoj. AJ Uui-iil; k iinnr repurL1. Jm'c kmrrd Ure «1 letLurl Mi pper Itarrd,-. Ut IredeleLerHi-u.'. ":<1 ■rihiire JuhrL Lenn Nhw i,tM r|- .itL*di*.i Juw u included 4»Lk«rw hev"11, r. -ilMÍ i:u ii. Mi. .:iilIíilil..I ku: :i I .\\ I:-.-.i:;Líil^ - .li^iLt ■■ .-.il:L Hlí iluk :A :!..!.. ■■:L\ Ulil1. .: U:.k:! Líh preditLcliinaLe unpaid ruLural popuia Lioru1 ^''v Eiere iue \Il4pv UlsL l*andinlj 4hI Ire* ranuinij klnij I-. i i i i ^ '., ,"i ■ i'.i.'.i: i u .■■ impair. IhUJl .'. urvk'aJ ami ripr:-:!i:_l í:t . illiii- I.I- II..1L1 I .'i ■■■"li" 1 I. i'"..i li'. . 1 1 -. I a I 1 ■. 1 I 1 .'il 1 . i 1 I .vtiidy. I-..i-:!;:! hir:!- pr :■ :!i:.i:! "i1 ■ I. 1 . Ik I -■ 1 . I- . 1 .nirvivaJ 1 ..li- lti% hnver than minkantled Im mL-.. de in't-nilraLinua ma.w rve kiru; renri i inpat'L n\ lund-Ln_l] umí Um . ivluLini; Uie, — — ■ 1 ■ | -1 i - ■ Ui l lii. - '-ill 1 llii 1 l.l-adapL hr Iteiruj lhanded*"11. Lmieed. I handed kird-. tlili arrived laLer Nit kreediru; aL Mre study -. i Lť ami Jud krrujf r liiraiji ni\ Lrip-, even alter líi yimL iwHfl nmrin-ahi-r IíihLíiuj-. t, Lli-aLrť.]>iin vť■ :■ I IJ i pp. 1 IkuhLhí i^n^uin-, Li» ^JiiruLevarí-alhiiiLy lUi-aL i-,, ■Lkajii^f. inmur Ikc L*nqo«raLu.ni and i n Ui* Sínu.Ui*rn O.^idaLinn Lndťi; di I l#r I nun Um-iť 4hl iMi-n Ihindťd IhirďL Wi1-I: ■■- ll- I -i h I - i .■ 1.11 1 ii ■-.-li i^aLhiřii-, muy jUhít-vantvaJiiiLiiin hhI Lit* iinpí/Lirl IJippťr ImntL. ami
III . ■■ .1 1 ii- i' i li l-a* iLÍvLirrv trail tan Ik a L L**_l**d, tal li nij in lih 4^_ujť.\ linn Uif luml inij -.ťlLťinť-. .'.1 il I ijiri m; ii-n. [ n addJ LiiNn, nnilt undjtr .landing *t\ Úiv ťlIťťLi *t\ í/LiinaLť fkaji^f 4in nuriiK ťtufiy-.tfin. Ihavťd ihn IJ ipp«r liand daLa -Jupidd Ih* rttNui-, kltrfd.
'["Iiťťf f«. 11 erf d un-il-f l-:ir>: ulí; (i il príinan' a iti iťai luii-in,- prxidiK. Hcpl ■pi Uif :li<i rl-illíI r-ii Í<kk1v«}e ma.y liein.l^ra.led.A.lJiij^Ler levels'*li-,ajijd llaií iin|:U tiítl i il ki |: k^-ťl |:r4-dil':i r: i lidi -L-i vť-xli Lrd. i "["li L: lin kral kia ;1 ki il;í; LUff re ti i n 1 tudyi n^; A. ilI-ip: I k iilJ mil ■ AjlI-ii^ I k. tip praiaki n i^esp«.-iiliy pen^uiiu, u'iudi it* maku ■LíiiLniicKT-: Niť viiíliťnL <.\tiiL txiiwílťini ís «fiLiitiw iitili<.aiíirf (ifťiLWíiiLinífiLl-iJ <. li-xiL^fť-s1 H [<i uiLdtnl-iiLd hxrw ^riiliiiih" in iniruLf rscurccs -iffťttí llieirdtrincK iinphy <rver lire timeiule <ií y<nn. liinnlliiLíiillí iiLvtilti-ihinu; ill viri-il ki il Ll li rťťduLi^ inttf-n iiid mn.- HitJ art- iLťtť-ríirv aiul require kiiLvltnn indivkliuJ in-:i ilíI-:pt     -il lit" |xipnLlki il icjJť
MxiíI (if ■: 1-u.r prsen.1 Jcrurvded^e <ktl Ure |:-: 11:-ui-3.1k■ ■ l dyiLiink-; iif |:-tiLi; llul-i Li hiHtd (ktl liri^f flipper ■ Iij.ilíÍLl^ -k. heme-: '['Ire Irev dd.vajil-a^eis 111-3.1 Innd-i <.iil lie ideiH ified fr<nn idii Ljjlce, -lVipduLV reca.plure flres.i fťinJie Hirds. In.the JíTCri, hťiwever.lujidj-wereťiHjerved. rKtlh Ll yy.i-.f-: and in. Ore wild, lír in jure nippa1 lisjues jevadv*, espeo-úJlv duTŮL^ I he ireiull AJllitiutdi imny resejj-Ji pr-:tgia. mrnej ixwisequenúy lli-BLi^ined lniidiiLij u a |:Ttv-iiilki il Ljl ihelile ]        inirikť liinduLi;
sJiemes sliD iiKiliniiod isee references in ref. 5\ t'el, as peiL#u.iiLS pínver llLeir .siviimnLLjj ejrdiisJveJy v.ntrL tKeir flippers .the re kas lieen. 11l iif: rt-l-i ulv ifier il-i Iki u.1 llrehydrcidy iiuini'i dr-iv el it-. 11111i in iv lit LiLdii'Ltd liy flipijer Inndi !kir fxampkr a 2ÍS- incraue in ike energy i-íBlaíswimmins; ul^.plive Adeliepenijiiiru*!i. [Jie■Lfnejliínv:astkai ■whether periifuins may umpensate krr jutik defectslů" and^vlidlrer lire Lin |Mt I <rf Ihpper lund-; ^.*:iuki lie Uinifcd in I Line AJUki nyji i I had híťiL assumed lhal lire ef fee. I ci f Dipper hands lasted Íípt a volt almost'1 iunfG the Vlrd jjiil used itr ihe hand}, the quesfkin remained líh he addressed in ihe UniR term. In III Li ai-niexl, malium-ierm jludies revealaJ. líKwer hrealirifl .iucr.