APPENDIX A
Digital Data in Urban Research
Paul Langlois
This book addresses the notion of transition, and just as Canadian cities have been in transition in recent years, so too have the ways in which students and academics carry out research on cities. On one hand, urban research has been transformed by the adoption of theory and paradigms from other disciplines, such as sociology, cultural studies, and communications studies. This has led to research—primarily qualitative—being carried out from a number of novel and fascinating perspectives, including post-colonial, feminist, and queer theory. On the other hand, there has been an equally impressive re-engagement with approaches that employ quantitative methods due to the ever-increasing availability of spatial and statistical data in digital formats. Researchers now have a wealth of data at their disposal, from high-resolution .satellite imagery and street network files to demographic information and census boundary maps. The crucial advance has been the ability to link together these disparate data types using GIS and statistical software. This allows researchers to link events and processes to specific areas and to explore the importance of place on human activity by highlighting patterns at different scales.
Academics are not the only ones who have realized the power and benefits of being able to easily map processes and statistics spatially. All levels of governments, for example, have come to use spatial data heavily, most obviously to analyze
census data but also for more immediate concerns such as determining the optimal location for facilities such as fire stations and transit stops, or for monitoring the prevalence ot low income or mortgage foreclosures or any number of other circumstances. The private sector, too, now uses spatial data for many tasks, including logistical purposes such as route planning by firms that use the street network, and also for tasks such as evaluating the feasibility of locations for retail or manufacturing facilities by analyzing the socio-demographic makeup ot the surrounding population or the accessibility of the site.
As a result, a vast amount of spatial and statistical data exists, some of it free, some of it accessible through special agreements, and some of it available only by purchase. Faculty and students of Canadian universities and colleges are particularly fortunate in having access to substantial resources of digital data, including data otherwise available only through purchase. Most large university and college libraries maintain on their websites lists of available data. Many institutions have at least one statf member dedicated to spatial data, as well as student volunteers, all of whom can help locate data and demonstrate how it can be used.
For anyone studying Canadian cities, Statistics Canada (www.statcan.ca) is an invaluable data resource. The United States Census Bureau (www .census.gov) is the American counterpart. Statistics
Canada makes a weal to the public in digital and summary tables I ary files for all census detailed data files are purchase by the gener; accessed free of chargi Canadian universities ada also will create cus organizations, but the i
Over the last dec; provincial levels of go nificant producers—; Unfortunately, not all available to the public, grant access to stude institution under somi the various levels of g< spatial data in sufRciei kinds of urban researc ily interested in politii tend to produce data such as census tracts, political boundaries, < locations of things lil land uses, may only b< private-sector vendors
Spatial data, there to track down. Other starting points inch] .ca), GeoConnectic .org), National Resc .gc.ca), and GeoGrat mentioned, check wi for further informatio ing special arrangen institutions, local go\ vendors. Special mer Google Maps (maps.g
more immediate con-g the optimal location ations and transit stops, valence of low income >r any number of other -: sector, too, now uses including logistical pur-lg by firms that use the tasks such as evaluating or retail or manufactur-the socio-demographic ing population or the
ant of spatial and statis-free, some of it access-ments, and some of it Faculty and students of colleges are particularly to substantial resources lata otherwise available jst large university and •n their websites lists of itions have at least one spatial data, as well as whom can help locate it can be used. Canadian cities, Statis-:a) is an invaluable data ; Census Bureau (www n counterpart. Statistics
Canada makes a wealth of information available to the public in digital form, from raw census data and summary tables to time series and boundary files for all census administrative units. More detailed data files are typically available only for purchase by the general public, but can usually be accessed free of charge by faculty and students of Canadian universities and colleges. Statistics Canada also will create custom data for individuals and organizations, but the costs can be prohibitive.
Over the last decade, municipal, regional, and provincial levels of government have become significant producers—and users—of digital data. Unfortunately, not all of these data are generally available to the public, although governments may grant access to students individually or to their institution under some circumstances. In addition, the various levels of governments may not provide spatial data in sufficient detail or scope for certain kinds of urban research. Governments are primarily interested in political boundaries and therefore tend to produce data based on geographic units such as census tracts. Data not directly linked to political boundaries, such as maps that show the locations of things like schools, parks, or various land uses, may only be available for purchase from private-sector vendors.
Spatial data, therefore, can require some effort to track down. Other than Statistics Canada, good starting points include Geobase (www.geobase .ca), GeoConnections (www.geoconnections .org), National Resources Canada (www.nrcan .gc.ca), and GeoGratis (geogratis.cgdi.gc.ca). As mentioned, check with your institution's library for further information about data sources, including special arrangements with other academic institutions, local governments, or private-sector vendors. Special mention must also be made of Google Maps (maps.google.com) and Google Earth
Appendix A Digital Data in Urban Research
(earth.google.com) software, both of which provide free access to high-resolution satellite imagery of most major urban areas on the planet. Because of their ease of use, these programs can be a very useful aid to many forms of urban research, particularly the qualitative aspects of place that are difficult to capture with spatial data alone.
While many profound advantages and opportunities are provided by digital data, there are drawbacks as well. Comparing data from multiple censuses, for example, can be extremely time-consuming when census tract boundaries change. In other cases, accurate comparison may be difficult to achieve if the wording of census questions has changed or the list of possible answers is different from one census to the next. Beyond these kinds of instrumental circumstances, it is widely accepted that the accuracy and reliability of census information vary widely for a number of reasons related to how the census is configured and how it is carried out. Census data, in other words, are invaluable, but no one considers such statistical information to be perfect. A similar caveat applies to more purely spatial data, such as street network files and maps of amenity locations. The creation of these sorts of data requires considerable painstaking human effort and errors inevitably creep in, often requiring many hours of 'cleaning' and verification before these files can be reliably used.
The relatively widespread availability of digital data has transformed how we formulate and carry out research. It is now, for example, the work of literally a few minutes to map out demographic or economic data that would have represented days or weeks of labour only a few years ago. The corollary, which we would do well to remember, is that with the widespread availability of spatial and numeric data, we also now have the ability to make more mistakes more quickly than ever before.
Appendix B Selected Data on Canada's Census Metropolitan Areas1 (minimum and maximum values in bold)
Recent
Foreign Born    Immigrants2    Single-Person     Population Average Average Incidence of University
Population (% of (% of Households       Aged 65     Unemployment       Personal Household       Low Income    Degree5 (% of
(000s) population)      population) (%) and Over (%)       Rate (%) Income ($) Income (%) population)
Rank	CMA	2006	1991-2006 A (%)	2006	1991-2006 A (%)3	2006	1991-2006 A(%)3	2006	1991-2006 A (%)3	2006	1991-2006 A(%)3	2006	1991-2006 A (%)3	2006	1991-2006 A (%)"	2006	1991-2006 A (%)«	2006	1991-2006 A (%)3	2006	1991-20O6 A (%)3
1	Toronto	5,113	31.1	46.4	22.5	15.8	26.5	22.9	5.3	11.0	6.2	6.7	-21.2	40,704	7.2	87,820	12.1	18.4	26.0	26.7	60.6
2	Montreal	3.536	13.3	20.9	24.9	7.1	28.2	31.6	16.1	. 12.5	11.0	6.9	-41.0	34.196	8.4	63,038	10.2	21.1	-4.1	21.0	57.8
3	Vancouver	2,117	32.1	40.4	34.8	14.2	42.9	28.5	6.0	11.7	-4.1	5.6	-39.1	36,123	4.6	73,258	10.0	20.8	19.5	24.6	71.5
4	Ottawa-Gatineau	1,131	20.1	18.3	25.1	5.8	17.3	27.0	12.7	10.7	11.1	5.7	-21.9	41,765	11.6	80,838	12.8	14.7	1.4	28.7	42.3
5	Calgary	1,079	43.1	23.9	18.2	8.7	29.6	24,9	11.7	8.6	11.1	4.0	-50.0	48,878	37.0	98,253	41.7	13.4	-22.1	24.7	51.4
6	Edmonton	1,035	23.0	18.7	2.1	5.0	-11.6	26.5	14.6	10.2	20.4	4.6	-44.6	39,901	23.3	79,163	26.9	14.1	-25.0	18.3	39.0
7	Quebec	716	10.8	3.7	77.7	1.8	106.7	32.9	23.8	13.1	22.8	4.6	-49.5	33,866	10.5	60,884	9.6	16.0	-13.5	20.2	45.7
8	Winnipeg	695	5.2	17.8	2.5	5.0	-0.6	30.2	11.2	12.4	-3.8	5.0	-41.9	33.838	13.3	64,533	14.9	18.8	-7.4	19.0	46.3
9	Hamilton	693	15.5	24.6	5.0	5.6	29.5	25.5	13.7	13.8	7.8	6.0	-32.6	38,299	13.4	76,787	15.6	15.7	4.0	17.5	58.2
10	London	458	20.0	19.5	4.3	4.7	-4.3	28.1	12.4	12.6	4.0	6.1	-28.2	36,720	11.0	70,345	12.0	13.7	0.7	18.3	35.1
11	Kitchener	451	26.6	23.3	8.8	6.7	12.4	23.1	12.6	10.6	3.5	5.6	-37.8	38,381	16.5	78,223	18.8	10.5	-10.3	18.4	54.5
12	St Catharines-Niagara	390	7.1	18.4	-2.0	3.3	40.9	26.7	21.0	16.2	8.3	6.2	-34.7	33,170	8.8	65.053	9.9	12.5	-3.1	13.1	59.3
13	Halifax	373	16.3	7.5	14.8	2.2	29.7	27.7	29.3	11.0	15.9	6.3	-31.5	35,031	9.6	66,325	7.6	14.3	1.4	24.0	42.5
14	Oshawa	331	37.7	16.5	-15.5	2.4	-20.3	20.1	19.7	10.4	15.4	6.4	-24.7	39,644	9.7	82,205	12.5	9.3	0.0	13.1	57.2
15	Victoria	330	14.7	19.3	-6.9	3.2	18.1	33.3	14.8	15.7	-15.3	4.3	-44.2	37,065	13.7	67,838	13.0	13.2	-2.9	23.6	61.0
15	Windsor	323	23.4	23.6	37.8	7.8	62.1	26.9	11.2	12.0	-5.8	8.3	-29.7	37,330	15.1	72,796	18.1	14.1	-4.1	17.8	72.6
17	Saskatoon	234	10.9	7.8	-3.8	2.4	27.0	28.8	11.4	11.1	7.0	5.2	-40.2	35.147	18.0	66.059	20.1	16.3	-13.8	19.4	36.7
18	Regina	195	1.7	7.7	-7.2	2.2	14.8	29.4	16.7	11.8	8.3	4.9	-32.9	36,272	12.9	68,280	12.9	13.5	-14.6	18.4	42.2
19	Sherbrooke	187	32.9	5.7	53.4	2.9	85.9	34.0	20.8	13.1	14.1	6.9	-36.7	30,451	10.9	53,301	10.5	16.8	-16.4	17.6	46.6
19	St John's	181	5.4	2.9	5.2	0.9	6.8	22.4	52.2	10.4	11.8	10.0	-37.9	32,756	11.2	65,852	4.9	15.5	-4.3	18.8	58.6
Population (000s)
Foreign Born
(%of population)
1991-2006
1991-2006
Recent Immigrants2
(% of population)
Single-Person Households
{%)
Population Aged 65 and Over (%)
Unemployment Rate (%)
1991-2006
A
2006
1991-2006
A [W
2006
1991-2006
A(%)3
2006
1991-2006
A(%)3
Average Personal Income ($)
2006
Average Incidence of University
Household Low Income Degree5 (% of Income (%) population)
1991-2006
A (%)1'4 2006
1991- 1991- 1991-
2006 2006 2006
A (%)'■'   2006   &(%)*   2006 A(%)3
15	Victoria	330	14.7	19.3	-6.9	3.2	18.1	33.3	14.8	15.7
15	Windsor	323	23.4	23.6	37.8	7.8	62.1	26.9	11.2	12.0
17	Saskatoon	234	10.9	7.8	-3.8	2.4	27.0	28.8	11.4	11.1
18	Regina	195	1.7	7.7	-7.2	2.2	14.8	29.4	16.7	11.8
19	Sherbrooke	187	32.9	5.7	53.4	2.9	85.9	34.0	20.8	13.1
19	St John's	181	5.4	2.9	5.2	0.9	6.8	22.4	52.2	10.4
									J.O.X	Z3 1
-15.3	4.3	-44.2	37,065	13.7	67,838	13.0	13.2	-2.9	23.6	61.0
-5.8	8.3	-29.7	37,330	15.1	72,796	18.1	14.1	-4.1	17.8	72.6
7.0	5.2	-40.2	35,147	18.0	66,059	20.1	16.3	-13.8	19.4	36.7
8.3	4.9	-32.9	36,272	12.9	68,280	12.9	13.5	-14.6	18.4	42.2
14.1	6.9	-36.7	30,451	10.9	53,301	10.5	16.8	-16.4	17.6	46.6
11.8	10.0	-37.9	32,756	11.2	65,852	4.9	15.5	-4.3	18.8	58.6
Recent
Foreign Born    Immigrants2 Single-Person Population Average Average Incidence of University
Population          (%of             (% of Households Aged 65 Unemployment       Personal Household Low Income Degree* (% of
(000s)        population)     population)          {%) and Over (%)      Rate (%) Income (S) Income {%) population)
Rank	CMA	2006	1991-2006 A(%)	2006	1991-2006 A(%)3	2006	1991-2006 A(%)3	2006	1991-2006 A (%)3	2006	1991-2006 A(%)3	2006	1991-2006 A(%)3	2006	1991-2006 A (%)"	2006	1991-2006 A (%)"	2006	1991-2006 A (%)3	2006	1991-2006 A(%)3
20	Abbotsford	159	40.0	23.9	29.8	6.8	na	22.9	na	12.1	-11.4	5.5	na	31,149	na	66,041	na	14.0	na	11.6	na
20	Greater Sudbury	158	0.4	6.7	-18.3	0.7	6.2	27.0	26.0	13.9	33.0	7.9	-8.1	35,941	9.1	68,071	7.0	12.7	-5.9	13.2	47.0
21	Kingston	152	11.7	12.6	-6.3	2.3	-0.8	27.5	15.3	14.1	14.9	6.5	-13.3	36,386	11.6	69,185	11.5	13.4	2.3	21.7	35.7
22	Saguenay	152	-5.8	1.2	67.7	0.6	158.1	28.8	54.9	14.1	55.3	8-8	-33.3	30,377	0.0	55,552	2.2	14.2	-11.8	12.5	50.5
23	Trois-Rivieres	142	3.8	2.2	85.0	1.1	206.0	34.7	29.9	15.5	31.8	7.3	-45.1	29,614	5.6	51,683	5.2	18.5	-9.3	13.6	49.8
26	Thunder Bay	123	-1.6	10.4	-21.0	0,9	-30.2	30.1	23.0	14.6	9.4	7.4	-22.1	34,245	4.9	64,470	1.6	12.8	4.1	14.8	56.0
27	Saint John	122	-2.7	4.2	-8.8	1.1	47.3	25.4	17.4	12.5	0.8	8.0	-29.8	31,920	9.0	61,234	10.6	14.7	-13.0	14.1	58.3
Mean		766	16.2	15.9	15.9	4.5	35.7	27.7	19.4	12.4	10.5	6.3	-33.5	35,895	11.8	69,522	12.8	14.9	-4.7	18.7	37.9
Weighted Mean6		—	22.4	27.1	21.0	8.8	28.9	27.1	12.7	11.7	8.1	5.8	-31.4	33,643	12.1	61,736	12.1	14.7	-4.4	17.0	37.2
Median		330.6	14.7	17.8	5.2	3.2	26.8	27.5	15,7	12.4	9.4	6.2	-34.0	35,941	11.0	67,838	11.7	14.2	-4.2	18.4	38.4
Std. Deviation		1149.2	13.8	11.1	28.5	3.9	52.9	3.7	11.9	1.9	14.4	1.4	10.5	4,128	6.9	10,345	8.1	2.8	11.2	4.6	9.9
Notes:
'Based on 1991 CMAs, for comparison purposes.
