Stano PekárÚvod do terénní zoologie bezobratlých AcariPseudoscorpiones Opiliones Araneae Arane ae Opilione s Acari Pse udoscorpione s s oil litter epigeon vegetation s hrubs trees air water cave building absent present Southwood R. & Henderson P.A. (2000). Ecological Methods. Blackwell. Dykyjová D. a kol. (1989). Metody studia ekosystémů. Academia. Study: • extensive - large area will be sampled once → faunistic survey • intensive - repeated observation of area → ecological survey Timing of sampling: • depends on phenology Size of sampled area: • large for rare, small for abundant species Population estimates: • absolute - density per unit area • relative - catch per unit time Population samplingPopulation sampling 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Adult Juvenile Acari, Linyphiidae Opiliones Araneidae Pseudoscorpiones Araneae Relativeabundance • to sample arachnids under stones, from cracks, on bark, on rocks, in caves, on walls • using pooter (aspirator), brush, pincer, tube or a suction gun Hand samplingHand sampling Catch per unit effortCatch per unit effort • observation of a spider • used for conspicuous (large) species, webs, retreats, eggsacs • to sample ballooning individuals (aeroplankton) • using special sucking aerial traps: Johnson-Taylor, rotary trap • segregate capture in time Aerial samplingAerial sampling • to sample arachnids mobile upon epigeon • using pitfall traps consisting of a jar with a cover • filled with salt water, 4% formaldehyde, ethyleneglycol + detergent Pitfall samplingPitfall sampling liquid • traps collect continuously • cheap, low effort • activity depends on sex, circadian activity, weather, reproduction, dispersal • arranged in a grid or in a row • with exclusion barriers • diameter of the trap selects captured individuals • efficiency 0-40 % • with timing device • to sample individuals on tree trunks during overwintering • using corrugated paper bands Shelter samplingShelter sampling SweepingSweeping • to sample arachnids on low vegetation • using round sweeping net • to sample arachnids on tree crowns and bushes • using beating tray and rubber/wooden stick or shaking by hand • colour of the cloth should be light • in the bottom with a container • not used after rain, during fruit maturation or leaf falling BeatingBeating Chemical knock-downChemical knock-down • to sample arachnids on tall tree crowns and bushes • using sprayer (mist-blower) with a pyrethrin insecticide • sheet of cloth spread below tree • to sample arachnids in epigeon, on plants and on branches • using D-VAC garden blower with a net • efficiency 50-70%, ineffective for mobile species • not used on wet soil, tall (> 15 cm) and dense (grassland) vegetation Suction samplingSuction sampling PhotoeclectorsPhotoeclectors • to sample arachnids from low vegetation • muslim-covered tent • to sample arachnids in litter • using a sieve and a cloth or tray Dry sievingDry sieving BerleseBerlese--TullgrenTullgren funnelfunnel • to sample arachnids from soil, litter, moss • using funnel extraction • dead specimens put in ependorf tubes, plastic tubes, filled with ethanol • live are put in plastic tubes with piece of grass, leaf, moistened cloth with rubber or foam stop Labelling • use permanent ink-pen • or pencil on labels of tubes with ethanol Transport • in the plane, bus, car, train • put in plastic bag to keep humidity and at cold place Specimen transportSpecimen transport StorageStorage Labels • locality, GPS coordinates, habitat, date, hour (?), collector (leg.), identified (det.) • print on cardboard paper using inkjet printer Database • Excel, Access, faunistic software (Fauna 2000) Storage • individually or together into glass tubes • tubes are put in a jar with a lid with rubber and filled with denaturated or pure 70-90% ethanol Laboratory rearingLaboratory rearing • singly in tubes with a layer of Paris of plaster • labelled on outside with permanent ink-pen • moistened regularly (3-5 days) with drops of water • foam rubber stop or pierced plastic plug • fed with prey in regular intervals • kept clean (without prey remnants) to avoid attack by fungi and parasitic mites Chambers Physical conditions - Humidity - difficult to control - Temperature - constant between -10 and 40 °C - Light regime - light:darkness long day 16:8, short day 10:14