-e.rn and .Turvi™! in. Adéhe pen^uinj* and a reduoed hreedinj; suooess in Icinj; penguins'". Hírwever, -JuBe pkineeriiL^ 6 iLduijpi did iki I re-rull in lliece-riiriťiiLíif íbl^iíilí; h-iiLduLV schemes. Whether <w rw rtflippsr hands have a delete rfc nLsimpai.1. in the i:iiL>; lenn is, n/i-nellieJess, a cruLiaJ issue, far "it raises prai.lk.aJ and liryer elhkai questions ahíulíxi-sls andhenefŤlsťif prínodures in field studies"'". In addilkiiL l-:i po-ssihJy harmiiL^ peiLV,uiiL p:ppulaťkhns ahs.dy under llir-sil !tucIi as penguins rehahUnaied afler <:iU spuls; ses referents i il reL 7}. lire potent jHv neplive ef fedj ci f handing :iiLdeic>: 1 jfTaphk: parameters may inlr:rduuea hias, v/hkihin turn in t;;lil |:-irdL'.f any illťinpl ixi-use dala tr-:m handed hirds ki as^s I lie un |M>: I erí 11 Lin-ile11 <m |xi pulal ki n di.nij.in k i and ki predict the future
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ARTICLE
. :10 10 3-HV ill area^T ia
Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia
David WelchIsJctoitf J7_ lieeiJ^.jVki^
Adrian W. nrlggs''1. UdoS.tejHeJ-1. t'JiJIJpL. K. tohnajd", LomJsiav MarJcJc-1. JcfliejM Good*, TiraHsMmiiiefl-BoMt1441, Can AJkair14', QLa-fiiikd KUI,|,J, iwapan MaLHck11-. H^ng LJfJ, Matthias M^ir1, tvan £. fcJdikir14', Mark Mon^lng1, Mi Ili I kl-diaids'    Aahra 'Lalansrt', Mkihad V . ilninkvsv'*, Anatoli I-1. u^'^lanJcaMl J-ian-Jacquis Hublln', Jaiwt Kdlsfl1, HojrtffomEry SJatkJjn* i 3-vante fe'aabor1
T^liiKT^NAc3rtj^tcdfmii]aflns:crboiictoiiiid In Den Isova Gave InsouthcriiSlbcrla. we have sequenced the gcnonjc of an
archaic lionilnlii to about 1.9-fold coverage. This ■ ■ ■.li-- ■.I■ ■_■ I is h -m a .-.i n|> Hi ii shares a . ......        n origin with
. 11 k 1. 1111 11-. Tli Is-population was not Involved In tit putative gene flow f ton] NcandcrtlTals Into Eurasians-; however, thedatasuggestthat It contributed ŕt-tj-'k of Its genetic material tolJicgeimiiKsofprcMnt-dayMdajicsiarft. We designate i Iď I ■ ■ i ■ ■ i i ■■ ■ i p -1 ■ 111 ill -n ■ = _■■■- --- and ■ n.'..-.. ■ i i li n It mi r- hi-, ii. .ii widespread In I i nui in.', i N . I n . I' I. i -1 -. . ■ ■. epoch. A tooth tou lid InDenhovaCa^earrlesamltoclioiidrlal jjenome liislily si nulartot hat of the finger bonc.ThlstooUi shares no derived morphological features with 'Neanderthals or modern Iranian*, furtlicr i ■ ■. I i. ■ i 11 ■■ i Dcnlsovans M r. . m .■■ -hni ii n ■- hlsto ry d IsU net Ii -in "Neanderthals and niodern liunians.
L .euz than. 2iII U .0 iJJ year ii^<:t anal.: wu kaJ ly ireitUrni Ii u-iniiLi flhilis, Iiu.icu.il-; ivilli skeletons similar ki ihci-se (rf prtr-seiil-cLlv Ii LnnaiL-ij appeared in Africa Al Mill biK.uv.'Jlu l-iltr *Yhem mfideril Iiunions appeared in liu.ra.-ni.(ilker ardioic." Innn ini il-i iwRrilrtridy prsenl in I'iiLiTL-ri-i I il L\ur-: rpe andv.ts 1sm Asia. iKiiriiiLiiL-idiH'uL^d.j.-iHt'-iiLiitfrlli-il-: en iii* liiTLi '.ii llieir sxelelol mtipjihlt^y lived trnrnn at least 2". i i n yean -is((i hefa re d-Lsappearinjj Lrci in ike f(K -rU reai-rd -ill (ml 30.000 years aspr'. In eastern Asia. wi-rEerLsiis exists ahiul ivlik.li jpxnips wtrt presenl I ii r exanrpJe, i il < ill uu.. seme have finplii-nvA\l iri'iFT | Jh:i kii^>L-]J iffiuilif-: lht,IVMWiLN4;-iii^rllijJ-:iiLdllit,-:|H«.iir*!;iL<if Willi .m kerhueriL titxiw hziddhirfznilL andthe Ixdi (kuU1 kkiwever, (il ken t Ll« Lfy Lker-ie sped mens as 'early rltimu sapltns"*. I il -lddil ki il. llilI J a.1 lea.11 1 7.000 years ojvfc, Hurra jLiresioisis. a she i-rl-statu red h<:nnLilLil MmI seems txi represent ul early divergence frcim llie li itstfe leading lei-present-day Ii inmiL-: " .w-l-: presen i <:hl the Lslandei f i 'kir*■: i il lnd/i il*m lii nd |KK-riii k-elsewhere.