^Arrived in Canada 1996-2006.
3Values based on proportional, not absolute, change.
a1991 dollars converted to 2006 dollars using CPI.
bachelor's degree or higher.
6Weighted mean uses 2006 population.
Sources: 2006 data obtained from 2006 CMA profiles; 1991 data obtained from 1996 CMA profiles; 1991 EA profiles by region (long form); 1991 2B profile {detailed questionnaire); 1991 BST CT short form. (Compiled by Paul Langlois)
Glossary
age-friendly city/community A concept advanced by public agencies that asks local governments to take into account the particular needs of older people, who make up an increasing proportion of the population. This vision often draws on a three-part framework: (1) participation; (2) health; and (3) security and independence of the older population.
bid-rent curves A modelling concept in economic geography used to understand and depict the trade-offs made by economic agents (e.g., a household, a firm) between rent and distance. At any point along one bid-rent curve the economic agent is equally satisfied with the combination of location (in relation to the urban centre) and the rent cost to occupy that location. Any negative change in the desired distance from the urban centre, along one bid-rent curve, is compensated for by an equally desirable change in rent cost, such that the economic agent remains indifferent.
brownfield sites Former industrial locations that can become the object of redevelopment efforts and may require decontamination; see grey-field sites.
business improvement areas Parts of cities, usually primarily retail and older, where business owners have banded together, agreeing to pay costs (usually through an added municipal tax) to support renovations to make the area more attractive and functionally up-to-date and competitive (e.g., street furniture and planting, parking, pedestrian amenities). Usually some level of partnering is provided by one or more higher levels of government.
citizenship Formal legal rights and responsibilities conferred automatically upon the citizens of a
state, as well as rights (e.g., attending public meetings, voting) from which minority groups might feel/be 'excluded'.
commodification Making a commodity of some intangible attribute of urban space. Commodification of the core, for example, would entail the notion that one can purchase (or own) some of the ambience that is attributed to a core area; see milieu effect.
community gardens Land space provided by a municipality to individuals and/or groups who contract to actively use and maintain vegetation they have planted. Such gardens are believed to be a step towards municipal food self-sufficiency.
competitive city A city that competes, economically and culturally, with other cities on a national, continental, and especially a global scale. Today, competition to gain 'world city' status, or to strengthen a city's position in the global network, is believed to be a primary factor underlying the urban agenda of a city, especially larger, fast-growing cities.
core housing needs A measure of the housing circumstances of Canadians that combines three standards for housing: (1) adequacy, such that it does not require major repair; (2) suitability, as defined by the National Occupancy Standards for number and type of household members per room; and (3) affordability, as defined by the shelter cost-to-income ratio of 30 per cent of gross household income. A household that tails to meet any of the three standards and is unable to access alternative local housing is said to be in core housing need.
dislocation The
occupants or of a geographic zone w tion of low-incom the city, in which t identified as the dis
ecological footj
ments of an urba the surface of the resources. Ecologic surface of the plan the pollution gene
ecological modi
to environmental technological soli lems, such that syr environment are cesses, structures, mentally unsust unchallenged. F of and incentive might be seen as designing pedest ented neighbour! cultural values t choices could be development.
entrepreneuria
of municipal ad support of privai municipal policy nomic developm
food deserts
income, witho vide healthy an consumption.
food systems tute the supply all the compoiK sumption in citi
Glossary
attending public meet-ninority groups might
:ing a commodity of of urban space. Com-r example, would entail chase (or own) some of itfed to a core area; see
Land space provided v'iduals and/or groups .se and maintain vege-d. Such gardens are ds municipal food self-
y that competes, eco-■vith other cities on a specially a global scale, i 'world city' status, or ion in the global nct-mary factor underlying , especially larger, fast-measure of the hous-adians that combines ig: (1) adequacy, such ijor repair; (2) suitabil-onal Occupancy Stan-of household members ility, as defined by the :io ot 30 per cent of household that fails to dards and is unable to ing is said to be in core
dislocation The exodus of a major occupant or occupants or of a specific use from a distinctive geographic zone within the city, e.g., the dislocation of low-income residents from the centre of the city, in which case gentrification is most often identified as the dislocating force.
ecological footprint The resource requirements of an urban area measured in terms of the surface of the earth needed to produce these resources. Ecological footprint can also refer to the surface of the planet needed to absorb (neutralize) the pollution generated by an urban area.
ecological modernization A weak approach to environmental sustainability that focuses on technological solutions to environmental problems, such that symptoms of our ailing biophysical environment are treated but the underlying processes, structures, and values that create environmentally unsustainable communities remain unchallenged. For example, the development of and incentives to purchase hybrid vehicles might be seen as ecological modernization, while designing pedestrian-, bicycle-, and transit-oriented neighbourhoods and trying to change the cultural values underlying transportation mode choices could be seen as sustainable community development.
entrepreneurial municipal regimes Forms of municipal administration that emphasize the support of private-sector initiatives or that orient municipal policy-making principally around economic development objectives.
food deserts Areas of a city, usually of low income, without accessible outlets that provide healthy and affordable food for household consumption.
food systems The areas and agents that constitute the supply end of the food chain along with all the components of food distribution and consumption in cities.
Fordism A period of economic development that lasted roughly from the 1920s until the late 1970s, when growth rested on a correspondence between rising consumption and increasing mass production. Fordism required ongoing Keynes-ian-type government interventions to stimulate consumption.
Fordist-Keynesian Economic development and economic and social policy-making that relied on government intervention in the form of various welfare-state and demand stimulation measures.The period lasted from the end ofWorld War II until the late 1970s; see Fordism; Kcynesianism.
gentrification The process whereby high-income households purchase and upgrade central-city housing that once was occupied by residents of a significantly lower income. Today, some would consider other kinds of residential upgrading such as condominium development as gentrification.
ghettos Space in cities that segregate low-income and/or minority households who lack the freedom, as a consequence of income and/or prejudice, to move into residential zones elsewhere in the city. Originally used in the eighteenth, nineteenth, and early twentieth centuries to refer to neighbourhoods that housed segregated Jewish populations.
governance The work of government institutions, along with all the instances and processes with an impact on government decision-making. Governance thus provides a much broader perspective on the political process than the concept of government does.
greyfield sites Abandoned retail locations; see brownfield sites.
heartland The part of Canada where the industrial economy is concentrated.The heartland is also the location of the largest metropolitan regions. The Canadian heartland runs from Quebec City to Windsor.
Glossary
hinterland Pares of Canada that depend on natural resources. The hinterland includes all the country with the exception of the heartland.
intermediate goods Products, finished or semi-finished, that represent an input into a final demand product—e.g., fenders or seatbelts to auto-assembly lines—or to another good that will ultimately be input to a final demand good.
Keynesianism Economic approach formulated by John Maynard Keynes according to which the market economy benefits from countercyclical government spending. Keynesianism has been associated with public-sector economic development and social programs.
knowledge-based economy Perspective by which economic development increasingly depends on the presence of an educated workforce. The importance of knowledge in the economy is related to deindustrialization, automation, and the growth of the high-order tertiary sector.
knowledge-intensive economic activity That part of the economy based on ideas and higher-order services, as opposed to manufacturing and primary (resource) production.
land rent A value derived within a land market for the use of land, affected by site characteristics such as location. An economic agent (e.g., firm or household) is willing to pay a certain rent to the landowner for the use of the owner's property for a period of time. For comparability of land values across an urban area, it is common conceptually to think of landowners who use that land themselves (e.g., for their private home), instead of renting it to others, as effectively paying 'rent' to themselves for use of their property.
life course A concept recognizing that individuals move through stages in life defined in part by their personal biographies but also converging around transitional events that are roughly in common throughout a population (e.g., leaving school,
leaving the parental home, entering a conjugal relationship). Life course transitions can be examined schematically by grouping key transitional events into meaningful life stages.
livable cities Cities generally agreed to be 'good* places to live. Often, livability is assessed using clearly defined indicators. Canadian cities generally have ranked high in published statistical reports that claim to measure urban quality of life or livability.
micro-spaces of the core The concept that the urban core is comprised of specialized sub-areas, usually of a pedestrian or walkable scale, and most often identifiable by function—e.g., law courts, hospital/medical complexes, entertainment districts, retail areas—or by district affiliation—e.g., Gastown, Yorkville. In the twenty-first-century city, these spaces also might include distinctive residential areas, historic districts, and spaces with distinctive landscape features.
milieu effect The positive and/or negative overall sense of a place associated with a distinctive locale.
mixed-use development Forms of urban development that comprise different types of activities. Mixed-use developments are often proposed as an instrument to reduce the dependence on the automobile.
multiculturalism The official policy of the Canadian government that minority groups participate fully in Canadian society while also maintaining distinctively different social values, practices, and institutions, provided the latter adhere to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and provincial human rights legislation.
neo-liberalism Tendency for a withdrawal of governments from the economic and social scene, so as to increase reliance on the private sector and market processes. Neo-liberalism was meant to reverse Keynesian policies.
new economy
economic change; ation, the rise of 1 globalization.
NIMBY (not in m changes happenin movements are us land use, infrastru activities that loca. such as strip clut and landfills. Thes or consist of feder
non-governme
Organizations tha that might norms agency—e.g., a he times, Canadian t NGOs to provide would have been ment during the i
path dependem
tain tendencies alter because the arrangements ant
place-making
physical/architec urban environmt ticular part of a 'place-fuf and c more local scales
polarization
towards the two measured. Undei income is said tc merits in the po high- or low-inc
post-Fordism
characterized by isms and their r ented (neo-liber
Glossary
e, entering a conjugal ransitions can be exam-mping key transitional stages.
snerally agreed to be :n, Iivability is assessed cators. Canadian cities i in published statistical ire urban quality of life
ire The concept that led of specialized sub-ian or walkable scale, by function—e.g., law mplexes, entertainment district affiliation—e.g., i twenty-first-century include distinctive resits, and spaces with dis-
itive and/or negative :iated with a distinctive
nt Forms of urban se different types of pments are often pro-educe the dependence
official policy of the minority groups par-ciety while also main-social values, practices, ie latter adhere to the ts and Freedoms and slation.
j for a withdrawal of omic and social scene, the private sector and xalism was meant to
new economy An economy that reflects recent economic changes stemming from de-industrialtz-ation, the rise of high-order tertiary activities, and globalization.
