Stano PekárÚvod do terénní zoologie bezobratlých AcariPseudoscorpiones Opiliones Araneae ArachnofaunaArachnofauna Araneae Opiliones Acari Pseudoscorpiones soil litter epigeon vegetation shrubs trees air water cave building absent present HabitatHabitat Southwood R. & Henderson P.A. (2000). Ecological Methods. Blackwell. Dykyjová D. a kol. (1989). Metody studia ekosystémů. Academia. LiteratureLiterature Study: • extensive - large area will be sampled once → faunistic survey • intensive - repeated observation of area → ecological survey Timing of sampling: • depends on phenology Size of sampled area: • large for rare, small for abundant species Population estimates: • absolute - density per unit area • relative - catch per unit time Population samplingPopulation sampling 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Adult Juvenile Acari, Linyphiidae Opiliones Araneidae Pseudoscorpiones Araneae Relativeabundance • to sample arachnids under stones, from cracks, on bark, on rocks, in caves, on walls • using pooter (aspirator), brush, pincer, tube or a suction gun Hand samplingHand sampling CatchCatch perper unit effortunit effort • record of a spider • used for conspicuous (large) species, webs, retreats, eggsacs • to sample ballooning individuals (aeroplankton) • using special sucking aerial traps: Johnson-Taylor, rotary trap • segregate capture in time Aerial samplingAerial sampling • to sample arachnids mobile upon epigeon • using pitfall traps consisting of a jar with a cover • filled with salt water, 4% formaldehyde, ethyleneglycol + detergent Pitfall samplingPitfall sampling liquid • traps collect continuously • cheap, low effort • activity depends on sex, circadian activity, weather, reproduction, dispersal • arranged in a grid or in a row • with exclusion barriers • diameter of the trap selects captured individuals • efficiency 0-40 % • with timing device • to sample individuals on tree trunks during overwintering • using corrugated paper bands Shelter samplingShelter sampling SweepingSweeping • to sample arachnids on low vegetation • using round sweeping net • to sample arachnids on tree crowns and bushes • using beating tray and rubber/wooden stick or shaking by hand • colour of the cloth should be light • in the bottom with a container • not used after rain, during fruit maturation or leaf falling BeatingBeating • to sample arachnids in epigeon, on plants and on branches • using D-VAC garden blower with a net • efficiency 50-70%, ineffective for mobile species • not used on wet soil, tall (> 15 cm) and dense (grassland) vegetation Suction samplingSuction sampling • to sample arachnids in litter • using a sieve and a cloth or tray SievingSieving Dead specimens • put in ependorf tubes, plastic tubes, filled with ethanol • live are put in plastic tubes with piece of grass, leaf, moistened cloth with rubber or foam stop Labelling • labelled using permanent ink-pen • use pencil on labels of tubes with ethanol Transport • in the plane, bus, car, train • put in plastic bag to keep humidity and at cold place Specimen transportSpecimen transport Specimen collectionSpecimen collection Labels • locality, GPS coordinates, habitat, date, hour (?), collector (leg.), identified (det.) • print on cardboard paper using inkjet printer, write with a pencil or black-ink Database • Excel, Access, faunistic software (P&M software) Fauna 2011 • individually or together into glass tubes • tubes are placed in a jar with a lid with rubber and filled with 70-90% ethanol Specimen storageSpecimen storage • singly in tubes with a layer of Paris of plaster • labelled on outside with permanent ink-pen • moistened regularly (3-5 days) with drops of water • foam rubber stop or pierced plastic plug • fed with prey in regular intervals • kept clean (without prey remnants) to avoid attack by fungi and parasitic mites Chambers Physical conditions •Humidity - difficult to control •Temperature - constant between -10 and 40 °C •Light regime - light:darkness long day 16:8, short day 10:14 • one treatment level is randomly assigned to one individual • number of individuals is high • identical number of observations per treatment is optimal • in a study with 3 factors: sex (2 levels), age (3 levels), prey (5 levels) = 2 x 3 x 5 = 30 treatment combinations - if each treatment has 10 replications = 300 individuals Completely randomised designCompletely randomised design • used in heterogeneous environment where two gradients can run in orthogonal directions • position of treatments is random only in the first row, in the remaining rows it is constrained - so that each treatment is in each column only once A B C D B C D A C D A B D A B C Latin squareLatin square • repeated use of the same individual • smaller number of individuals is used • in a study with 3 factors: sex (2 levels), age (3 levels), prey (5 levels) = 30 treatment combinations - 2 treatments have 10 replications each = 60 individuals RandomisedRandomised ccompleteomplete bblocklock RCB is better than CRDRCB is better than CRD 2 within 2 among σσ > BehavioralBehavioral ssamplingampling Focal-Animal Sampling • all actions of animal are recorded for a specified time period Scan Sampling • the behaviour of all individuals in a group of animals are recorded at predetermined time intervals • states are recorded instead of events Sequence Sampling • record interactions • sampling periods begin and end when a behavioural sequence begins and ends EthogramEthogram • lexicon of the behaviour of a species • constructed by observing and recording all of the activities that an animals performs Behaviour patterns: Event • patterns of relatively short duration (discrete body movements) • record frequency of occurrence State • patterns of relatively long duration (prolonged activities) • record their duration ExperiExperimentment • Observe prey capture of 2 prey type • Record sequences of behaviour • Measure latency to capture of 2 prey types Mogrus sp.