I ■ i ■ A iequences retrieved hum U-.nn ul ul rtin-iuL-i ci f few aiLipi^rtnc. Ii □(■npJeineri-liry ti- mcrrpKchlh^y ki-r uridenLAJidi rifl Kcmnird n rekvki-n.-\\w Nt-ind-t-r Llii Li. i lit- ililo Itir infivj.-; n.llv determined LtiaWul ]J-ikld fflivera^1. "[Tu= revealed Mill H«l ndw I haJ UN A. seqiLenou and lluKe^i f pre.wiLl-div Iniin-iiL: ■: li-ir-t1 id irun-:i il mossl/vs en avera.jp j.1 i<:iid -HCli,iJJU vear.i ajpi and tha.1 ill* |:<:■ |:■ u.Llii<:nl -iplil cif NtindfrllioJ and nKideni huinaiL -iiL-it-iI-:pt-; (htK.-urred ^70000 ■J-JO.O'W itin ayci 11 al«i Jurwed llial Neajiderllulj ih-ir-td rrKi-re i^iLtl k. vaj"HJLls -^-v il Ii |Tf-k-ilI -day li mniiLi i il fiuiua Mian v/nK pre-*fiLl-dav liLLin-iiL-; -in -nih-SaJiaraiL Akin. LidiiiliiLi; Mill £jene fkiiv LTdin Neaiidertnals inv.i ike an^eslxirs (if iwiil-AItnlj.il1; cKOLLiral Ixi on erten.1 ikai ] -4% ike seiurmes <rf panpl= ^nLtside Aijxs. are derived. LTCiin NeaiiderlliaJ-^ liLaddilidiL. leiL parlul and jdko:rrrrp]etc
initedWndriJ fmt'jLiNA. jeq-ueriues have keen determined l'n:nn Neajidertkals^'1". ■[Tl-ls his Jicrvm tkal all Neanderthals studied td far skajca. rammin inll>N A aiiues^i-r -:rn ike (rder id" 100.000 yean aipi"'. and i n turn, -ihare a uimmiiii niLt-i Ili r with ike ml I>N As <rf present-day kumaju alKmt5QQ,0QQ-years aj^^'^'* fas expected,thi= = cilder than the Neanderthal mcider il human |^i pulalkin ^phl tune £70jOjQ J-JU,UiJJyearsajf:t eJlinnaled Irid ihe riudear sjencmne^J. {}ue ci f these inl I >N A sequences has also- show il that hemini ils car ry ul>; mlL>MA=typial(H' NeanderlhaL were present as Li east as the Ahai M.:iuiLliULi lfttcMth*tt* ahetii1*.
I il 21331, the distal manual phola ha. o-fa juvenile Ikrhul ul vtf er.ua-vatedat [>eni(Pva -tkve. '[his nte d= located in the Ahai MxrurLlains ul Hi-uthem SiherLa. and. is a reference she Um llie Mkldle 1(i Upper falaeMJ il Ii k. ihe re^cn wkere systemailef'^ava 1i■:i-ns i-ver the past 25 vears have uno(wered i.-uktiral laverj indicating that human cheeu-palkiiL atthejile storied up tth2flQJJQQveaj3 ajjer . "["hephalanx v.oj found in layer ]]. v.'hidi haj heendatedlci 30O00 Ixi 30O00 yea rs aijet This layer (ii-nlains miordlilide-: and luidy crmaments (if p^Jislied stti-ne typical erf the "Upper Polo«:Jnh-k; i ndiLstry' seneraDy I li-:«iv Ii I l-:i he a.«<k iiled wnh m<hder n humanj, hut aJ -ki A:m.e i L-: that are mire t liara/. If ri-1 k (J the earlSer Middle Palae-:J-rthiLj, juch as side-scrapers and I jevalki is hhnJa*"^.
Recently, vre used a UNA capture apprcrach"1 in d h m hi nark i-n-with h-^-lhr<iushpTitsequencTnstchdelenintne accnnplele mtL>NA jjeiixi me fnnn the Uenis(rva,pha^.ni. Jiiirplisinsjly,this mil JNA diverged from the c<nniEKiiL hnea^e leading 1<i midenL liu.man and Neandtrl liaJ ml I >N As -iIkiuI mur in ill ki n vears ajf i , that is, ah:ml twice as far hodr in time as the dher>[eiice lieliveen Neanderthal and rrKKlem human mtDNAs. Ei(«vever, mtDNA is maternally -inherited as a single unit
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tl^KtmvA'ŕ ÚBiWb^l-Lr-éinlMvIi J ílJľrri.ÚE.h-n.r.LE-j-u'li lAnPbíĽKIreAlihSr EviiiAuiByjLrAn^iAiKY'il-^ JU "M LCd, UJnr«o.«iiTiiJi■ Ultm. LkikMKy rfTobkí^ TjEji^ki M WC.Ownuii.'Li^^n™! ľtaiui EniiAu^ Mc.i> InxVu rm"u t.iJ Lfunr i An Twupi w, Lvpx« t^Lti. Ukttwi f. 'Om^ ItnrJľf'i1 r,*iii-jLj, r.fe-j.-pjti. Milšiu yii U.USA. "'Hj^jtJ t+nim- Mwl< J ínJihjh,, j+ni ^aiiAjny b^ih^i' Ĺ:j.*iiu, Span 'CA'írlVť^
:wn..nl>r>i^» Célferdé, ŤrtTCTffTTľť. Mí* 'kiL&U lír IP« a tiu kw'L ■-'n nwn ■,' u' L'M A* n ■, tďrl^-r, iľkÉtimuVI ^ U iľ; i.rj >. 'Ľ^artrmri úé-^ri'. BnirrLinwitr.mWi^OľiHriJUU L'i_ ttmun if t*il(.|i j '[<n «ini*'L<^ii.«-1i.inF.v^jir,-<> V.'^tiiV", l>^tl«I"il.,j^in|A" ÚfĽJi, LÉJ. "lnJ*jb ■nú A'-JarniA-rJiBAMi-i1 'nMn^ KkaurdiLwr inJ h'kaiurtriLdUMTLŕ1 Člna
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LETTERS
The complete mitochondrial DNA genome of an unknown hominin from southern Siberia
Jahanrms KrauseJ, Qiaamei Fu-, JeFFrey IUI. Gciiid1, Btnct ^iala^, Mlchafel V. Shunkav4, Anatali P. D^reviankfj4
With theejitep-Lion of NejjidertJwJ.n, Inrm ivkiik DNA .lequencei ul niimtnuL', iftdividuj].'. harvejiinv Ihcendetermined1, theHJHbCf and jeitelit reJjlHMi.ihip.1 id" HrlJi*r hiunLnrn I i iiťäŕj*". .-.r. I ľ. h uuikji4P.rjL Here vľe repirl a uniLpJetc m i NK'luľudri I ľ il 'f DNA leiiLKntK relTKveá Imn a Ihuk eiuvated in 2.'|-: in Ii i- ■«■ : ■■ . 11 11 . ', Il i *. I i i I 11 - n - i 11 . n: SilicrLi. [1 repneienLi a I - i 11 ■ _ r I: - i. ľ I. ľ :-J, \: I y |h?hiI IlhmiiujLij in I L>N A Ih al '. iLar-f, i .: ■ ■■ ■■-■ i- ■i .1 i --ill i I ' i 11 II'- i MHiern human and NeanderlhaJ i ill ■-. :■ ľ - i I ]jq jriUJiiuiyeau-.i ^h>_ This nil.- Ill rL derivei I nun a Jmijti in in m iifral hmi i i I -1 Mm i ■ 111 I 11 -1 i III ■ I 11 . ajjif'.Hir1. nil NeandenhaJ.i and of rrnhdern riLimani_ Ihe Mra 11.-■ i I ■■ -| the •■. where the ľ - i . I:■ 1.1-.: -i.,','. -1- that the I -. i i ■ ■ ■- I'll i ľ i il livedcJihw in lime jjhI .^pave vríth Nfaiidtrl kaJ ■, ai -well ail -with m I hde rn hum ana ±~*.