NIMBY (not in my back yard) Reactions against changes happening around one's residence. NIMBY movements are usually targeted at intensification of land use, infrastructure developments, and uses and activities that local residents do not want near them, such as strip clubs, halfway houses, group homes, and landfills. These movements can be locally based or consist of federations of local groups.
non-governmental organizations (NGOs) Organizations that provide/deliver goods or services that might normally be delivered by a government agency—e.g., a homeless shelter. During neo-liberal times, Canadian cities have relied more heavily on NGOs to provide important municipal services that would have been provided by an arm of government during the modern era of the welfare state.
path dependence A perspective by which certain tendencies are long-lasting and difficult to alter because they are supported by institutional arrangements and processes.
place-making Planning efforts to insert physical/architectural features and events into the urban environment to help make a city or a particular part of a city more appealing, hence more 'place-fur and competitive globally as well as at more local scales.
polarization A distribution that is skewed towards the two ends of the attribute that is being measured. Under conditions of the new economy, income is said to be polarized because major segments in the population fall into either relatively high- or low-income groups.
post-Fordism The period succeeding Fordism characterized by a dismantling of Fordist mechanisms and their replacement by more market-oriented (neo-liberal) processes.
power centres Clusterings of specialized stores of different size along with discount department stores in an automobile-oriented environment. In contrast with shopping malls, there is little common space in power centres, notwithstanding large parking areas.
producer services Services contracted out that cater to producers of final demand goods or services—e.g., contracted legal work, accounting, maintenance, and cleaning.
productive diversity The attraction to new enterprise of a city that is economically diversified and boasts a talented labour force.
push and pull factors Circumstances that influence households' decision to migrate or move; 'push' factors are negative attributes of the current place of residence and 'pull' factors represent the attraction of a relocation alternative.
qualitative development An approach to urban development that departs from a fixation on urban expansion and population growth (i.e., quantitative development), focusing instead on the existing built environment, infilling and redeveloping, and conserving or adapting existing buildings for reuse, with attention to preserving and accentuating a sense of place and urban quality, often at a pedestrian scale.
revitalization/regeneration Renewal or regrowth of an obsolete sector of the economy or area of the city, such as the reinvigoration of the core and inner city in large Canadian metropolitan areas in the twenty-first century.
slow-growth cities Cities where population growth over a 10-year period is less than 10 per cent. Given the high proportion of the Canadian urban system on slow-growth trajectories or in decline (losing population), urbanists are calling for more sophisticated and realistic approaches to urban development that are not centrally focused on unrealistic expectations of continuous growth; see qualitative development.
*
Glossary
social cohesion The strength of social bonds in society between people from different ethno-cultural backgrounds and socio-economic classes. Strengthening social cohesion is a common social policy goal of state bureaucracies and politicians, and a target for social programming, particularly in diverse societies hke Canada.
social housing Government-funded housing provided to low-income households whose housing needs are not adequately met by the private real estate industry. Rent is subsidized such that the household does not pay more than 30 per cent of its gross income.
survival curve Depiction of the proportion of a population surviving at a particular age in life. Given the very low infant mortality rate and significantly reduced mortality at older ages, demographers and human health experts discuss the possibility of nearly all humans living to a genetically fixed age limit as mortality at earlier ages becomes less common, creating a rectangular survival curve.
temporary foreign workers (TFWs) Workers allowed into a country for a prescribed period in specified employment. As such, most rights of citizenship are not available to TFWs.
topophilia Love of place, a term coined by geographer Y.-F. Tuan. It pertains to the growing interest for place in planning and an awareness of the importance of place for many people. The opposite term,'topophobia', denotes fear of place.
Tower in the Park Model of urban development conceived by Le Corbusier, which consists of high-rise buildings set in a park-like environment. The model has been popular all over the world and has been criticized by Jane Jacobs.
transnational A term used in reference to an immigrant who attains citizenship in one country but keeps up ties with his/her place of origin and/or former residence.
transportation demand management (TDM) A recent strategy used by transportation planners. In the past traffic was simply forecast and accommodated, but TDM attempts to change the demand itself rather than simply accommodate demand— e.g., shifting hours of work in one or more large employment sectors in order to reduce congestion during periods of rush hour or peak load.
urban dynamics Human behaviour taking place in cities; also, journey patterns within urban areas.
urban ecosystem How natural systems function within the built environments of cities.
urban form The configuration of urban areas. Urban form can pertain to the distribution and density of activities within metropolitan regions or to design features of specific places within cities.
urban renewal Strategic reuse of an area of the city that is underused and often run down due to forces of change and transition. Urban renewal schemes are usually planned comprehensively under the direction of professional planners and at least partially funded by one or more levels of government.
urban sustainability Conditions required to assure the long-term availability of the natural resources (including pure water and air) required for the existence of urban settlements. Urban sustainability is increasingly perceived in a global context, such as the contribution of cities to planetary environmental degradation, e.g., global warming. Sustainability can also be defined in more narrow economic terms.
vertical farms The use of high-density urban space for purposes of food cultivation. The term spans a spectrum of practices, from roof gardens to 'factory farms'.
walkability Configurations of urban space that are pedestrian-friendly and so promote walking
from place to pi major goal ol tv ning is to incre cities.
welfare state ment in the pro\ care, housing, an eminent interv< dealt with by th<
Glossary
455
from place to place within walkable sub-areas. A major goal of twenty-first-century land-use planning is to increase the walkability of Canadian cities.
welfare state Strong state/government involvement in the provision of basic needs, such as health care, housing, and old age security, as well as government intervention in matters more typically dealt with by the private sector, such as wage rates.
In Canada the term is most often associated with the Fordist period of urban economic growth.
world city, global city Very large cities that interact as much or more—m terms of the flows of information, finances, goods, and people—with other places globally as with cities in their own country, and where growth is propelled by global rather than local factors. Various typologies rate different cities' position on a global hierarchy.
Index
'100-mile diet', 5,413
Abbotsford, BC. 160, 184, 343. 449 Aboriginal Council ofWinnipeg
(ACW), 379 Aboriginal people, 135, 150; in census, 375, 376-7: fertility rate. 133; housing and, 344; impact of European arrivals, 150; incomes of, 383; inner cities and, 385,388; lack of research on urban issues and, 375,388; life expectancy of, 134; marginalization and, 385, 388; neighbourhoods and, 182; organizations for, 379-80, 380-1; political representation of, 379; in Prairie provinces, 146—7; self-determination and, 378—9; self-identification as, 377; settlement patterns, 385-6, 388; socioeconomic status and, 381—7,388; terminology, 376; unemployment rate, 383; in urban areas, 278,375, 381-3; urban cultures, 387-8; urbanization rates, 376-8; poverty and, 184,385, 386-7: in western Canada, 133; women, 380; youth, 359, 360
accessibility, 7-8, 43; land values and,
227-8; older people and, 369 active travel, 399-403 Active 18,271 'activity intensity', 196 Act of Union. 21
Act to Amend the Charter ofVille de
Montreal, 219-20 affordable housing, 64, 180, 345, 347,
432; declining availability of, 440 Affordable Housing Initiative, 348 Africvilk, 328
age: older populations, 368,371), 372; of population, 134, 135, 139, 147,359
age-friendly cities and communities, 366-9,450
Ages: First, 137-8, 142,143; Second, 138, 142, 143;Third. 137, 138. 141, 142, 144. 147; Fourth. 138-9 agglomeration, 89-90, 1 16, 122,125 Agricultural Land Reserve (ALR),412 agricultural settlements era, 21—2 agriculture, 5,71,78; employment in, 91; green revolution, 78.412: history of Canadian, 412; preservation of land for, 412-13; settlements, 19; urban, 417; urban food systems and, 411; see also farming airports, 58
A1TEC (Association internationale de techniciens, experts, et chercheurs), 220
Alberta, 121, 175 Alexander, Christopher, 11 Ali, S.H. and R. Keil, 62 all-ages-friendly cities, 37(1 Alonso, William, 233,234 Alsop, Will, 337
Alternate Planning Group (APG), 163 Alternative, 220
American Planning Association, 411, 421, 422; Food Planning Policy Guide, 415
Amin, A. and S. Graham. 66
Anderson, K. and A. Bows, 79-80
Andrew, C., et al., 157
Anti-Terrorism Act (2001), 299
apartments: eco-footprint and, 81; also condominiums
'apocalyptic demography', 370
Appadurai.A., 64-5
Appancio, P., et al., 395
Arar, Maher, 296
architecture:'design renaissance', 265;
urban projects, 337 Amott. R.J. and F. Lewis, 235-6 art and culture, 54 Art Gallery of Ontario (AGO), 337 artists: migration of, 270; grassroots
activism and, 271 Artscape, 271
Asia-Pacific Gateway and Corridor
Initiative, 56 Assembly of First Nations (AFN), 379 assimilation/acculturation, 156-7,376 Association of European Schools of
Planning (AESOP), 415 Atkinson, R., 288
Australia: car ownership in, 197; density of cities, 195; total land use in, 196; transit and transportation systems in. 198,201
Australian Defence College, 297
automobiles, 82; impact on land use, 322; low-density land use and, 47; orientation of development to, 44, 205,308, 3117; ownership. 26,46, 197,238; reliance on, 13,40,48, 308, 432; suburban town centres, 312-13; travel, 26, 192-4
automobile industry, 6. 100, 117, 128; flows and, 59; tiers of suppliers, 59
auto-oriented pods, 318-19,321
Ayalon, 0..418
baby boom echo, 132
baby boom generation, 30, 42, 132, 133,
144,343,366 'baby bust', 30, 42 Barnes,T. and T. Hutton, 11)5 Barrie, Out., 343. 344 Beckstead, D. and G. Gellatly, 101 Beckstead, D. and T.Vinodrai, 101 Bell. Daniel. 113
Bell Northern Research (BNR), 103 Bergeron, Dan and Gabriel Reese: A
City Renewal Project, 272 Bertrand, L.,et al, 396 bias, spatial, 289 bid-rent curves, 234, 450 bid-rent map, 233—4 big-box stores. 32,396,419 biocapacity, 74 biohazards, 303 bio-mimicry, 82
bioregions (eco-city states), 82,251
bio-security, 297,301 biotechnology, 100 birth control, 132 Blakely. E. and M. Si Blomley, Nick, 228 'Bloody Saturday', 2' Borchert.John, 19 Bourne, Larry, 357,"I Bourne, L.S. and D. ] Bourne, L.S. and J. S: 'Bridget Jones Econc Bridget Jones i Diary, British Columbia: Aj Reserve (ALR) Program, 206,2 in, 175; obesity 'broken windows'th Brown, J.H., et al., 2. brownfield sites, 124 redevelopment, built environment, 7 mode, 402-3; ei and, 397-403; e 392-7; obesity ; physical activity Bunting,T. and V. Fil Burkner, H.J.,287 Burnham, Scott, 272 business improvemei
118,270,450 business parks, 319 Bus Riders Union (1 Buzzelli, M. and R.! Byward Market (Otl
Cabbagetown (Toro Caisse de Depots et
Quebec, 219 Calgary, 22,30, 97,1 Aboriginal peo car ownership z complete comri downtown, 313 439; housing ai 438; immigrant force in, 113-b in, 225; rents in subdivisions in, in, 196; traffic s and transportati 197,201,202; t development m fatalities in, 202
Index
: Gateway and Corridor ive, 56
if First Nations (AFN),379 i/acculturation, 156-7,376 i of European Schools of ng (AESOP), 415 I., 288
är ownership in, 1 97; density ;s, 195; total land use in, 196; and transportation systems 1,21)1
Defence College, 297 s, 82; impact on land use, iw-density land use and, 47; ttion of development to, 44, .18,3(17; ownership, 26,46, 58; reliance on, 13,40,48, 52; suburban town centres, 3; travel, 26, 192-4 industry, 6, 100, 117, 128; nd, 59; tiers of suppliers, 59 ed pods, 318-19, 321 418
echo, 132
generation, 30,42,132,133, 13, 366 30.42
ldT. Hutton, 105 .,343,344
3. and G. Gellady, 101 landT.Vinodrai, 101 ,113
irn Research (BNR), 103 >an and Gabriel Reese: A
jHi'ira/ Project, 272
,etal,,396
289
•ves.234,450
p, 233-4
es, 32.396,419
74
503
^,82
eco-ciry states), 82, 251
bio-security, 297, 303
biotechnology, 100
birth control, 132
Blakely. E. and M. Snyder. 145
Blomley, Nick, 228
"Bloody Saturday', 296
Borchert, John, 19
Bourne, Larry, 357, 427
Bourne, L.S. and D. Rose, 136
Bourne, L.S. and J. Simmons, 280
"BridgetJones Economy'. 143—4
Bridget Jones's Diary, 143
British Columbia: Agricultural Land Reserve (ALR), 412, 413; Gateway Program, 206, 207: neo-liberalism in, 175; obesity rates in, 392
'broken windows' thesis, 300
Brown, J.H., et al„ 236
brovvntield sites, 124, 266,3111, 404, 450; redevelopment. 10,118,316
built environment, 72; choice of travel mode, 402-3; energy expenditure and, 397—403; energy intake and, 392-7; obesity and, 392-403; physical activity and, 398-403
Bunting,T. and P. Filion,263
Burknei, H.J.,287
Burnham, Scott, 272
business improvement areas (BIAs), 62, 1 18, 270, 450
business parks, 319
Bus Riders Union (BRU), 293, 294
Buzzelli, M. and R. Harris, 307
By ward Market (Ottawa), 334
Cabbagetown (Toronto), 269,301 Caisse de Depots et de Placements du
Quebec. 219 Calgary 22,30, 97, 125, 268-9. 448:
Aboriginal people in, 382, 383,384; car ownership and use in, 194, 197; complete communities in, 316,317; downtown, 313; homelessness in, 439: housing and. 172. 344, 437, 438; immigrants in, 160; labour force in, 113-14,116; land values in, 225; rents in, 343; residential subdivisions in, 145; total land use in, 196; traffic speed in, 202; transit and transportation systems in, 194, 197,201, 202; transit-oriented development in, 312; transport fatalities in, 202; urban structure
and employment patterns in, 121;
youth and, 359,367 Calgary Urban Vice, 367 Campbell, S., 251 'Canada Line' urban rail transit
(Vancouver), 194 Canada Mortgage and Housing
Corporation, 308 Canada—Quebec Accord, 153 Canada—US Free Trade Agreenien t,
205
Canadian Auto Workers, 103 Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
(CBC), 106 Canadian Employment Equity Act, 385 Canadian Film Centre's Worldwide
Short Film Festival (WSFF), 106 Canadian Geographer, 375 Canadian Medical Association, 413 Canadian Security Intelligence Service
(CSIS), 296, 299 capital: creative, 265; cultural, 253;
economic, 253: human, 90, 253;
natural, 253, 258: physical, 253:
social, 253,258 capitalism, 430; cognitive-cultural, 88;
'ketio', 31 capitalization, 2. 4, 10-11, 12, 15 carbon dioxide, stabilization of, 79—80 carrying capacity, 251 Carter,Tom and Chesya Polevychok,
347
Castells,M.,64, 173
Catungal,J.P.,et al., 124
census metropolitan areas (CMAs), 30, 357, 448-9; Aboriginal populations in, 381; income inequality in, 171; income polarization in, 177-81; obesity rates in, 392; older population in, 366; youth in, 360
Center tor Strategic and International Studies. 78-9
central business district (CBD), 22, 24, 28,44, 111.263. 313: jobs in, 196
central city development: social
displacements and, 268—9; see also inner cities
central core, 430; see also inner cities
centralization, 430
Central Urban Metis Federation Inc.
