žJB Harley, Deconstructing the map (1989)
žDenis Wood, The power of maps (1992)
žJeremy Black, Maps and politics (1997) Jeremy Crampton, Maps as social constructions: power,
communication and visualization (2001)
ž Paul Laxton, New nature of maps (2001)

žmaps express power
žmaps create power
žmaps are not neutral or objective maps are systems of power-knowledge
žmaps are subjective, selective distortions maps serve the interests of those that make them

žwe should worry less about map design, accuracy standards,theories of information transfer, etc,
etc (that’s a smoke screen)
žexamine more the social implications what are the ethics of the maps, the map-maker and their
mapping practices

žPower: What are the economic structures in which the map is situated?
žConsumption: How is the map presented, disseminated, andused? How does the map work as part of
wider spacediscourses and how is it received by society?
žInterests: What interests are served by making this map? Whowins and who looses? Where does power
lie in the production ofthis map?
žClosure: What maps were not made? How does this mapforeclose other representations and
opportunities? What othermappings have been undertaken or alternative mappings couldbe imagined?
žAuthorship: What is the authorship of the map? Who is doing the showing and what are their
explicit and implicit intentions? What is the relationship between the map and its author?
žObjectives: Why was the map made? Are the objectives of themap stated explicitly? What are some
possible secondary,implicit objectives?

žContexts: What are the institutional contexts of the map? Who pays for the map to be made? What
necessary practices andtechnical infrastructure was required to make the map? Wha tare some of the
major social and cultural inspirations and influences on the map?
žSubject: What is the subject of the map? What is shown andwhat is not shown?
žRhetoric: How is power encoded and expressed in bot thecontent and graphical form of the map? What
conventionsunderlie the graphical symbols employed on the map?
žAccuracy: How ‘accurate’ is the map? What are its standards ofaccuracy? Is it a workable map?
žSpace: What is the scale of the map? What conception of spaceis the map based upon? What is the
maps worldview?
žEthics: Is it an ethical map? What are the wider social politicaland economic implications on the
space being mapped? Howmight the map change nature and perceptions of the space thatit maps?

žPropaganda
ž“Petersova” projekce
žHistorie symbolu
•Linie – povrch - objem

žPodsouvání úmyslů tam kde nejsou
•Mnoho oblastí kde mapa neslouží k demostraci
•Anachronismus
•Mnoho okolností nesouvisí se vznikem mapy
žPřílišná generalizace
ž
ž