The ľtnl li::icuilul 5-rchup l<: l?j.ve Af-rioj. ■wj.1; Hiww rircfus ■ ... ].9TrrJlli<hTL yeoiTi ÍM^tj igtŕ. ArchjeídíKpci] 11 v:el ir. j}eneli(.- ■Jj.1i ul-It. j.lf I Iij.1 al krj.il lw<! j/t<: ll|íí<: ľ Ik: iei uli iľ; left AJt>:í jJler I h ľ, event: first, the ajucestArs *f ihe Neanderthals Hetween iJJiD.afja and J00,00* yeiiJľ: iäfľh ľJÚÚ and 50ÍI Jq.T ísjit, TtTpectivelyj, pTesumaUy Harno : r, :ii: iTiiRiii í it JŕľPiľ rŕiirJcii lríi i"^; and, second, aiu.l-:sr.iľ.jlh-rnťKJeTTt h llielj.il; j.Ikpj.1 5QJq.t asjít1*". UtípŤle Te>:eTLt idviiĽ'e'.í in the rclntrvaJ <rf aif.it ilI l>H A Ítíi 1:1 N «x uder r I li_i_ľ: and erarly HKidtnL h-urnaiĽi1 ±_, DNA .sequentcs have nxit 1mj.il TeexrveTed Itíitti cllier Hei.Tl<K.ieTLe Iiciciuliiľ; .inch j.í Jŕ. ťiVLtĽS. Jŕ. ŕicTntifjiTifnsn íh
JŕlTIM nrrCTESSLT11. ATnijdTTeiKrlL ferT UlÍ.Í Íl Uial fJ.'ltplKÄLjJ CLTCLLICl-
fliiLce.íiTeTeKruTred Un l>NAlíi .iuTvive<hveT]<iTLä; luiiť perkKljL DNA deíyradjlKiiL ul<:reiKt ivith temperature and íísI 'ľ::illLiIi-::iľ: .inch jjí aaddty"*, and tltcmI ear h- li-:: ici uli il kks/ál.i cvnne ÍTínn equaKnioJ and Im|hľJ TejfkľiĽ; in AÍtící and ľíutuj., tvheTe ■ľ:nl-lLiIk!iľ; Í-:it DNA survival are Llierreíí!rer pekh. Thus, oJIIkill^Ji direcl deseeiLdanŕs ctí it. cTŕLŤui icuvJil liaver mmwd nnliJ le.m than IQÚlcyT iípľ m Indíme.sia1'", iti.s unllrelj- that end(n^en(u.s DNA ivil lteielTieved ťríiTn these hínrŤJUTLt KíkweveT. aichi*:il:Kpcol evidence .TUi;j}e.fl.í thit axchade homdnins sitdt os H. crcitus, ti. crii iťet,^"Pľ5ds and Neanderthals aJ.wi lived at hi-zkcT laliuide.s ivheTe the potential ftn lrNApTe.ier\ali<MLi.i lletter. í>ne such reyitsL i.íthe Ahai M<:hUTLtadTĽ; in ul Ifr il ti l:er ll* where Ik: in hli n c:ecu |ílI ií: il may -ft: IíľJ. 14» ilk: re thin ]251>t issľh í in etample.the fcaTarni.íŤlejlť-.
Iúr. ■.■::i[i|:klf íiľiäívIi í<:r m<rrphtiJ(Kgica] ■ilj.i-nfi-.j.lKiiL dt: ilíS exist Ircan míi-st sites in the Altai. Rather, small pieces íiľ human dceletím.i .Tiich a.1: teeth and Ik me frasfmeTLLi are jfeneTally Tecíhvered*"1* I il l'i'i'ii, I her di staJ iciaiLiiaJ phalajLi <rf I her ftllli diy il <: ľa licnu iLiiL^va.1; eK.-a.vated in DenvKKva, <ia.ve ľil^lQ'N-; *lLÄ-Sl ť.) in the Ahai Mxiu.iLla.iiLi, Rvussii. ľ!ifuxidit I■ ■::ieiulul ■:k-lilpitm ha.'; lreen llie itn led at this .sne ÍW al least 125 Iryr*1 and the phalanx ivi.i ícHind in a. fl ral llici flayer 11 j dated k: -1-R—30 hyT a^i! tvhere on jsjwiei I: Litfe
nlai ilulv lh:ith Upper and Middle Paheiiilthx: dements ha.s lieen reputed ľ.iee ÄuppleTrientiTy InxhTTnaliťmj.
V/e e e u acted DNA Ítíhľi i0 ict; <hľ ktsier pinvden and wmverled ti ink: an lUuiiLiiLa .sequencins; lilirary lltiilv DNA adapters lkal carry pTitjed-.Tpeci ÍŤ.- kaTCíides. We nert u.ted a -recently puhhshed pTíHíK.v J k it tars&=1ed .sequentc TelTieva] caTJsd prinieT eilen.sxm caplme {PE í j}1 k: Liíslilť -mtDNA b-ajfineiLls Ítííici llie; enli-re iru k:-: h-:: ndna I veiL-i! i:iť. Tlier 1 k; LlerdÍTiyiĽieriLl severer ser-:|neriLCírd Ltciii \x: llieriidscnllier IU llicu ii_l (iAa pJatfciam , usins; Tri o-jclts ft* each Teid. traspnents ivere included in ftirther a naJyws i f theJT ľ-:: rwa rd and re%-er k rerads tFverlappeíd l:y at least! 1 lia.seTiar/.sflhpjiT«dlhtLscíHiHlh=mert5sdinV This TemíKve.! ail frajpneTvLs <Kver "-13-1 lip It-:nm analyľď;, lul Tedui-e.! eraxids at the '1 ends c*f lHumina reuds v.1 her e err ■: n Talcs are his^hest We senerated ] ,]7fl^0Q TneTjpd .sequence.^, <á -which ■93r>ig f7.9*ij a turned Lei llie: rer^nwdi. lom l:nd.;ť FsekeTenie £eenLene.e Ití !R_S j':' llti i l.; an iterative ttiippins; a-TsemhleT. MIA1. Thi.s aijpirnenl pT-:vz?am i.s |iirlK.iilirK" SLDlahkr fer oltHLiiL;.; onciesat DNA ser^| tieriLters lie-.AL.se il taxes ink; octiiunt the fTequenl .sequence eTTir.s o.ss(KTaled wilh ha.se <LÍuna^e in ancient D N A.sequence! ^ H. ÍJtvítlí; líUhe BliriTy arnprJ lici-tun slerpsinvch^rdinllier \xuciesrerLerLsiem.captureprcK/edure, i:iuJli|:k ati>ir.s íhíeačh crtniuJ DNA mcJeculemay lie .sequenced. Thtrs, I Torments lATlhidenlical start and end ten: rdinafcrs tvere meTijed k: siiiyh .sequenoies tvheTe at eat li pisŤL-km the lLSLsev/iththehi-Jieslqualily .sexire v:a.s used. A Vital <y\30 ,-vt3 .stick dinincl .sequences v.-ere then nsed tot as.semlrje a mtDNA .sequence1. The anal a.ssericil: krd mtDNA serq ut n-:e iva.s identk'al ÍTTe.spe<.-tive enf ivhedieT the reference mtDNA .sequence used Urn the a.ssernldy tvo.s itKidernL human e: r Neanderthal '■. ieiverrayer ait (n the mtDNA wa.s h^h ľ mean — 15fi-f(Jd, liBvesl 2-thld, h^hest C"iiJ2 -takl- Jiuppfemenlarj- F%. ]j.