(CUMFI),379 Centre for Excellence in Mining
Innovation (CEMI), 1(13
Centre for Urban Ecology, 220 Cervero. Robert, 401 change, 39, 41—4; capitalization and, 10; demographic, 42,
43, 131-47, 176, 238,308-9, 358; factors contributing to, 307-9; incremental, 39,43-4, 50; radical transformations, 39,
44, 50; stabilizing forces and, 43; transformative, 19
Charters, David, 299
Child Hunger Eradication Program (CHEP),419
children: active transportation to school, 400—401; in families, 142;journey-to-school, 402; obesity and, 396—7
China Care project, 159
Chinatown (Vancouver), 328
Chinese Chamber of Commerce, East Toronto (CCCET). 159
'citadel' spaces, 301
cities, 72; age-friendly, 366-9, 450; alienation from ecological processes, 71,73; all-ages-friendly. 370; as biophysical entities, 71; capital, 5; challenges facing Canadian, 431—5; changing profile of, 236-40;'compact', 432, 440,443; competitive, 432,450; complexity of change m, 428, 429; cultural and creative activities in centres, 269—72; declining, 33, 276-7. 284, 285-7,289, 435, 442; 'divided', 328; eco-footprint of, 13, 76; ecology and, 70, 72, 75-6, 78-80; as ecosystems, 72—3; edge, 32, 119;'entrepreneurial', 211,214; environmental impact of, 247—8; flows and, 57-58; 'good', 329, 431,434, 443; hierarchy of world, 63; history of, 71;'in balance', 357.58, 359, 370—1; international comparison of transit and transportation systems, 192-206; just', 422, 435;'learning', 432. 433; livable, 191,419, 452; older, 357,358, 359, 370-1, 372; one planet', 80-1; quality of life and, 428;'revanchist', 239, 263; seven properties of, 4-16; 'shrinking'. 266, 277; slow-growth. 276-80,281-3, 284, 285,343, 453; visions of, 39-41; world/global, 62-3, 113,
Index
173,212,214,335,336,455;
younger, 357,358-9, 370-1 citizenship, 157,345, 450;'urban', 351 Citizens' Summit of Montreal, 220 CittaSlow, 288-9 City ofToronto Act, 217,288 city-regions, 110,125,213,214,216;
spatial bias for, 288, 289 City Renewal Project, A, 272 civilizations, disappearance of, 14 class:'creative', 6, 12, 40,41,90, 94, 118,
173,215, 239,265; 'new', 90;'new
middle', 236, 266 .climate change, 67, 78-9; consequences
of, 14;'severe', 79, 80, 83 clusters, 65-6,89-90,116 Coert.A. and N.A. Ross, 399 cognitive dissonance, 43, 80 COINTELPRO, 296 commodiheation, 450 Common Sense Revolution (CSR),
216-17
communities: building healthier,
403-6; complete, 310,311. 316-17; 'ethnic', 182, 184; focused on environment, 146; golf course, 145, 146;lake', 145, 146; multiple foci, 146; niche, 144-5; private, 319-20, 321; wired or 'e-\ 146
community capital framework, 252-3, 257, 258; sustainable community development and, 252
community organizations: housing and, 345
Community Supported Agriculture, 413
commuting: active, 400-401; cost of time spent, 238; patterns, 58
'compact and complete'community-programs, 118
complexity, 428, 429
condominiums, 33, 42; building boom, 266-7, 273,312; corporations, 308; in downtown revitalization zones, 315-16; eco-footprint and, 81; inner-city intensification and, 10; ownership of, 144, 343; popularity of, 309; private townhouse developments, 320;'see-throughs', 268; tenure, 309-10,319
Confederation, 22
Conference Regionale des Elus (CRE), 220
conflict: as trigger for immigration, 152
congestion, 434
Congress of Aboriginal Peoples
(CAP), 379 Constitution Act, 1982,376 construction sector: labour force in,
114-15
construction techniques, 308,353 Consultative Committee on the
Development of the Area of
Montreal, 218 consumerism, 26, 80 consumption, 5,9, 42,143 contradictory tendencies, 428, 429—30 core: micro-spaces of the, 122,452;
urban, 118-19, 122 'core housing need', 156,450 core—periphery model, 111 Cornell, Markham, 32, 146, 316, 317,
318 Cox, K.R., 65
crime, 433; flows of, 62; property and, 301; urban fear and, 300-301; youth and, 365 Cross Bronx Expressway, 204 cultural activities, 7, 87; in city centres, 269-72
cultural commodification, 273
cultural diversity, 378
cultural products industries, 90-1, 95-6,
104—6, 111; employment in, 104;
growth rates of, 104 'cultural turn', 329 culture, 54, 264
Daley, Richard, 418
Dartmouth Crossing power centre, 319
data, digital, 446-7
Davis, Mike, 301
Dear, M.J. and S. Rusty, 40
'death of distance', 89, 117, 213
death rates. See mortality
decentralization, 7,430
Decker, E.H. et al.,83
decline, urban, 431
declining cities, 30, 33, 284, 435, 442; challenges and opportunities, 285; conditions contributing to, 278-80; defining, 276-7; location of, 277-80; planning and, 285-6, 286-7,289 deindustrialization, 30, 95, 97, 101 demographic change, 42, 43, 131-47, 238, 358; in Canada, 196,278;
housing and. 308-9; income inequality and, 176; second transition, 132
density, 23; benefits of higher, 266-7, 353—54; eco-foorprint and, 81; in Fordist-Kcynesian period, 28; international comparison of cities, 195-6; problems with low, 55,442, 354; urban sustainability multiplier and, 81; walkability and, 403
Department of Indian Affairs, 376
Despommiers, Dickson, 420
Detroit: urban agriculture in, 418
developers: housing system and, 344—5; infrastructure and, 310
development: controlled, 287: epochs of, 19-35; mixed-use, 310-17,452: qualitative, 286—7,453; realigned, 287; sustainable, 46-7, 248-9, 249-54, 307; in transition, 262-4
Diamond, Jared, 14
diet: morbidity and, 392-4
discrimination: youth population and, 360
diseases, infectious, 8, 297,303 dislocation, 124,451 divorce, 142
Don Mills (Toronto), 26,329 Don Vale (Toronto), 350 downloading, 264, 284—5 Downs, Anthony, 277 Downtown Eastside, 301, 338, 351 downtown revitalization zone, 313—16 downtowns, 32,312; cars in, 45-6,
198; population in CMAs, 314;
redevelopment, 28-9 Drake,The, 270 Drapeau, Jean. 263 driving: obesity and, 400 drugs: flows of, 62 Duaiiy, Andres, 40
Duany Plater-Zyberk Associates, 316 Dziekanski, Robert, 304
East Chinatown,Toronto, 159—60 eating habits: health and, 392-4 Eaves, Ernie, 216
eco-city state (bioregional city), 82 ecological footprint, 5, 53, 70, 187, 432, 451; analysis, 73—5, 251; factors of. 74; food and, 414: human, 73-5; per capita. 74, 76; of selected nations, 74, 75; urbanization and, 72
ecological modernized
economic crisis: of 197 264; of 2008-9,6, 338,438
economic developmen creative class persj place and, 12; prog Keynesian period,
economic localisms, 21
Economist, 205
economy: creative, 87, 122-5;'exit-ramp restructuring, 239 Canadian, 91; kno 9,87,95, 101-4,1 12,87,89.121-2. cultural, 122, 123-91-5; service, 6; st transformation of in, 430-1; as urbai
ecosystems: human, 72
ECOTEC Research ai 277
Edgington,D.W.,61 Edmonton, 30. 125.4-people in, 381. 3$ access to playgrot average monthly i diversity ill, 159; i in, 396: homelessi immigrants in, 16 development in, 2 population and, 3 education: in First Age levels of, 153; pos 106; as urban pru Egger, G. and B. Swinl elderly, 139; see also ol<
seniors elections: immigrants' 157; low voter tu electricity: transportat: Electronic Arts, 105 Elliot Lake,Ont..5,21 Emmanuel, Rahm, 47 employment, 54, 91, 1 business districts, products industri levels and, 101; ii; sectors, 92, 93; in 155; income pola 173-4; industrial. 93; interprovinci:
and, 308-9; income ty arid, 176; second n, !32
enefits of higher, 266—7, cco-footprint and, 81; st-Keynesian period, 28; ional comparison of cities, iroblems with low, 55, 442, an sustainobility multiplier walkability and, 403 of Indian Affairs, 376 5, Dickson, 420 n agriculture in, 418 ousing system and, 344—5; ciure and, 310 : controlled, 287; epochs 5; mixed-use, 310-17, 452; ve, 286—7, 453; realigned, ainable, 46-7, 248-9, 307; in transition, 262—4 ed, 14
ty and, 392-4
in: youth population and,
:tious,8.297,303 24,451
bronto),26,329 ronto), 350 ,264,284-5 ony, 277
•astside, 301,338,351 ^vitalization zone, 313—16 32,312; cars in, 45—6, mlationin CM As, 314; pment, 28—9 70
i,263
.ty and, 400 if, 62 ■s, 40
-Zyberk Associates, 316 Robert, 304
wn,Toronto, 159-60 health and, 392-4 216
(bioregional city), 82 sprint, 5, 53, 70, 187,432, lysis, 73-5,251; factors of,
and, 414; human, 73—5; per 1,76; of selected nations, rbanization and, 72
ecological modernization, 248—9, 451 economic crisis: of 1970s, 212; of 1980s,
264; of 2008-9, 6, 48, 57, 67, 264,
338, 438
economic development, 118,309, 434;
creative class perspective and, 40;
place and, 12; programs in Fordist-
Keynesian period, 26 economic localisms, 214 Economist, 205
economy: creative, 87, 288; cultural, 122—5;'exit-ramp', 31; global restructuring, 239, 431; growth of Canadian, 91; knowledge-based, 6, 9.87,95, 101-4, 106, 278,452; new, 12,87,89, 121-2,239, 453; new cultural, 122,123—5; post-industrial, 91—5; service, 6; staples, 56; transformation of, 42; uncertainty in, 430—1; as urban priority, 432 ecosystems: human, 72—3; urban, 72, 454 ECOTEC Research and Consulting, 277
Edgingtou.D.W., 61
Edmonton, 30,125,448; Aboriginal people in, 381, 382,384,386, 387; access to playgrounds in, 399; average monthly rents in, 343; diversity in, 159; fast-food outlets in, 396; homelessness and, 437; immigrants in, 160; transit-oriented development in, 312; youth population and, 359, 360.365,367
education: in First Age, 138; immigrants' levels of, 153; post-secondary, 9, 106; as urban priority, 433
Egger, G. and B. Swinburn, 392
elderly, 139; see also older populations; seniors
elections: immigrants'participation in, 157; low voter turnout, 433
electricity: transportation and, 207
Electronic Arts, 105
Elliot Lake, Out., 5, 277
Emmanuel, Rahm, 47
employment, 54, 91, 110; in central business districts, 196; in cultural products industries, 104; education levels and, 101; in goods-producing sectors, 92, 93; immigrants and, 155; income polarization and, 173—4; industrial, 29; by industry, 93; interprovincial migration
and, 136; job tenure in, 92, 96; knowledge- and creativity-intensive, 94: location of, 116—18; in manufacturing, 96—100; market interdcpendencies and, 1 17—18; by occupation, 97; polarization of, 239; professionals, 102; in public sector, 111; in services-producing sector, 29, 92, 93; suburban, 119, 128
enclaves, 320; ethnic, 331, 334-5; immigrant, 182—4, 328; mixed-mi nor ity 184
energy: built environment and, 392—403; rise in prices, 47
entrepreneurial policies, urban, 239—40
environment, 2, 4,13-14, 1.6, 434;
awareness of issues, 13—14; damage to, 55, 80; housing and, 352—4; as urban priority, 432
environmentalism, 309
eras: first agricultural settlement, 2; 'Great Transitions', 2, 19, 22-4; mercantile, 20; neo-libcralism/ deindustnalization; 2; post-war economic boom, 2, 19, 24—9
erhtioburbs',60, 182
Europe: declining cities in, 277; transit and transportation systems in, 202
European Union (EU): local food procurement initiative, 416
Evergreen Neighbourhood (Saskatoon), 354
Ewing, R.,et al.,403 Expo '86, 336
exports: Canadian, 57; grain, 22; lumber.