SeveTal differeul apprdac hesv/erť used Id xs serss I lie rel iak 1 k ly (n!the mt DNA .sequence deteTmined. t'tr.st, tv e m odea.seovrnd DNAeiMTAd Ltcici Ike Deniwiva phalanx and determined 9 ,*JQ S m 1DN A basements rry sluvt^un.sequencing <:m. the IUuieuill plait:del EŤíkm theTead.s tve a.sserni I: krd a ceimpletemtDN A .sequence that v:a.s idernl tal K: the c ner Tet-rieved whh the P H J approach f JiuppJementary I-nJi it matkin). Thi.s .shiura thai the mtDNA .sequence retrieved is TepTíiducilile and niit dependent (m. the p-orlx-ular primerľ: u.sed tiT PH'.. ŕieamd, ive u_sed 27fi .sequence piksitii m.s where the □eni.viva níimTninmlDNAi.sdií-kereiLl ÍTd-n -r9Wi erf iíTe.sent-day human ml D N As lei o.s.se.cs whelher the mtDNA Tec-íwered with PEiťi OTíime.! fTimn a siusjle individual. :-1 r i l the ] J jľl -í rrasprients that iiverlip these 27 ŕi píi.silvHLS, 1 -t.íifi 1 caTTy the hoses (ifthe Denissivahíiminan mtDNA. [his iir.veri 11 that 99L7*i c-:inlidence mtervah 99^-9g.fi*ij <hľ aTJ m I DNA
ÍTaspnents in the luni* «nn* innn a sinyJe uidividuai Third, wer u-serd thTeephysio-a] leoluTesiKTthe DNA ITaspnent-i .sequenoTed lc vau;.jf Ilieir eilenl and patterns -:ii de^Todat-khn: í 1 j the average length e:f the
" i:^" i ■ ■ rUŕluet'er LŤvduíeťJrv A-*rCve^^C>kJ^r*rP1^Js^DQ^1Q3IjSŕíft C*rrJŕv.^ChiiBí^ic:JSchŕí^Lŕŕŕfc^ve^MCrUri, AlliiHii, Alír'JrJS^i L. ií-. 'tur* Trť * rT ó' t-ŕ+iL+rŕ, l ŕ  fc- iie v íJ vi * i*1   aj AafllB. 14. A TJ 90 VHkŕ. IjjíVíí. VJ*h + i-:[5*[ii^rtJ*J- ŕ ií íu ľ*    t.r-_ hi        i Jťiľ e:hJ-;tr *ŕ ŕ. Flxi ú r' U-JU * rf-ŕ "Luji- =tj i ■ ■ , Law+i^tuJ Avu'u^ TJ Movecibŕík, RL £30090, FiiúJa
Posrdoc Vipul Bhrigu destroyed a colleague's
experiments to get ahead. It took a hidden camera to expose
.1 little-known, malicious side of science.
B"f EREIIDtII MAHEf!
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Jilt | HA TV U E | VOL <JJ | 311 SIPTEUIED. 20111
■C-jBlDMrcmllBi hibbhan-Umrlbd. Al rrjh1tns4iwd
Genomic Comparison of the Ants Camponotus f101 it/anus and Harpegnathos sattator
Fkjbeiiu B<jiidLi«i,3i Glxjjit 2Idin},1'1" tti Aft/aye,"1' NiVdiep S. JHiJtlL'5' rJaiiJuiiti Fauci-1' Han 01 ii .-a-.i r>i i i.r- 1 P^iiytlitny Vang.1 Oh/* LL1 tal Li3 P*l Zhang..1 Zhnrcjiiu Huang..3 -.. i- ■.. -- L. L" - - -1- - - 11 Danny rt*lnn*rg..a,*t ]un wan«Ls,7t | _■ -. i- - ■ Li -_=■_■ ~ |
The organ irt-d social to ol ants include short-lived ■wofker oasles disputying soK^lii-sd teha-iio r and movphitioj and kwiO/- Ir-t-d ■_■   ■ - .1 .1. . .1 to r^iirodijition.    M^utiwtd and ovn.1
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.i1 j:' i   im .1.1..:: :.l in ■ = -. i". ■ i = _ fund km and diem   . ..inn un ■_.= :■ ■ Our findings _■■ _■-1.|:- due on
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^7 AL/iU<.1 5010   I^L :L ■ SCIENCE
.n/.-rVnn jjkI drvi.acm nt' Li>i7 oj? :ij.r.
U i l* 1 11 i h-sti.'.wTi qi*?aiM and wciTkHM im Irmilrd, jjid -wheii -the* qu«n tlien she ii Tejuaced try ivcirlrfTS ihj] hrrannrr lime-tern.!I qu«jK, oiUtfd
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Thtic 1w(i dn1 aprcim dilla- in <rfli«x iriiji-r-rl:-: a.i weU. C.'. _J"JrjnJjiT^.,i sc-aven^eri, licra^e dJunuLh/ jj>J ndc-tumj.Uv, and Lv jiheniraiiK miiLi 1hi1 inuL jq.Hk fti I<kkI .-xnjKB.-;. if. r.aitator vki&-3X jiiti <m .iiiuJI jruiripiKh -in a. .KiUtiiy rl 11 L'l I tli'nkiTi r.^oi^hu'; ™hiriTt-i Juvh VirTVinj.liry. .-rnxow re:tmit? tis> turn Htm, jjkI *Lih mute tL-i .ipKLilrvntkm. In oimtrasl, .lafl-atf dupLy.i kiiv trrrTkinj.uty, httz.t Tmtana.1r irraii; jnikm in ihe Lirxm-kiT^ and ha.-; (inly ■ i. b:;i .i. l Ii   : i ■ i.