21; regional growth and, 65;
services, 6; staple, 5, 6,20 expressways: impact on cities, 44; see also
freeways; roads 'eyes on the street', 41, 335
failure, psychology of. 276, 281—3 Fairview Slopes (Vancouver), 350 False Creek South (Vancouver), 331 families, 141-2, 176 farmers' markets, 403, 404, 413, 419 farming: vertical, 420-1, 422, 454; SPIN
(small plot intensive), 417, 418 fear, 245, 293—304; biohazards and,
303; crime and, 300-301;
gendered violence and, 302; older
populations and, 370; property
and,301-2
index
Federal Housing Act (US). 204 Federation of Canadian Municipalities
(PCM), 216, 433; Sustainable
Community Awards. 249,
250,254 feminization of survival, 141 fertility, 131—3; declining rates of, 30,
132,278,359 "fertility': land rent and, 233 festival marketplaces, 333-4 film industry, 105-6, 117 Filmport, 105
'filtering' of housing, 349, 351
final demand services, 119
FIRE (finance, insurance, real estate)
sector: expansion of, 54, 113 first agricultural settlement era, 2 First Nations, 376; homelessness
and, 378; organizations. 380-1;
population in rural areas and
reserves, 377; reinstatement of, 377;
urbanization rates, 376,377; see also
Aboriginal people Fischler, R. and j.M, Wolfe, 287 flexible specialization/flexible
accumulation, 88 Florida, Richard. 6, 40. 90, 94,105, 122,
173,215,239 flows: characteristics of, 59; cities and.
62—5; of consumer goods and
services, 59; finance, 60—1; global,
56-7, 58, 64;'nasty', 62; people, 58,
60;'-scapes' of global, 64-5; types
of, 57-8 Folke, C. et al.,76
food, 411; accessibility of, 396, 419-20; consumer advocacy and, 414; distribution of, 419; ecological footprint and, 414; fast, 396-7, 413;jimk, 396-7; lifestyles and, 413; locally produced, 414; organic, 413—14; planning and policy and, 415—16, 421, 422; prices, 396; production of, 71,412,413; retailing, 395-6, 403, 41.3-14; systems, 411—23, 451; vulnerability of supplies, 78; wraste, 247
food deserts, 394-6, 405, 418-19, 451
FoodShare, 419
Foot, D. with D. Stoffman, 142
Ford, Henry, 24, 88
Fordism, 24, 88,212, 451
Fordist-Keynesian period, 24—9, 451
'■'.'■i>U Index
Foreign Credential Recognition
Program, 155 Fort McMurray.Alta.. 283-4 fossil fuels, 78, 82 Frank, Lawrence, 401 Free Trade Agreement, 29 freeways: in Canada, 198; demand for,
55; design guidelines for, 204;
supply per capita, 197—S French Regulation School, 88 Friedmann,J., 63,214 Friedmann,J. and G. Wolff, 63 Friendship Centres, 380 Frisken, E, 215
Front de Liberation du Quebec, 295 FUSION Halifax, 365 Futurama, 45,50
Galabuzi, G.-E., 174, 181,182 gang membership, 360, 364, 365, 383 Garden City concept, 39, 40, 41,329 gardens: community, 416—18,450;
rooftop, 418; urban, 416-18 Garrison Woods (Calgary), 317 gas: production, 79
gated communities, 145, 301,309,320,
321,357,369 gay villages, 331-2 Gehry, Frank, 265,337 gender: labour force participation and,
92; violence and, 302 General Strike (Winnipeg), 296 gentrification, 28,32,42,45, 90, 178,
214,236-8, 266, 298,430, 451;
artistic interventions and, 269—72;
displacement of people and, 349-
51,351—2; high-income earners
and, 438; impact on markets, 35(1;
income polarization and, 179,180;
'stage theory' of, 269-70 Geobase, 447 GeoConnections, 447 GeoGratis, 447 geopolitics, urban, 298 George, Henry, 232 Germanrown (Regina), 328 Germany: planning in, 286;'shrinking'
cities in, 288 ghettoization, 181—2 ghettos, 64. 182,184,386, 433,451;
'outcast', 182 Ghosh, S., 162 Giddens, Antholiy, 348-9
Gilliland,J.,et al.,399
Global Footprint Network, 414
globalism, 53
globalization, 5,30,21(1; Hows and,
56—7, 58—9, 62; income inequality and social polarization and, 173, 298; limitations of, 57, 67; protests against, 297; security and, 297-8
global warming, 14, 46
goods, intermediate, 452; flows of, 59-60
goods-producing industries, 91, 92,106, 111
Google Earth, 447
Google Maps, 447
Gore Park, Hamilton, 357
governance, 2, 4,12-13, 16, 88, 118, 158-60, 378,451; changing context of, 211—13; entrepreneurial, 213-15, 264; shift to, 211; as urban priority, 433
government: economic intervention and, 30; federal, 344, 381; housing and, 344, 348; immigration policies and, 60; neo-liberalism and, 30; provincial, 205,221,344, 381; reproductive services and, 9; response to social polarization, 187; restructuring processes, 211; spatial data and, 446; urban development and, 26; urban form development and, 321; urban sustainability and, 81,8grain, 22,78
Grant,Jill,301
Granville Island (Vancouver), 268, 333
grassroots urban activism, 271, 273
Great Depression, 47
Greater Golden Horseshoe, 7,217; Growth Plan (2006), 288; Places to Grow and, 443; smart growth in, 316
Greater Sudbury, Out., 277, 281, 283, 284, 358, 449; homelessness in, 437, 439, knowledge-based economy m, 101-3
Greater Toronto Area (GTA), 125; age groups in, 368; labour force in, 114, 115; manufacturing in, 111, 112; planning for growth in, 288; services sector in, 114; traffic in, 7; urban structure and employment patterns in, 119
Greater Toronto Area Green Belt, 244
Greater Vancouver Gateway Council, 65 'Great Transitions' era, 2, 19,22-4 Greenbelt Act, 412-13, 443 green building standards, 354 greenhouse gases (GHG): emissions,
247-8, 254-6 green roofs, 418
Green Roofs for Healthy Cities, 418 green space, 45, 429 greyfield sites, 10, 404, 451 grid-connected vehicles (GCVs), 207 grocery retailing, 395-6; population
density and, 403 growth, 43,278,279, 428; challenges
and opportunities, 283-5; smart,
47,81,286,307,310,316,414, 442;
uneven, 280 Growth Plan for the Greater Golden
Honeshoe (2006), 288 Guelph, Out., 160,417 Guggenheim Museum (Bilbao, Spain),
265, 337 Guthman,Julie, 413
Halifax, 327, 448; Bayer's Lake big-box
centre, 319; homelessness in, 437,
439; Next Generation Consulting
in, 365; obesity rates in, 392;
public-sector employment in, 111;
waterfront reclamation in, 332 Hall, H. and P. Hall, 283, 286 Hall,H.M.,28l,284 Hall, Peter, 63, 173,431 Hall, EV. and A. Khan, 64 Hamilton, 448; immigrants in, 160;
knowledge-based economy in, 103;
manufacturing employment in,
96, 97; obesity rates in, 392; steel
industry m, 117 Hamilton Immigrant Workforce
Integration Network, 156 Hancock, Mackling, 329 Handy, Susan, 401 Harris, Mike, 29,216 Harris, R., 307 Harvey, David, 118,430 Hayter, R. et al., 288 health, 8, 13, 403-6; housing and, 347;
obesity and, 391-2; physical activity
and,397-8 heartland/hinterland, 3, 22,24-6,58, 76,
330, 451,452 Heisz,A.,64, 170, 176
:ouver Gateway Council, 65
itions' era, 2, 19, 22—4
ct, 412-13, 443
ng standards, 354
gases (GHG): emissions,
254-6
418
sfor Healthy Cities, 418 45. 429
% ln,404,451 ted vehicles (GCVs), 207 iling, 395-6; population and, 403
278,279,428; challenges lorttinities, 283-5; smart, 286,307,310,316,414, 442; ,28(1
for the Greater Golden k (2006), 288 :., 160,417
i Museum (Bilbao, Spain),
7
lie, 413
448; Bayer's Lake big-box $19; homelessness in, 437, ■xt Generation Consulting obesity rates in, 392: ector employment in, 111; mt reclamation in, 332 P. Hall, 283, 286 281,284 3, 173,431 I A. Khan, 64 18; immigrants in, 160; Ige-based economy in, 103; Miring employment in, ibesity rates in. 392; steel in, 117
Limgrant Workforce
ion Network, 156
icklmg, 329
1,401
,29,216
J7
d, 118,430 al.,288
403-6; housing and, 347; ind, 391-2; physical activity -8
iterland, 3, 22,24-6, 58, 76,
,452
170,176
Highway Capacity Manual, 204 I iighvay Trust Fund (US). 198 homes, 307, 345-8: purchasing, 307-8;
'smart", 146 homelessness, 172, 269, 347. 348,
435-40; absolute and relative, 435, 438; characteristics of, 437. 439: continuum of. 435,436; factors of, 438; growth of, 440; individual agency perspective, 436; poverty and. 435; at risk of, 436; structural perspective, 436; youth, 365 homeownership, 26, 177,343 Hong Kong: total eco-footprint, 76-7 Hooker, C. and S. AH. 303 'Horizon Villages', 145 Hotelling. H..235
households: demographic change and, 176; high-income, 172; income inequality and, 176; middle-income, 171, 186; number of earners in, 176, 177, 238; single-person, 139-41,176,239; size and formulation of, 139-41, 176,308,344
housing, 342, 342-4; access to, 435; affordable, 64, 180, 345, 347, 432, 440; Canadian system, 344-5; central city development and, 268—9; challenges for, 354—5; characteristics of, 342-4: consumer preferences and, 309; consumption of materials, 353; demand for, 343-4; demographic change, 308-9; displacement and revitalization, 349-51; distribution of. 438; environmental issues atid, 352—4; 'filtering' and, 349,351; health and, 347; immigrants and, 155, 156; impact ot poor, 347—8; income spent on, 344; labour markets and, 228; location of employment and, 117—18; new stock, 343; not-for-profit organizations and, 345; policy and. 347,354; public, 330; renovations of, 343; rental, 186: as right of citizenship, 345-7: role in people's lives, 345—8; roles of state and civil society in. 348—9: size of, 32. 353; social, 175-6, 219,256, 284, 338, 344, 350. 352, 436, 454; suburban, 205;Third Age and, 144; as urban priority, 432; value of, 345. 350
housing affordability stress, 436 Howard, Ebenezer, 39. 40, 329 Howard-Bobiwash, Heather, 380 Hulchaiiski, U.,336 HulchanskiJ.D., 180-1 Hurd, Richard, 227 Hurricane Katnna, 9
ideas: flows of, 61-2
'imagineering', 335—6
immigrants, 8; business-class program. 153, 163; Canadian places and, 328; classes of, 152-3; in CM As, 30,60,61, 1 10, 153: countries of origin, 135, 154-5; economic class, 152, 153; education and, 153; enclaves and, 182-4,328; family class, 152,153-4; foreign credential recognition. 155; in gateway cities, 60; income and, 64, 174; integration and, 156-60; municipal electoral participation. 157; New Canadian Experience class, 153; number in Canada, 134—5; places of worship and, 158; points system, 228: population growth and, 359; refugee, 152; settlement and, 60, 152, 155-6, 160-1; women, 156; world cities and, 63; youth. 360
Immigrant Settlement and Adaptation Program (ISAI'), 156
immigration. 19, 134, 150, 151-5: demographic change and, 278; housing demand and, 228, 308-9. 344; land values and, 228; points system, 152; policy, 8, 60, 152, 163, 441; population levels and, 133; push factors for, 152; rates of, 150; social polarization and, 174; suburbs and, 32; urban labour markets and, 1 I 7
Immigration and Refugee Protection Act. 152
imperialism: place and. 327—8
implicit urban policy regime, 441
income; declining, 436; gap, 74; housing and, 438; inequality, 64, 170-2, 173-7, 179, 186; managers', 174; polarization, 308
Indians, 376; set also Aboriginal people
industrialism, 53
Industrial Revolution, 12
Index
inequality; income, 64, 170-2, 173-7,
186; social, 187-8 information: flows of, 60,61—2 information and communications
technology (ICT), 100,117; youth
and, 363
infrastructure, 12-13, 48, 435; decline of, 372; flows and, 58; municipal deficits, 9, 433; as urban priority, 432
inner cities, 22; cultural transformation of, 262-3; districts in, 263; 'filtering' of housing in, 28, 263; gentrificadon, 32, 236, 330; grocery retailing and, 404: higher density of, 239; housing markets and, 1 18, 268—9; production economy of, 123; immigrants in, 160; land prices, 230, 233; 'New Economy' in, 121; post-industrial, 121-22; regeneration/revkalization, 205, 239.244-5, 263, 308; residential intensification, 10; restructuring of, 179—80; social displacement in, 268-9; spatial distribution of household income in, 178-80; suburbs and, 28
Innis, Harold, 20, 65, I 11
innovation, 89-90,95,101-4,106, 433; food systems and, 412; interaction and, 7
insecurity, 293-304, 298 institutionalist economic geography, 213-14
intensification, 266, 267, 321; see also
density intercukuralism, 157 International Council for Local
Environmental Initiatives
(ICLEI), 247 International Covenant on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights, 345-7 Inuit, 376; urbanization rates, 376. 377;
see also Aboriginal people
Jacobs, Jane, 11,41,213, 307,310, 330,
335, 405 jargowsky, P.A., 386 Jenson, J., 88
Jenson, J. and D. Saint-Martin, 348
Jessop,Bob,212.215
Jones, Paula, 422
Jones, M. and G. MacLeod, 214
Index
just-in-time' delivery, 7, 308, 442 Kaplan, C, 31)0
Kazemipur, A. and S S. Halli, 181-2 Keiling, George and James Wilson, 300 Kelowna, BC, 176,344, 359 Kennedy, C.,J. Cuddihy, and j. Engel-
Yan, 83 Keir,J.,et al.,4()3 Keynes,John Maynard, 24 Keynesianism, 29, 212, 338,452;
'spatial', 212 Kingston, Out., 21. 27.281, 284, 449:
as city 'in balance', 359; Market
Square, 326:'student ghetto', 357;
urban agriculture in, 417 Kitchen, H.M., 284-5 Kitchener, Out., 100,448; downtown
live-work community project, 250;
immigrants in, 16U Kitimat, BC, 277
Knox, Paul and Linda McCarthy, 344 Kravitz, Ruddy, 232
labour: changes in market, 87;
international division of, 117;'new international division of, 63, 117
labour force: characteristics of, 91—2; in construction sector, 114—15; creative, 281, 282; education levels of, 91, 94; goods-producing industries and. Ill; growth rates, 92-5; manufacturing industries and, I 1 1-12; participation, 9, 92, 95; reproduction and, 8; in Second and Third Age, 138; seniors in, 138; services-producing industries and, 29, 111
land markets, urban: characteristics of,
230—2; conceptualizing spatial
structure of, 232—4 land: ownership, 232; rent, 232-3,452;
Ricardian tax, 232; tax, 232 land use: adapted to cars, 45; total, 196 land values, 7, 55, 225-30; at edge of
city, 235;'highest and best use',
228-30; near centre, 233 Lang, Jon. 11 Langley, BC, 206 Lang, R. and K. Danielson, 301 Language Instruction for Newcomers to
Canada (LINC), 156 Larsen K., et al., 403
Larsen, K. and J. Gilliland, 395, 403 Lastman, Mel, 218 Laurentian University, 103 Layton,Jack,216 learning, 89-90
Le Cobusier, 39, 40;Tower in the Park
concept, 328,329 Lehrer, Ute, 271
Leo, C. and K. Anderson, 281,284
Lewis, N. and B. Donald, 281
Ley.D, 163,266
Ley, D. and C. Dobson, 350, 351
Ley, D. and H. Frost, 263,3511
Liberty Village (Toronto), 124-5
Liebeskind, Daniel, 337
life course, 131.137, 357-8, 452;
continuum, 54; four stages of,
137-9,146 life expectancy, 134, 138 lifestyles: complexity of, 142—4; food
and,413;urban, 48 Living Planet Report 2008, 74 local dynamics: importance of, 65-6,67 Local Governments for Sustainability,
247
Local Self-Gouemmait, 217 location, value of, 225-30,240 'locational attainment', 184 Logan, J., et al., 182 London, UK: ecological footprint, 414 London, Out., 448: as city 'in balance', 359; children journey-to-school in, 402; fast-food restaurants and convenience stores in, 397, 398; food deserts in, 395,403; immigrants in, 160; public recreation facilities in, 399; walkability and, 403 Los Angeles School, 213 Lowe, N. and M.S. Gertler, 100 low-income cut-offs (LICOs), 172, 184 Lucas,M.A. Sands and D.A.Wolfe, 103 Lynch, Kevin, I I
Magna, 59
malls: in downtown areas, 29; regional, 28; see also retail developments; shopping centres
Mammalian Diving Reflex, 271
Mandel, Stephen, 365
'Manhattanism', 331
Manufacturing Innovation Network (MIN), 100
manufacturing, 6; changing landscape of, 87,95, 96-101, 106; decline, 308; employment in, 91, 98, 99, 278; labour force and, 111-12; life sciences and, 97-100; sub-sectors m, 101
Marcuse, P., 182
marketing: place-, 12, 239, 244; urban, 335-6
Markham, Out., 119.416
marriage, 141, 142
Martin, Paul. 216
Martm Prosperity Institute, 288
Mason, Gary, 225
Massey.D, 151,325
Massey, D.S. and N. Denton, 385
McCallum,K..etal.,336
McCann, L. and J. Simmons, 19
McCuinty, Dalton, 217
McKellar, James, 344
McKenzie Towne. Calgary. 32, 146. 317,335
McLean, Heather, 271
McMaster University School of Medicine, 103
'megacity',210,219
mega-events, 336
mega-projects, 215,272,335—6
Meier, Richard, 7
men: life expectancy of, 134
mercantile era, 2, 19,20—21
Metis. 376; organizations, 376,380-1; population in rural areas and reserves, 377; self-identification as, 381; urbanization rates, 376-8; see also Aboriginal people
Metis National Council, 379
Metis Nation Saskatchewan, 379
Metrolinx, 217, 250
metropolitanization, 212
migrants: temporary. 153; transnational, 60. 151.454
migration, 131; Aboriginal people and, 377-8; climate change and, 79; demographic change and, 134—6; domestic, 135-6; four elements of international, 151; interprovincial, 136; push and pull factors, 151, 453
milieu effect, 452
millennial generation, 143,147
Miller, David, 218
Mills, Edwin, 234
mining industry: in Sudbury, 101—3
Mintz, J.M. andT. Robt Mississauga, Out., 119, Mitchell, K., 66 Mitlin.D. and D. Satteri mixed nodes, 311-16 mixed-use devclopmen mobility, 191, 206-7; re 'mode of regulation', 8! Molotch, Harvey, 283,'. Montgomery Village (C Montreal, 21,22.30, 11 Aboriginal people 384; amalgamator car ownership and 197; community e community organ 1; Council of Agg cultural industries diversity and, 158; food deserts in, ?iS shift in, 218-1; ho 437; housing and, in, 60, 153, 155, 1 force in, 1 13, 115: 226-7; 229; life sc manufacturing en 112; mega-projeci End,331:neighb< 221;parks and,3? town centres in, 2 120; total land use and transportatioi 194, 195,2111,20: structure and em] in, 120; waterfroti in, 332 Montreal Citizens Mc Montreal Metro, 204, Montreal Metropolita (MMC), 219,287 Montreal Protocol, 14 Morgan, G., 380 Morgan, K. and R. Sc morbidity; diet and, 3 mortality, 131. 133-3-Moses, Robert, 204 'mosquito' ('youth re| 364
Miiller, B. and S. Sied multiculturalism, 156.
378, 452 multi-nodal systems, ■ Mumford, Lewis, 7.2
Index
463
g, 6; changing landscape '»,%•-! 01, 106; decline, >loymeutin,91,98,99, mr force and, 111—12; life and, 97— I Of); sub-sectors
82
ice-, 12, 239,244; urban,
it.. 119,416 , 142 216
:-rity Institute, 288
225
1,325
nd N. Denton, 385
..,et al.,336
nd J. Simmons, 19
litem, 2i 7
i«, 344
wne, Calgary, 32,146, cher, 271
nversity School of
e, 103
0,215
336
215, 272, 335-6 d, 7
:ctancy of, 134 1,2,19,20-21 ■ganizations, 376, 380—1; 3ii in rural areas and 377; self-identification as, inization races, 376—8; ice riginal people al Council, 379 Saskatchewan, 379 7,250 zacion, 212
porary, 153; transnational, 154
1;Aboriginal people and. imate change and, 79; phic change and, 134—6; , 135-6; four elements of Diial, 151; interprovincial, i and pull factors, 151, 453 452
leration, 143, 147
218 234
;ry; in Sudbury, 101—3
Mintz, J.M. and T. Roberts, 284 Mississauga, Ont., 119. 128 Mitchell, K., 66
Mitlin, D. and D. Satterth waite, 251
mixed nodes, 311—16
mixed-use development, 310—17,452
mobility, 191, 206-7; residential, 348
'mode of regulation', 88
Molotch, Harvey, 283, 288
Montgomery Village (Orangeville), 32
Montreal, 21, 22,30, 111, 125, 448; Aboriginal people in, 382, 383, 384; amalgamation, 219, 220; car ownership and use in, 194, 197; community gardens in, 416; community organizations in, 220-1; Council of Agglomeration, 219; cultural industries and, 104, 123—4; diversity and, 158; downtown, 313; food deserts in, 395; governance shift in, 218—1; homelessness and, 437; housing and, 343; immigrants in, 60, 153, 155, 160, 161; labour force in, 113, 115; land values and, 226-7; 229; life sciences in, 100; manufacturing employment in, 97, 112; mega-projects in, 263; Mile End, 331; neighbourhood forums, 221; parks and, 399; suburban town centres in, 312; suburbs, 120; total land use in, 196; transit and transportation systems in, 194, 195, 201, 202, 204; urban structure and employment patterns in, 120; waterfront revitalization in, 332
Montreal Citizens Movement, 219,220 Montreal Metro, 204, 263 Montreal Metropolitan Community
(MMC), 219,287 Montreal Protocol, 14 Morgan, G., 380 Morgan, K. and R. Sonnino, 416 morbidity: diet and, 392—4 mortality, 131, 133-34; infant, 134 Moses, Robert, 204 'mosquito' ('youth repellent device'),
364
Miiller, B. and S. Siedentop, 286 multiculturalism, 156, 157,325,329.
378, 452 multi-nodal systems, 47 Mumford, Lewis, 7, 248
municipalities, 205; downloading and, 221; diversity and, 158—6Í); entrepreneurial regimes, 216,451; fiscal imbalance/fiscal squeeze and, 221 —2, 433; food policy and, 41.5—16; funding of, 13; growth and, 284, 285; housing and, 344;'policy activism' of, 216; post-Fordism and, 211; property taxes and, 222, 286, 321; transitions affecting, 216
Murray, Glen, 265
Muth, Richard, 234
Myers, IX, 354
Myers, Dowel], 347
Nash, Catherine, 332 National Biotechnology Strategy, 100 National Capital Commission, 334 National Film Board (NFB), 106 National Interstate and Detcnse
Highways Act (US). 204 National Policy, 22
National Research Council (NRC), 100 National Resources Canada, 447 Native Council ot Canada: See Congress
of Aboriginal Peoples (CAP), 379 naturally occurring retirement
communities (NORCs), 369 'natural step' framework, 254 neighbourhood councils, 253—4 neighbourhood effects, 181,385,386 neighbourhoods, I 83; 'connectivity',
402,405; high-poverty, 181,182,
184; income and, 177, 178, 185;
physical activity and, 404; poverty
and, 181-86; segregation, 181-6;
social polarization and, 177—81 Neighbourhoods Alive Program
(Manitoba), 352 neo-communitarianism, 215, 221 neo-corporatism. 215, 218 neo-liberatism, 19,29-34, 210,212-13,
23,245, 452; era. 2; quality of life
and, 214—15; responses to, 215;
social inequality and, 174—6 neo-statism, 215
neo-traditional (NTD) communities, 145—6, 335; see also New Urbanism
'new deal for cities', 13
'New Deal for Cities and Communities', 206, 216
Newfoundland and Labrador: obesity rates in, 392
new growth theory, 213 Newhotise, David, 378 Newman, P.,T. Beatley, and H. Boyer, 259
New Media EC. 105 new regionalism, 213 New Urbanism,81, 118, 145-6,205,
307, 309,310, 335; complete
communities and, 316—17;
criticisms of, 244, 335; place and,
332-5; as response to sprawl, 442;
success of. 32,40,4 I 'New West'. 120 New Westminster, 13C, 56 New York City, 20; Interborough Rapid
Transit, 302; SoHo in, 270 Next Generation Consulting (NGC),
365
Next Generation Task Force
(Edmonton), 367 niche communities, 144—5 NIMBY (not in my back yard), 10,
43,453
No LoirermgTechnology, 364 not! govenunental organ izations
(NGOs), 156,453 Norcliffe, G„ 65
Nordlund, Ryna and Ryan Schmidt, 269
North, Douglas, 65
North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA), 29, 173,175,205 North American Indian, 376; see diso
Aboriginal people Northern Centre for Advanced
Technology (NORCAT), 103 Northern Ontario School of Medicine,
283
North West Mounted Police, 295
Oak Park (Oakville), 32
Obama, Barack, 47
obesity, 8. 46, 391-2, 393; built
environment and, 392—403; driving and, 400; food retailing and, 396-7
occupational polarization, 173—4
October Crisis, 295
O'Donnell, Darren, 271
office parks. See business parks
O'Flaherty, B.,436
oil, 78; crisis of 1974, 29;'peak', 78, 80; production, 79; rising price of 88; transportation and, 207
464
Index
older populations. 368, 370,372
Olds, K.,61
'one-planet living', 82
Ontario: automotive cluster in, 100; drug plan, 100; greenbelt in, 231; Growth Plan (2006), 244; manufacturing employment in, 96; neo-liberalism and, 175; Places to Grow Act (2005), 217, 286, 354,443
Ontario Agricultural Code of Practice, 412
Ontario College of Art and Design (OCAD), 337
Ontario Film and Television Tax Credit, 106
Ontario Mining Industry Cluster Council (OMICC), 103
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 170
Oshawa, Ont.,448
Oswalt, P., 288
Ottawa Citizen, 327
Ottawa-Gatineau, 30,125,218,448; Aboriginal people in, 382, 383,384; homelessness in, 439; household income in, 179; immigrants in, 160; information and communications technology in, 103—4; labour force in, 111, 114, 115; transit and transportation systems in, 194,201; urban transportation planning in, 206; urban structure and employment patterns in, 120; waterfront revitalization in, 332; youth and, 359,367
Out and Out in the Bio City, 269
'overshoot factor', 80, 432; Canada's, 74-5
ozone layer, depletion of, 14
Pacific Place, 336
Parkdale (Toronto), 271
Parkdalc Public School v. Queen West, 272
parking, 46, 198
Park Royal shopping centre, 329
parks, 267,332, 398, 399
path dependence, 10,42,43, 44,
50,453 Peck,J. andA.Tkkell,213 Peck, J. and N.Theodore, 62 Peterborough, Ont., 359
Philadelphia, 20; green roofs in, 418; SPIN farming in, 417
physical activity: benefits of, 397-8; built environments for, 398-9,399-403; climate and, 405
Picard Report, 218, 219
Pickering, Ont.: Sustainable Pickering project, 250
Pilljuri, 205
Pinder, David, 272
place(s), 2, 4, 11-12, 15,244,325-6; in 1960s-80s, 329-32; in 1980s, 332-5; in 1990s and on, 335-8; contested, 369-70; creative class and, 12; emerging, 327—9; ethnicity and religion and, 331; global, 335— 8; history, memory and identity and, 327; meanings of, 325-9; New Urbanism and, 332—5: sexuality and, 331-2; shared, 370; youth and, 363-5; 'youthful', 359-6
place-making, 239,264,325, 453; waterfront and, 267-8
place-marketing, 12,239, 244
placing, 243,244,245
planning, urban, 12, 13,243,434; complexity and, 428; declining cities and, 285-6,287; definition of, 440; externalities, 429; food and, 404, 415-16, 421, 422; immigrant settlement and, 164; reformers, 39; sprawl and urban policy, 440-3; sustainability and, 243-4; walkability and, 404-5
playgrounds, 361,398,399
polarization, 128, 170, 171, 453;
globalization and, 298; income, 177-81; social, 173-7,186-8,239, 432; socio-economic, 6; spatial, 177—81; world cities and, 63
Polěse, M. and R. Shearmur, 279
policing, 296; crime and, 300—301; public spaces and, 338
policy, 214, 434,441; Aboriginal
populations and, 388; food and, 415-16; housing, 344, 347; 'mobilities', 62; sprawl and, 440—3; transfer of, 62; trends in urban forms and, 309-10
pollution, 8, 13,14, 46
Popper, D.E. and FJ. Popper, 286
population(s): aging, 134, 135, 139, 147,359; Canadian, 20,21,22,
23, 31; food surpluses and, 71; growth, 288—9; migration and, 133,135, 359; natural increase, 135,278; older, 357, 358,366-70; replacement, 132—3; reproduction of, 8; younger, 357; world, 14 Porter, Michael, 89 ports: containers and, 60; as 'secure
areas', 299 post-Fordism, 88,210, 211,239,453 post-industrial (risk) society, 88 Post-War Economic Boom era, 2,19, 24-9