I'i. Ill li i i ■ : I-Ji■:□!>? AjiaJyns'pLllcmnilom irwd Vi Yvrquavx gHttnrac btnarief liir C. Jlori-.•.i.".:- and ■.■■■.±-.-.■ ' -. i u i1 11* '. ihan ICG i ■ Id ■■ . l1. I' t! .■■3i-:anc a.«i-inhui,.( imohKJ scjltikJ N5Q :xw-:ir-«at"h (ti"h]> H> I.r- r , 1(0- L jt.'i'jjlliuirxKl uai(DT>; ■wide jnaiy KpdJkrd hfffwm nmducled cm an eajber vavim ^J>,wilh :«altUdNJ>a:iw-:ir*H Ih r-alikf £1;. "... i I- . U. I in - J- i1 II ■ :■! L: '. N5Q si/je, -whK-}i a.-«iiraJ in uial misl j|ct>:cm>r Iraturi^:, parttciuarry jencmcideti, waenredic-led ■with mill I? accuracy. Vf> vailwd Ow aa>an nli« riy seq-uoK-ins ^.Jbrxiinan) ojkI 10 r/i /<□ fbior) nji-ikunh1 .vr I ■art?J Ictanid iitKTt-i rjvT a^? ™wn kh; ^ahkf H;. AddhiinaJjy, w« :v? qusicffd -Hitti «nre««l .-:«nja*c* tSjLi/: hynn rncli djrl and imnped than Vi Hkr iK.-Kinrikrd .-KaUcikt:; ii>[Ttfihan-;j5^iinj.th«llJit     .'i   Ii. OahleSJ/
Th('.. Jiorxia rui.'. and If. ruL^mv ivmrjhlw.-; «iv^iiwn^1han'?Q*i (illha i^n-which we mtirm-tc al 2* and j JJ Mh in siw, mjK^Mvs\y (_Hji. Kl and tiTikf KJ). The ri .mfiUw-a.-mrmTily ::nTlj]rt-i ti'^.',,.-;nriiJjj Vi iJtrjw.^.'iiLi .7IJ.-JJ ,v.'+Z±',x?r i1-;-, ind .'Vavnu ■■!■.■ v: n.'iL- J ' whereo.-; ■Oic f.". Jbfrximu.i tencimr ii A IT iidi, wi-fli a. (] I IJequcncy iJ^-i, similaj Vi ^u.i v.j rJ^ ;-h.hkf KJ> (^an-raiw 1hi1
n-i^ DNA mdhylol-km Idi sow T^uiiiitiiim tyn ic-flih/ di^i kty a. drnJeJ>m <i I't^it] ■Jnruc-lmrliden in iheiTMcnrp5.Jahfcra5:.;h(rw*WT1t"bt i din-ucJen -±1« jj? ci-wiKjrw.-KJTlal in TurDi jjtI ^■SKurrr.-;
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REPORTS
Vernalization-Mediated Epigenetic Silencing by a Long Intronic Noncoding RNA
]a* Dsik He-j" diid SibaiiiJjiKj"
Verria ligation is an *nviro nmenlallf-i nd ui*d *pigene1k swilen in tftikai win1*r ojJd 1rigg*rs
I:-: I. ■-l.:-l dig ClI rep reSSCT i   : i.I ! 1.1-- i.I      . .' ii .l"! :■ i. :■ 1-J 1 ■ in I fB illL|. In
Afiibti&psti,ttinfer      rriggtrs *nrknrn*m 01 tri-*n*i iryiai*d bisi-m* H3 lyi" art dhrewnaiin .■■in* ikwai rtprcsaf, fiQBcrff.WG aoc-le t iflCi and r*suiis in :.uj:-i..- siatH* r*p«ssk>fl #1 ,riC This e. pig*. n*lk enang*. is ■■ =-.i ■ =:=-.i by an **cilulhinarihr deiflj*.rY*d r*.p*sshr*. .;-lhTi fHti, p'jii'LUM'ii r*.prtssrrrojiiwta 2 IPRC21 Here..     I'tiwi'fll a king intronk noikoding RMA
[tamed COLD ASSISTED IMTRDMIC NDhlCDDIN i R NA ICOL DAI B] is rtqirirtd tar the. ¥*rna luatta rt-m*diatod *pig*.n*1k -:-.i-: mui .j1 fir. OTJLDAIH p hyskallj- asso: iart*s wnti a . .■ ii.l.1 i:-1: oi PKZ and largels PR 12 1a fiC. Our results show tl: CCLDAIH is - =-_|_i■- =-_l tar eslablishing slable repressiw* chrornalin art FIC through Hs interaction wt1h PHC2.