Poulssen, M., et at, 182
poverty, 171-2, 431; Aboriginal people
and, 184, 385, 386-7; homelessness
and, 435; neighbourhoods and,
181-6; racialization of, 186;
shelter, 436 power centres, 11,32,318-19,441,453 Prairie provinces, 22, 146—7; sec also
under specific provinces Pratt, 0.162 price, land, 230-1 primary-sector industries, 111 Prince Albert, Sask.: First Nations
homelessness in, 378 Prince Rupert, BC, 277 private sector: governance and, 12; use
of spatial data, 446 producer services, 100, 173, 453; flows
of, 59-60
production, 2, 4-6, 15, 298; jobs, 101;
mass, 88; networks, 59 productive diversity, 110, 453 professionals, 102; incomes of, 173; in
labour force, 101 profit-maximizing timing model, 235-6 property: devaluation of, 226, 'price',
230—2; 'rent', 230; urban fear and,
301-2
provinces: Aboriginal people and. 381;
cities and, 205; downloading and,
221; housing and, 344 Provincial Child and Family Services
Act, 363-4 Provincial/Territorial Nominee
Program (PNP), 153 proximity, 2, 4, 6—8, 12, 15; land values
and,227
public goods and social services, 435; intergenerational equity and, 370; as urban priority, 432-3
public-private partnershij
215,339 public sector: governance public spaces, 337-8; you pulp and paper sector, 11'
Quebec: interculturalism manufacturing empl drug plan, 100; Quit m, 329 Quebec City, 20, 21, 327 Children's Council i immigrants in, 174; councils in, 253; ren rates in, 343; Saint C project, 250 Quebec City-Windsor c Queen Street West (Tore Quiet Revolution, 329
racial diversity: as urban racism: SARS and. 303;-railways, 22. 24,33,205 Ray.B., 160 Rav, B. and J. Bergeron, 'recreational deserts', 39' 'recreationscapes', 398-^ recycling movement, 25 redevelopment. 10; dow Rees,W.E.,74, 187,249 refugees, 151, 152, 153-
and, 155 Regent Park (Toronto), 'regime of accumulatioi
212,239 Regina, 448; Aborigina
383,384,386,387;
rates in, 343; youth Regional Councils of I
220
Regional Municipality Efficiency Plan, 25
Region of Waterloo: Pi Department, 415,
registered Indians: urba 376, 377; see also I
Relph, E. I 1
renovations, 345,350
renovators, 345
rent, 231,232; Ricardi;
rental units: vacancy ta
renters, 230, 344; declii
rent theory, 232-3
Index
id surpluses and, 71;	public-private partnerships, 48, 211,	reproduction, 2, 4, 8—10,15	St John's, 448; households in. 176;
38—9; migration and,	215,339	research and development (R&D), 100	obesity rates in, 392; youth and,
359; natural increase,	public sector; governance and, 12	Research In Motion (RIM), 100	359,367
older, 357,358,366-70;	public spaces, 337—8; youth and, 361—4	research parks. Sec business parks	St Lawrence project (Toronto), 330
nt, 132—3; reproduction	pulp and paper sector, 117	reserves. 376, 377-8, 379	Sallis, James, 398-9
lger, 357; world, 14		Residential Rehabilitation Assistance	same-sex couples, 142
1,89	Quebec: interculturalism in, 157;	Program, 35 1	Santropol Roulant (Montreal), 419
rs and, 60; as 'secure	manufacturing employment in, 96;	resource dependency, 279	Saguenay, Que. ,449
	drug plan, 100; Quiet Revolution	resource exports, 19,21	SAKS. See Severe Acute Respiratory
88,210,21 1,239,453	in, 329	resources: cities and, 5; demand for	Syndrome (SARS) outbreak
(risk) society, 88	Quebec City, 20, 21, 327, 448;	natural. 30	Saskatoon, 419, 448; Aboriginal people
lomic Boom era, 2, 19,	Children's Council in, 254;	resource sector: jobs in, 278	in, 379, 382, 383, 384, 386, 387;
	immigrants in, 174; neighbourhood	retail developments: ethnic, 164: festival	gentrification and, 350; housing
t al., 182	councils in, 253; rental vacancy	marketplaces, 333-4; groceries	and environment in, 352—3; Land
, 431; Aboriginal people	rates in, 343; Saint Charles River	and, 395-6, 403, 413-14; in inner-	Branch, 354; smart growth in, 354;
385,386—7; homelessness	project, 250	city areas, 332—3; power centres,	SPIN farming in, 417; youth and,
neighbourhoods and,	Quebec City—Windsor corridor, 22, 33	318-19; shopping malls, 11,164; in	359,364,365,367
:ialization of, 186;	Queen Street West (Toronto). 270-1	suburbs, 29,334	Saskatoon Tribal Council, 379
6	Quiet Revolution, 329	retirement, 137, 138	Sassen, S., 63, 173,174,214
11,32,318-19,441.453		'revanchist' reinvestment, 238,239, 263	Saul, John Ralston, 67
es, 22,146—7; see also	racial diversity: as urban priority, 433	revitalization/regeneration, 124, 159,	Scarborough (Toronto), 119
fit provinces	racism: SARS and, 303; youth and, 360	349, 453; of downtowns, 46, 349-	Schnell, I. and Y. Benjamíni, 142
	railways. 22, 24, 33,205	52; local programs, 118	schools: travel to, 400—410; walkability
1-1	Ray, B., 160	Ricardo, David, 232—3	and, 405
■ industries, 111	Ray, B. and |. Bergeron, 162	Richler, Mordecai, 331	Schukze, Charles, 228
Sask.; First Nations	'recreational deserts', 399	roads: suburbs and, 28, 44; toll, 55;	Schulz, D. and S. Gilbert, 302
less in, 378	'recreationscapes', 398-9,404	walkability and, 402	Scientific Research and Economic
, BC, 277	recycling movement, 252	Roberts, Wayne, 415	Development tax credits, 100
governance and, 12; use	redevelopment, 10; downtown, 28—9	Robinson, J., 66	Scott,A.J., 89
data, 446	Rees,W.E.,74, 187,249	Rouse, James, 332	Scott. Allen, 122
ces, 100, 173,453; flows	refugees, 151, 152, 153—4; settlement	Royal Canadian Mounted Police	Seasons, M., 281
	and, 155	(RCMP). 295, 299	securitization, 293-4. 337-8
4-6, 15,298; jobs, 101;	Regent Park (Toronto). 329, 330	Royal Commission on Aboriginal	security, 299; effects of, 294;'inside'
networks, 59	'regime of accumulation', 24, 29, 88,	Peoples (RCAP), 380, 381; Urban	and 'outside', 295, 296—7; social
ersity, 110,453	212,239	Roundtable of, 378	polarization and, 301; terror and,
02; incomes of, 173; in	Regina, 448; Aboriginal people in, 382,	Royal North West Mounted Police,	299-300; as urban priority, 433;
ce, 101	383, 384,386,387; rental vacancy	295-6	youthful places and, 362—3
sing timing model, 235—6	rates in, 343; youth and, 359	Royal Ontario Museum (ROM), 337	'see-throughs', 268
uation of, 226,'price',	Regional Councils of Development,	Rundstrom, R., et al.. 375	self-determination, Aboriginal, 378—9
nt', 230; urban fear and,	220	rural areas, 21, 412; Aboriginal	seniors, 138, 144, 369
	Regional Municipality of Peel: Water	populations on, 377; youth and, 359	'sense of place', 11, 12,327,335
riginal people and, 381;	Efficiency Plan, 250	rural—urban relationship, 76	services sector, 6, 19, 91, 92, 106;
205; downloading and,	Region ofWaterloo: Public Health	Rutherford, T. and J. Holmes, 100	consumption and, 308; growth of,
mg and, 344	Department, 415, 419	Ryan, Rebecca, 365	54. 88—9; incomes in, 174; jobs in,
Id and Family Services	registered Indians: urbanization rates,	Rybczynski,W. and P.O. Linneman, 288	29; labour force and, 111
4	376, 377; see also Aboriginal people		settlements: agricultural, 2; in mercantile
ritonal Nominee	Relph,E., 11	Safe Streets Act, 217	era, 20; permanent, 70,71
(PNP),153	renovations, 345, 350	Saguenay, Que., 358	Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
6-8, 12,15; land values	renovators, 345	Sahlin, Marshall, 378	(SARS) outbreak, 8, 62, 297, 303
	rent, 231, 232; Ricardian, 233	St Catharines-Niagara, 96, 97,448;	SewellJ.,330
nd social services, 435;	rental units: vacancy rates, 343	rental vacancy rates in, 343	shelter poverty, 436
rational equity and, 370;	renters, 230,344; decline in, 343	Saint John, 358, 449; Municipal Energy	Sherbrooke, 359,448
iriority, 432-3	rent theory, 232—3	Efficiency Program, 250	Shift Development Inc., 353
Index
shipping containers, intermodal ocean,
59-60
shopping centres, 1 I;Asian, 164; in
inner-city areas, 332-3; suburban,
29, 334 Shoup, U, 235 Siggner.A., 377 Siggner, A. and R. Costa, 383 Saver,J., 66-7 Silver,J., et ah, 383 site versus situation, 13 Sky Train, 336; armed police on, 293,
294,299.304 'sleeping rough', 435,438 slow cities movement, 288-9 slow food movement, 413 slow-growth cities, 284, 453; challenges
and opportunities, 285; definition
of, 276-7; location of, 277-80;
psychology of failure and, 281—3;
rent in, 343 'slums', 328-9 Smart Commute, 250 'smart decline', 286, 287 smart growth, 47,81. 286, 307,310, 316,
414, 442 Smith, Adam, 232 Smith, Neil, 263 Snioyer-Tomic, K.E., et al., 399 social cohesion, 348, 432,454 social housing, 175-6,219,256,284,
338,344,350,454; funding for, 436;
government policy and, 352 social inequality, 187-8 social polarization, 239; definition of,
187-8; factors driving, 173-7; gated
communities and, 320; response
needed to, 186—7; security response
to, 301; as urban priority, 432 Societe Generate de Financement, 219 socio-economic status, 54; physical
activity and, 399 SoHo (NewYork City), 270 South Fraser Perimeter Road, 56, 58 space: concept of, 325—6 Spadina Expressway, 204,207 spectacle (the), 244, 264—5; re-imaging
Canadian cities through, 265—6 Spivak, G.,302
sprawl: critics of, 442; definition of, 441;
planning and policy and, 440—3;
response to perception of, 442-3 stage theory, 269-70
Stan wick, S. and J. Flores. 265
'staples theory', 20, 21
Statistics Canada, 133; housing data
from, 342; spatial data from, 446-7
steel industry, 117
Stone, M.E., 436
Strathcona freeway, 204
suburbanization, 31, 119; low-density, 441-2; problems of, 442; as security response, 296
suburban model: development of, 26
suburban nodes, 334
suburban town centres, 311, 312-13
suburbs: attachments of residents to, 48; business or office parks, 32; capitalization and, 10; consequences of development of, 28; designing destinations in, 334: discontiguous pattern of, 235—6; downtowns, 334-5; emergence of, 329; employment use and, 118,119, 441-2; features of, 26; green space in, 32; grocery retailing in, 395—6; immigrants in, 32,156, 163; land values and, 228; place and, 11; population growth in, 238; properties of, 26—8; residential land use, 26; retail developments in, 29; roads in, 28, 44; sprawl and, 441; standardizing, 307—8
Sudbury. Sec Greater Sudbury
Sudbury-and-Area Mining Supply and Service Association (SAMSSA), 103
supermarkets, 395-6, 403
Surrey, BC, 121; complete communities in, 316; East Clayton community, 316-17; East Clayton Neighbourhood Concept Plan, 254, 256,258,259; urban transportation planning in, 206
survival curve, 134,454
sustainabihty, 76, 202,249,252, 259, 432, 454; planning and, 243-4; quasi-, 77
sustainable community development, 249-54, 259; community capital framework and, 252: multi-stakeholder participation in, 252-3
sustainable development, 46—7,248—9, 307, 316; Canadian cities and, 249-54
Swan Lake (Markham), 320
tax: land, 232; property, 222,286,321 Taylor, 1', 63
technology: advancements, 42; capitalization and, 10; communication and, 8,42, 54,89, 117; effect of, 42; new urban forms and. 308
temporary foreign workers (TFW) program, 153, 156,454
terrorism, 297,299-300; flows of, 62
Third Age, 137, 138, 141, 142, 147; lifestyle and, 144
'third places' for youth, 361
Thunder Bay, Ont., 449; Aboriginal people in, 382, 383, 384; population, 358
Tiebout, Charles, 65
Tokyo: green roofs in, 418; total eco-footprint, 76,82
'TO. live with culture" campaign, 265-6
topophilia/topophobia, 11,12, 327,454
topsod: dissipation of, 78
Toronto, 21, 22, 30,31, 33, 43, 11 1, 448; Aboriginal people in, 382, 383-5,384; amalgamated, 210; Arena Retrofit program, 250; Better Buildings Partnership (BBP), 254-6,257, 259; car ownership and use in, 194,197; changing profile of, 236; charter for, 217; coming transition in, 47; community gardens in, 417; condominiums in, 314; cultural and creative activities in, 265—6, 269; cultural economy in. 104,105-6,119; diversity in, 157-8; downrown revitalization zone in, 313-14; eco-footprint of, 76,77; film industry in, 105-6, 117; gay village in, 331,332; gentrification and, 350; governance shift in, 216—18; greenhouse gas emissions, 247-8, 254-6; green roofs in, 418; homelessness and, 437; household income in, 179; housing and, 343; ICT in, 117; immigrants in, 60,117, 153, 155, 160, 174,278; income inequality in, 64,179; inner-city neighbourhoods in, 180-1; labour force in, 111, 112, 113; land values and, 229; life sciences in, 100; local food procurement initiative, 416; manufacturing employment in, 97,112; older population in, 366;
poverty in, 171 in, 226-7; Qm 270-1,357 ;ra( in. 184; rents ii 303; suburban 312; subway it: and, 77; transit systems in, 19-waste exportei 13, 62; as worl 63. 335 Toronto Atmosphe Toronto City Sunn
(TCSA),218 Toronto Communi Corporation,'. Toronto Environm
(TEA), 217 Toronto Food Poli
415.418 Toronto Internatio
(TIFF), 106 Toronto Transit Cc 'Toronto 18', 299-Tossutfi, L., 158-9 tourism: place and, Tower in the Park
329.454 lownshend, I.J., 1-1 trade, 74-5; fur, 20 liberalization, trade summits: seci traffic: commuter,
speed. 202 Trans-Canada Hig transit, 24; compar and internaric funding and, • suburbs and, J transitions, urban,
past, 44-6 Translink, 293 transnational migr transportation, 22, exports and, 1 202-6; comp; and intcrnatii density and, 1 206-7; land-i mixed nodes 192-4.197-8 198-202,203 in suburbs. 2f!