DevelcQTmejrial ties ill' . .11 i» I. . i I r. I "v ITHUtf KIldK pííhtTUJTLi jnd iTnenicI urns with 1heir en vire m men ti. A iiujiir en vire EnmentaJ cue lhal Jibuti sense ti mem jitu seascmaJ change is winler criJd, as ejeernp b lied Try ■ . "i k i ■ i VoujI ifriticm is the prcicess Try wlndi certain plants acquire ocmYpe ■tence Vi Ikrwer rapidly msprmyhy seiwiw prei km ye■:I exp:kutí Vi wm■:■:ikI ■; j \ In ^ť.,;j "i <■-;:■ i-the stih dny (i I' the vernauzeel stile resuJti Ireun thestihk rqi res sx in oko. p:i+í7Tl I Vin I Tepresseii, Mtf HEH JA7 LOC US C tFUQ (2>Apxikm£ed expetíiue 1ci cedd induces a. punlhcimeci ckimain (.PIIDJ IŤJis=r-CTin1fliniiffi protean, VERNAL I /ATIJN INKFjMKrr OTE JS <VIN3) (j>, and VTN j herciTnes a.w i a jj n I whh an evei fulicmari ty conserved iqn™w irírjrjjdev., p:i hyocnTih jepies xive cximplm 2 ^I>KC2> ^ JJ. PKť^ maJiilm hÍKtcnw ID Ly^37 tJŤmrfiy Latií in ^li3K27mffJi; lJiT-:nji;Ji Ťt-; cíijc cíunpinarl, a, hj.íkinf íofllryl ■tnut; fera.w, I iiihanccT -:i I'Zcrtc LE£4] -4- D0*1 i"i ■■ and ■ í.' ■■ .maJ Lpj.t>:m. I1lit,2 (tecupancy a1 Aijf.' incroLiei and dinrlalei v.Hlli an ŤJitTM.-ird K-d (il'IDK27Tr]ffJ a1 Mf.'crhu mil in, wJitcti tí laquiipd Icír iJiff .ílahkf Tnajmenano? dl' jVLT.' tí jirer«kiTi {2,5, 7, ^i). bi .■iru.bí*J1r).rA.,i, ih<s<? arr lhr« híími kun íi I- ř^z> Th«í Ťn-zhj.Jí ťaJELY LíjU-ÍCXF| JťftTNÍltlR QVSN), and MTlDtlA, -whicli jjc dtvíiIvííI m .vT.1 -auI ■:kf.vkijnr>íTTtiI jn-:i-^rarr±-: m ^."iihuV^wu.i licrwrvcx tiw iryikr-nJar ddo min ani:; l(ir 1hí tiícTm^ffd iwruilTnail ill' PIÍÍ72 and :-njh:vrquai1 í.-riuhl l-Jiirm1 cil' Ii3K27ttk,J enrichffd T<rjn<?;:áv<? chrč nrkitin a1 j^Lť".' rry vemaJ uiri k m jTrr re 111. n: ri-.Ti. '■Vrr k kmt I >i I a kuw orixouc, tiíoi-iíkIoiy tran.vrrrpl lhal plav.-; tíiIí ťji ihe WTJubutKm ir>xhj.-hfd ^rijienrtic -ik r.j i ■ ni AT/.' fliTvrujih Ihí PKTUŤtrrisrri ill' fTM72 m /ŤLf.' I^cib .
km£ ti■:[!>:kbn y PIN    ^nJí' "■    i •■. híCTi .ihíiivn ki tu jíl HTiicwíivílti^kmí iryidilyiTi^
'>>::ů- o1 MalKuur Cd. .vd JwijjpntvJ. Malagy and iT t :■.£■:  r l -iiu L* a i'd HM«JiY ído^Y. 'tk LlriTOfíiyaJ
'Ta v.-.j1 caťpcf crdcrcc shauld b: addro-acd E-rrvrt ■; ti-j rq :iiTn1 u l-:-du
activilim and ťjti^aiťticaih; sileno- tianMCTŤjTlýDi 1hr-:rujJi airyikrculu inkm-rb:m with .ipr-u hc -rJitíi matin díímainH {&, Ify. Ncrtahly, PRí^2 mwtialffd .i \ísk mv inerudm lhrintcn.-rt>:m wiťh such TtdíNAi í^f J, I2y. A UTcruji cil" jellied arrti^ejne ncRJ^Ai ;iejTncd ťXJDLAIR; Lťcdti Ma".' have heen j\r.i - .: I Vi he invídved in ■wrru.byj.tKm mectialed /'"Li.'Tejne/KÍm <, IS). I Jcrwevej, ih? Ťmjiciiiano-ci L' CX)()LA IR in ihď\sm.\i.f.£ kti has yn Ví
hedemiTtítraled. Wí indepenciexriiy Iryjiírihesi^cd 1ha1 kiny ndtN An may play a -.-I. in ■, .-i iIlm 1km mrdůled jepjerakm <i Yi^Lt.', and vve iciexrii lied . rh L . ncRMA linn/j'.L.'lhi1 l-í di-itincl IŤcnn fXXJLAJR and lhal ■. . have I. i ■ h . I (X)lTi ASÍiCiTtiD IKTRCJNIÍ1 NCiNÍIJDrNÍ] RNA £X)TJDAIR) 0%. 1A and K1A1. We IťiimdťXJLOAJRTry irririj! a "nirinj!'" n.'exv? tran iCTŤpticm priymeraiediain iBicticm tfíT PC7R^ap pn j:h with mcuvlhan 1OQ pan--; -.1 11 ■ ■ i i J. ■: I. přiměn 1<i ocivejlhe en tire /-"Li." j: en nrSz "i ■ i dioinvlheaiurc íirve/rubratiím-Jiť. l-\ I ■ i ihi-i tiJnw RT W7Rappiciadi,we<i'h»ejvedacím 1^u<ru^ haVrli ci I'RT prciducrh licím ihe IťtťI intrcm ciť thai 1njt; lerriJy appear chinrrv the cíiId e>píi™re1, A and 11^
I Ji.. OC30IAIR, i| I - -II' i i. ... ieme íbnfclKin relaJtve 1<i j^U." mRNA 1nn Kctipticm {\-ift. 1A and l^. Sil].;. i| I ■ -II" ctintaňisa 5' cap structuie ^l^ji. K-lCrji, hul we ttid neri íihseare/iňpiilirarrl leveh I 'I I ■ ■■II' in a pcUyadenyla1e[TKi ly\AJiJ rich IractKin íiL" RNA (.IŤ^Í-lD^susgeslirffi thai ťnDL DAI R i-i rerl tíie ]y Vi he pcuyadenylaled. Thin, the 5' enck cil' (X)LOAIR were cJelerrriTied Try aldnw 5' rapid i  I Hi.   ] ■ i -I . I ■" "■. .nds RT Pt?R appxiach
S]]r).TheajrpTťKTmalea»cirťX)rJjAJRtí 1 IOC] bass hps       S], A, ]■, and ť]>
The ŤTicjeaM«J level íilťXJLQAJR was iih served <mly during c<Jd e>:p:i:ruie with the manmum e>jire:fi>:m a1 2G <L y ciL" .II and tXJLQAIR leveh Tetumed Vi the preveanaJi^cd level aUermcue than JO ctiys ci li .I I I i ■ 111 and Lijj S2> Thi-i trajtiienl incructicm cil' IXfLDAJ R I lii" cciJd expmne :-3ttj lar 1<i ■flial cihserved Pit     ► ■! "-IR {IS>; hcrwever, ihe induclkin <iI'
M -iR . .-.:I at 1 □ -Jays íiI'ciUd expnsura, . : b.  .h i .i.     ■ I I ■ "-II"   .- - {Fiji. Hi;.
Deleticm <ri" 1he víTTubva.1 kdi T«pmse ele mail (VRf^in ihe IťtíI intrcm ci I" AXJ.' nipaus verTU.bva.ticm mettialed ii.íi irpir.viřm wrihciul ccorspr.iirji-dm: ihe kkaaJ irpre.-ncEr bjncbcm ci L'rrLf.'