232; property, 222,286, 321
63
y: advancements, ipitalization and, 10; nunication and, 8, 42, 54, 89, jflect of, 42; new urban forms 108
foreign workers (TFW) am, 153,156,454 297,299-300; flows of, 62 .137,138,141,142,147; le and, 144 ?s'for youth, 361 lay, Ont., 449; Aboriginal sin, 382,383,384; ation, 358 lharles, 65
en roofs in, 418; total >otprint, 76, 82
vith culture' campaign, 265-6 'topophobia, 11,12,327, 454 iipation of, 78 1,22,30,31,33,43, 111, boriginal people in, 382, ,384; amalgamated, 210; Retrofit program, 250; Buildings Partnership (BBP), , 257,259; car ownership and 194,197; changing profile >; charter for, 217; coming on in, 47; community s in, 417; condominiums in, lltural and creative activities -6,269; cultural economy in, 15-6,119; diversity in, 157-8; ™ revitalization zone in, 1; eco-footprint of, 76, 77; dustry in, 105-6, 117; gay in, 331,332; gentrification 0; governance shift in, I; greenhouse gas emissions, 254-6; green roofs in, 418; ssness and, 437; household ! in, 179; housing and, 343; ,117; immigrants in, 60, 117. 5,160, 174,278; income ity in, 64, 179; inner-city iurhoods in, 180-1; labour ,111,112, II3; land values >, life sciences in, 100; local acurement initiative, 416; retiring employment in, older population in, 366;
poverty in, 172; property values in, 226-7; Queen Street West, 270—1, 357; racially polarized tracts in. 184; rents in. 343; SARS and, 303; suburban town centres in, 312; subway in. 204; sustainability and, 77; transit and transportation systems in, 194, 195,201,204-5; waste exported to Michigan, 1 3, 62; as world/global city. 63, 335
Toronto Atmospheric Fund, 257 Toronto City Summit Alliance
(TCSA).218 Toronto Community Housing
Corporation, 256,258 Toronto Environmental Alliance
(TEA), 217 Toronto Food Policy Council (TFPC).
415,418
Toronto International Film Festival
(TIFF), 106 Toronto Transit Commission, 302 Toronto 18", 299-300 Tossutti, I.., 158-9 tourism: place and. 12 Tower in the Park concept, 40, 41,
329. 454 Townshend, I.J., 145 trade, 74-5; fur, 20; policies and, 441;
liberalization, 29 trade summits: security for. 297 traffic: commuter, 7-8; congestion, 46;
speed, 202 Trans-Canada H ighway, 204 transit, 24; comparison of Canadian
and international cities, 198-202;
funding and, 48; per capita use, 194;
suburbs and, 28 transitions, urban, 137: coming, 46-50;
past, 44—6 Translmk, 293
transnational migrants, 60, 151,454 transportation, 22, 54—5, 89; agricultural exports and, 21; Canada's anomalies. 202—6; comparison of Canadian and international cities, 192-206; density and, 195—6; innovation in, 206-7; land-use dynamic, 31-32: mixed nodes and, 311; private, 192-4, 197-8. 199; public, 43, 198-202, 203,369; revolutions, 206; in suburbs, 28; urban form and,
195—6; urban systems and structures and, 33
transportation demand management (TDM), 191,454
transportation planning:'balanced',
192; Canadian approach to, 191—2; 'debate and decide' approach, 191, 206; funding, 204: lack of national framework for, 205—6; 'predict and provide' approach. 191, 195, 206; four-step gravity models, 191
transport fatalities: international comparison of cities, 202, 203
Tremblay, Gerald, 220
Trois-Rivieres, 449
Trudeau Foundation, 432
Tuan.Yi-Fu, I 1.327,454
Tucker, R.etal., 399
'underclass', 385 unions, 103
United Kingdom: food deserts in, 394, 396
United Nations: definition of hoinelessness, 435
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. 247
United States: Aboriginal self-identification in, 377; Canada aligning policies with, 175; car ownership in, 197; declining cities in, 277; density of cities, 195; ethnically polarized neighbourhoods, 184; food deserts in, 396; housing market meltdown, 231—2; Interstate Highways program, 205—6; neighbourhood poverty in, 181; parking in, 198; planning in, 286: population of, 20; private transport infrastructure and performance, 197; security in, 296—7; sub-prime mortgage sector, 231—2; terrorist threats against, 300; total land use in, 196; transit and transportation systems in, 194,195, 197,198, 201; urban transportation planning ill, 204;Vvar on Drugs, 297 ;War on Terror, 299
United States Census Bureau: spatial data from, 446
United Steel Workers, 103
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 345
Index
University of British Columbia: Media and Graphics Interdisciplinary Centre (MAGIC), 105
University ofToronto, 100
urban dynamics, 4,43, 454
urban forms, 5, 20, 43, 231,308, 352. 429, 454; auto-oriented pods, 311, 318-19; emergi ng, 307-22,311; international comparison of cities. 197; mixed nodes, 311 — 16; mixed-use, 310-17; new, 310; private communities, 311; segregated-use, 311,317—20; transportation and, 195-6
urbanism, 309; sustainable, 205 urbanization: ecology and, 71,72 'urban metabolism', 53. 83 Urban Playground (Saskatoon), 367 urban renewal, 28, 41, 204, 239, 264, 328, 454
urban research: digital data in, 446—7
urban-rural relationship. 412
'urban spectacularisation', 264
urban structure, 19; before 1945,25: from 1945-1975, 27; from 1975 to present, 33; peak oil and, 78
urban sustainability multiplier, 81-3
urban system, 19
UtopiatTowards a Nav Toronto, 271
values, 42
Valverde, Mariana, 293
Vancouver, 30, 31, 33, 97, 125, 448; 2010 Winter Olympics, 268, 336,338, 339; Aboriginal people in. 381, 382, 384; armed police on SkyTrain. 293, 294,299, 304; car ownership and use in, 194, 197; Central Area Plait, 120; central business district, downtown, and inner city of, 126; changing profile of, 236; Chinatown, 328; community gardens in, 417; condominiums in, 314,315; cultural industry employment in, 104,105; diversity in. 158; downtown revitalization zone in, 126, 327, 314; drug policy, 62; EcoDensity Charter 2008, 338, 354; ecological footprint. 76, 77,251; False Creek South project, 330; film and media industry in, 117; gay village in, 331; gentrification and, 350;
468
Index
green root's in, 418; growth and, 284; honielessness in, 437,439; household income in, 179; housing in, 343; immigrants in, 60, 66, 117, 153. 155, 160, 174.278; labour force in, 114, 115, 127; land values in. 225, 229; manufacturing employment in, 112; new cultural economy in, 125; obesity rates in, 392;'Project Civil City*, 338; racially polarized tracts in, 184; real estate in, 61. 225, 228,268, 336; rents in, 343; SPIN farming in, 417; suburban town centres in, 312; suburbs, 120—1; total land use in, 196; trade flows in, 57: transit and transportation systems in, 192, 194, 201,202,204-5, 248; urban structure and employment patterns in, 12(1—1; waterfront development in, 267-8,332 Vancouver Agreement, 351 'Vancouverism', 267,314,331 Veblen.T., 173
Veggie Mobiles, 419, 420, 421 Veronis, L., 157
Victoria, BC, 13, 176,448; Aboriginal
people in, 382. 384; older
population m, 359; rents in, 343 Vinodrai.Tara, 173,433 violence: gendered, 302; youth and, 360 visible minorities, 135, 160,182-4;
incomes of, 175; poverty and,
155,181 Viswanathan, L., 162—3
Wackernagel, M. and W. Rees, 251 vvalkability, 399-403, 401,454-5;
promoting, 404; schools and, 405 Walker, R., 379 Walker, L. and W.E. Rees, 81 Walkerton, Out.: E. coll outbreak, 9, 303 walking: environmental features
and, 401     ;„ ... Walks, R.A., 427 .
Wilks, R.A. and L.S. Bourne, 64, 182 Wal-Mart: food retailing, 413—14 Walton-Roberts, M., 153 Wang,S.G and L. Lo, 174 war: climate change and, 79 Ward, K.. 62 War Measures Act, 295 'War on Terror', 299
Warren-Rhodes, K. and A.. Koenig, 76-7 Warrian.P.,103
waste, 73; eco-footprint and, 76 waterfront sites, 267-8, 273,332 Waterloo, Ont., 100; farmers' markets
in, 419 wealth: increases in, 172-3 Webber, M., 162 Web 2.0, 89
welfare state, 9, 88, 174, 175-6, 220, 239,
263, 435, 455; Keynesian, 213 West Broadway Development
Corporation (Winnipeg), 351,352 Western provinces, 133; see also under
specific provinces West Queen West Art and Design
District, 270, 272 Wheaton,W.C.,238 Whitson, David, 336 Wicksell, K., 235
Williams. CO. and A.C. Millington, 248
Wilson,WJ., 182,385
Windsor, Cut., 173,448; rental vacancy rates in, 343
Windsor-Quebec City corridor, 26
Winnipeg, 13,22,31,281,448;
Aboriginal people in, 359,379,381, 382,383, 384, 386, 387; community gardens in, 417; Friendship Centre m, 380; General Strike in 1919, 296; growth and, 284; immigrants in, 160,328; rental vacancy rates in, 343;West Broadway Development Corporation, 351,352; youth and,359
Winnipeg Council ofTreaty and Status Indians, 379
women: Aboriginal, 380; birth control choice and, 132; life expectancy of, 134:'protection' of, 302; in suburban labour force, 9,238; subway system perceived as unsafe by, 302; young, 362 Women's Municipal League, 302 workplace: journey to and from, 4011.429
workers: in cultural products industries, 90-1; flows of, 60;'knowledge', 239 'world city hypothesis', 63, 64 World Health Organization: SARS in
Toronto and, 303 world systems theory, 63 World Trade Organization, 57 World Urban Forum: The Secure City, 301
World War II, 296 Worldwatch Institute, 298 worship, places of, 158 Wright, Frank Lloyd, 45 Wrigley, N., et al.. 396
Xuereb, M.,415
Yaletown (Vancouver), 125
youth, 361; active travel and, 400-401, 401-2, 403; in Canada, 359-60; cities and, 358-9; civic issues and, 365; engaging, attracting, and retaining, 365—6; laws restricting use ot spaces for, 363—4; negative stereotypes of, 363; places and, 359-6, 367; security and, 362-3; 'third places' for, 361; time spent at home, 363; time without supervision, 361; in urban centres, 371-2; use of parks and, 399
Zhuang, Z.C., 159
'zone of transition", 22
zoning: internal, 287; land values
and, 228, 236; live-work, 257;
walkability and, 404