The IrajKCTŤrriicm stul sile ci I'f^LDAJ R is wiirrin the V Rf\ rvř.m pig. IA^Tci Vfsl whether the 5 re^ym cilthe V Rt. i\exduíiinji thetXJUlAJ R tranriCjiTidl leuicm; u ;.ilri. i. i Vi ■ . b . . -I I mducihle transcrŤptkm, we ^eneaaled transvejiic Inies in which lucileni.se is driven hy 109 ha.se jnirs <hpj cil'the VRf: 5' le^-km <J-'í£. K7>. We cihserved :■;trcun; hjcilerase expreísiciTi I . 20 cLys cil'oci Id treatment in rrru Itiple tuis^erbc bnes (IŤjj. ], Í7and D), iTcmlŤrmiriji thepjesenoe cil'a crypticpicimilejiji VRJ:!. In acJdřbcin, tucdlěrase e tjire.-rdc in remained Tcihusl a.-; Icmua.-: plant ■. .■ . lepí in ccikJ \\iv. 1, and I ■ . I i I-1, r- i ÍXJLQA IR wa.s ŤnduoaJ hy -1 □ Vi 20 days cilccdd (Ji£. 1, ii and D). Ixrwevej, ader 2Q days, r-XaT." hecemes irpjr.:;e-J 1 hr-:ru uh chrcDTU.tin changes, and thus i'X'fL dai R picimiter rearms wciuJcl Tie ccíme Ťruccessih le Vi the tram crip tic m machinery, í\m:-i-rlerrl with lhrs inlerpjelalicm, (X)LIIAJR was eicpre.ised well heyemd 3Q days ci I' ocikl in vvlí! fitť I fyillyiufTTViImtiDn 5 iv-nrLii |i and iw. n.iii-1n.i.n i ^yml) minám:■; tn which FLC.' rs pre.vdcm hy verruiiva.ticm i; impaiTed f Hu.
A urcrup <ri" kmj ncRNAs ii trartKrihed hy RNA pcJyrreraseV ;RNapv^Vigethejwith RNA pi lyrňejase YV fliNAPPV; Vi mediale the siienc mv cil' ccirtfl rtutivery silenced kid in '..•.i"-:,1-tI5, Iti). Thii cla.íí cri'ndiNA-; aL-ki ha.-; a 5' cap hu1 lacks a^' pdy^A^lail siroiJar Vi ťXJLQAJR. Iliwever, netlhej RNAPrV jko RNAPV appear:-: Vi he tiTvcuved in ihe trajKCTTpticin cri'CXJL IJAJ R h ■ ■ . Inslad, we cihserved tha.1, aHhcrujh the enrichmerrl cil" RNA pUym=n.se II (RNAPIIJ di i i u hed a1 the i'S.i.' pximiler as plants were exposed Vi cxikluieentidimenlciIRNAPII at the tXJLDaj R prcDTxrier reram transiently Ťncreased when expreiskm cil'CTCD LTJAJ R pealed a130 days cilciild pflj. ]f:> Thus, his likely lhal TíNAPTÍis Tfflpmsihle Ičrr the liarscTŤpticm cil'ťl) loa IR.
The PRO ccimp lex, inc h>:l mv t'tyh inleracls with ndíNAí in vitrei and in vťvíi ^Jj, 17). We le.íled Icn-direcl mlexicticirti between (yL)LIJLAJR and Ihe prcriein ccmypcinenls cit PRť^2 ItTlJRLY
lea\-\cu--) m<\ a vTi\< íi :ií ■: -i'-vy-: ;i xjí- >n-Ai
k^Jand VtaWAJLL/AT EIN 2(VJiN2) TKDixikrv| ' TercDiiririaTrl pxrieirti hy using in vitrei RN AhindirE assays (\'iv.. 2, A and 1= zi -=---Ilírih I hcnTKikiiK, Í7U-' and KWN, hcrund 1<i (X)LQA IR til vilTi uuciujih Iheí7yj(7 dcirnaTn r li u. 2, A and Q. I krwevern reoenrih marri i?la-' pnilein aL«i hcrund Vi antňeme     ■! I - "-II" ■ ll:
-7UV vt.rtmv rem-sequence speciiic hmcbrtv. The it.iri-řwnjerure speciiV: hii»Jinj: 1 ■:i :■□ mJe slanded i i.J.i-11, (in clu Jim: RNA!' hy b'iy.) ha.s heen TejiciTled pjeviciirdy (_j^J. T<i address the speci IVrhy ci I'the irrieraďkm hetween l\)L.I) '-.IR and native (7U-' prcrleiTi, we used nud air octracts prepaaed IŤcnn iři*f~::f.'U 1 awr-J . l ■. ii. bnes fTA'here i]|-P ii jibi Irucirescejri prcriein;
76 7 JANUARY 2011    VOL Í21    SCIENCE    vwwačief Oernůgúig
scalability
massively scalable semiconductor technology
simplicity
natural biochemistry, no optical component £
speed
runs in about two hours, not days or weeks
discover Ion Torrent
The Ion Torrent Personal GenomeMachine (PGM™) is simpler, more cost effective, and more scalable- than an/ other sequencing technology. The PCM™ sequencer is a bench top system utilizing ground breaking and disruptive se m icon d uctor te ch n ology th at ena h les rapid an d scalable sequencing axperiments.
Ion Torrent technology uses a massively parallel array of proprietary semiconductor sensors to perform direct r«L Uma measurement ot the hydrogen ions produced during DNA replication. A high-density array of wells on the Ion semiconductor chips provide millions of individual reactors while integrated fluidics allow reagents to flow over the sensor array. This unique combination of fluidics, micro mac hining. and semiconductor technology enable the direct translation of genetic information (DNA) to digital information (DNA sequence) rapidly generating large quantities of high quality data.
The Personal Genome Machine along with Ion Torrent semiconductor chips, Ion Torrent reagent kits, and the Torrent Server / Torrent Suite software allow Ion Torrent to deliver a cutting edge sequencing solution.
http://www.iontorrent.com/
Ion Torrent seeks "smart" input on new gene machine
http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/12/14/
us-genes-lifetech-
idUSTRE6BD1KN20101214
Ion Torrent technology uses a massively parallel array of proprietary semiconductor sensors to perform direct real-time measurement of the hydrogen ions produced during DNA replication. A high-density array of wells on the Ion Semiconductor Chips provides millions of individual reactors while integrated fluidics allow reagents to flow over the sensor array. This unique combination of fluidics, micromachining, and semiconductor technology enables the direct translation of genetic information (DNA) to digital information (DNA sequence), rapidly generating large quantities of high quality data.