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http://www.sinicearasy.cz/sites/default/files/pseudostrom3a.jpg Využití řas • •Potrava, krmivo, léčiva a potravinové doplňky (Porphyra, Chlorella) •Kosmetika (mořské chaluhy) •Akvaristika (např. Chara) •Výroba agaru (Gelidium) a karagenu (zahušťovadlo, emulgátor a stabilizátor) •Talasoterapie- lázeňství •Výroba biopaliv, biotechnologie •Modelové organismy (nanomateriálové testy) •Bioindikace, kriminalistika… • [USEMAP] 26446vareni-a-stolovanisushi-foto-1.jpg Cyanobacteria, Cyanophyta – Sinice •Prokaryota/G- bakterie •Cyanos = modrý (sinný) •Evolučně staré (3,5 miliard let) •Nemají jádro ani vakuoly •Chybí membránové struktury (ER, Golgiho aparát) •Oxygenní fotosyntéza: vznik před 2,7 miliardami let •Rostlinný typ fotosyntézy – chlorofyl a •Heterocyty (N2-asimilace) •Akinety/Arthrocyty •Aerotopy •Nepohlavní rozmnožování •Hormogonie •Téměř všechny biotopy • [USEMAP] Oscillatoria.jpg algae-pool.jpg data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wCEAAkGBhQSERQUEhQWFBUWFRUUFxcXFhcVFBYXGBUYFBcU FBgXGyYeGBwjGRcUHy8gJCcpLCwsFR4xNTAqNSYrLCkBCQoKDgwOGg8PGiocHCQtLCwsLCwvLCwsLCwsLCwsLCwsLCwwKSwpLCk 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[USEMAP] Phormidium http://dbmuseblade.colorado.edu/DiatomTwo/sbsac_site/images/Phormidium_chalybeum/Phormidium_chalybe um1_big.jpg Microcystis http://www.plingfactory.de/Science/Atlas/Kennkarten%20Procaryota/Image/Microcystis%20sp.45a.JPG http://fmp.conncoll.edu/Silicasecchidisk/Pics/Other%20Algae/Blue_Green%20jpegs/Microcystis_Key221.j pg Anabaena http://oceandatacenter.ucsc.edu/PhytoGallery/images_AM/Freshwater/anacirc_40x_cyano1_sz.jpg http://web.mst.edu/~microbio/BIO221_2010/images/Anabaena-1.jpg Calothrix http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/images/Prokaryotes/Rivulariaceae/Calothrix_05.jpg http://fmp.conncoll.edu/Silicasecchidisk/Pics/Other%20Algae/Blue_Green%20jpegs/Calothrix5.jpg Chroococcus http://www.dr-ralf-wagner.de/Bilder/Chroococcus_turgidus.jpg http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/images/Prokaryotes/Chroococcaceae/Chroococcus/turgidus/sp_05g.jpg Eukaryota • •Eukaryotní buňky •Membránové struktury uvnitř buňky •Bičíky •Chromozomy •Haploidní a diploidní stav (evoluční výhoda) •Rozmnožování •Mitóza a meiotické dělení • • • • [USEMAP] Euglenophyta- krásnoočka • •Pelikula - bílkovinné proužky •Lorika - sliz mineralizován •Paraflagelární lišta bičíku - hlavní fotoreceptor buňky •Jednojaderné buňky •Stigma volně v cytoplazmě •Paramylon - zásobní látka v cytoplazmě •Chlorofyl a, b •Diadinoxanthin, neoxanthin •Mukocysty • • • • [USEMAP] skupina Excavata Euglenophyta- krásnoočka • •Ampula •Jádro má kondenzované chromozomy •Bičíky se šroubovitě vinutou řadou mastigonemat •Palmeloidní stadium •Pouze nepohlavní rozmnožování (schizotomie pohyblivých buněk) •Ekologie - organicky znečištěné vody •Fagotrofie, mixotrofie • • • • • [USEMAP] http://i.ytimg.com/vi/Y_2NDmlBEwU/maxresdefault.jpg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_2NDmlBEwU Euglena sp. • http://www.photomacrography.net/ http://www.photomacrography.net/forum/userpix/1609_Euglena_1_2.jpg Phacus sp. • http://www.photomacrography.net/forum/userpix/820_IMG_001373_1.jpg http://www.photomacrography.net/ Trachelomonas02 Odd.: Euglenophyta Třída: Euglenophyceae Řád: Euglenales Trachelomonas sp. © orig. 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http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cSSmdpmVdLU/TgckvJ-ByRI/AAAAAAAAAIk/AbvcHLWkhGc/s1600/Noctiluca%255B1%255 D+%25282%2529.jpg Noctiluca miliaris Gymnodinium sp. • http://www.dr-ralf-wagner.de/Bilder/Gymnodinium-spec-PH.jpg http://www.dr-ralf-wagner.de/Dinoflagellaten.html Ceratium hirundinella • http://www.dr-ralf-wagner.de/Dinoflagellaten.html http://www.dr-ralf-wagner.de/Bilder/Ceratium_hirundinella-400x.jpg Peridinium http://fmp.conncoll.edu/Silicasecchidisk/Pics/Other%20Algae/Other_jpegs/Peridinium_Key268.jpg http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/images/Mastigophora/Peridinium/bipes/sp_04.jpg Cryptophyta: skrytěnky •Chlorofyl a, c2,alloxanthin •Fykoerythrin nebo fykocyanin •Mastigonemy - trubicovité vlásky na bičíku •Periplast s destičkami •Ejektozomy - mrštné trichocysty •Škrob v cytoplazmě •Jícen s ejektozomy •2 bičíky •Delší: 2 řady mastigonem •Nepohlavní rozmnožování - schizotomie •Pohlavní rozmnožování - izogamie •Palmeloidní stadia •Plankton •Stenotermní vody • skupina Chromalveolata Cryptomonas ovata • http://www.plingfactory.de/Science/Atlas/Kennkarten%20Algen/AndereAlgen/Image/Cryptomonas-ovata47f. jpg http://www.plingfactory.de/ Oddělení Heterokontophyta (Stramenopila) •Fotoautotrofní řasy •Pleuronematický bičík (pohybový) •Akronematický bičík •Chromatofory se 4 membránami •Chlorofyl a, c •Fukoxantin, vaucheriaxantin •Olej, polyfosfátová zrnka – volutin • •Třídy: •Bacillariophyceae •Chrysophyceae •Synurophyceae •Xanthophyceae •Phaeophyceae •Eustigmatophyceae • Chrysophyceae- zlativky •Bičíkovci •Chrysomonády/zlativky •Fotoreceptor •Protein retinal •Stigma v prohlubni pod povrchem chloroplastu •4 mikrotubulární kořeny •Fukoxantin [USEMAP] Chrysophyceae- zlativky •Pulzující vakuoly (v hypotonickém prostředí) •Mukocysty, diskobolocysty •Lorika - celulóza, chitin, křemité šupiny •Stomatocysty: odpočívající stádia •Hologamie - pohlavní proces •Mixotrofie: i druhy s chloroplasty získávají z organické hmoty dusík a uhlík •Auxotrofie: závislost na příjmu vitamínů z okolí • [USEMAP] Odd.: Heterokontophyta Třída: Chrysophyceae Řád: Chromulinales Dinobryon sp. http://www.mikroskopie.de/ http://home.arcor.de/gerd-a.guenther/pictures/dinobryon1.jpg Odd.: Heterokontophyta Třída: Chrysophyceae Řád: Hydrurales Hydrurus foetidus http://natural-history.main.jp/Tree_of_life/Eukaryote/Chromalveolata/Hydrurus_foetidus/12-06-25-000 8.jpg http://natural-history.main.jp/Tree_of_life/Eukaryote/Chromalveolata/Hydrurus_foetidus/12-06-25-000 1.jpg Synurophyceae •Povrch delšího bičíku - šupiny •Fotoreceptor na bázi bičíku (ztlustlina) •Kinetozomy jsou rovnoběžné, 2 mikrotubulární kořeny •Chlorofyl a, c, fukoxantin •Pulzující vakuoly v zadní části buňky •Fotoautotrofie •Jenom sladkovodní druhy •Oligotrofní vody •Křemité šupiny - taxonomie (SEM) •Vyhraněná autekologie druhů • [USEMAP] Odd.: Heterokontophyta Třída: Synurophyceae Řád: Synurales Synura sp. Synura uvella http://pinkava.asu.edu http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/images/Heterokontophyta/Synura/sp_1d.jpg http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp Mallomonas sp. • http://nostoca.com/dev/wp-content/gallery/chrysophyta/mallomonas-caudata-1.jpg Xanthophyceae •Monadoidní až sifonální organizační stupeň •Terčovité chloroplasty •Chlorofyly a, c1, c2, Xantofyly (chybí fukoxantin) •Nahé pyrenoidy •Zásobní látka olej •Dvoudílná buněčná stěna •Heterokontní •Nepohlavní rozmnožování - zoospory, synzoospory, aplanospory •Vývojový paralelizmus • • [USEMAP] Tribonema sp. • https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/3/3a/Tribonema.gif http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/Images/Heterokontophyta/Tribonema/sp_03.jpg http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp Heterococcus sp. • http://ccala.butbn.cas.cz/sites/default/files/styles/ccala_big/public/ccala_collection/14104/135292 0362-878.jpg http://ccala.butbn.cas.cz Vaucheria sp. • http://fmp.conncoll.edu/Silicasecchidisk/Pics/Other%20Algae/Other_jpegs/Vaucheria_Key252.jpg http://fmp.conncoll.edu http://cfb.unh.edu/phycokey/Choices/Tribophyceae/VAUCHERIA/Vaucheria_06_600x572.jpg Phaeophyceae •Hnědé řasy (chaluhy) •Mořská makrofyta •Sladkovodní rody Lithoderma, Bodanella •Stichoblast – stélka (fyloidy, kauloid, rhizoidy) •Diferencovaná pletiva (krycí, asimilační a mechanické) •Plynové měchýřky •Chlorofyly a, c1,c2,c3 •Fukoxantin, violaxantin •Nahý pyrenoid •Laminaran, manitol, olej •Fysody (vakuoly obsahující baktericidní fenol fukosan) • • [USEMAP] Laminaria sp. JPEG http://www.solpugid.com/cabiota/Laminariasinclairii1.jpg http://www.solpugid.com/cabiota/Laminariasinclairii2.jpg http://www.solpugid.com Fucus vesiculosus http://img.21food.com/simg/product/2011/2/24/monteloeder-19200580.jpg http://www.aphotomarine.com/images/seaweed/brown_seaweed_bladder_wrack_fucus_vesiculosus_12-07-10_1 .jpg http://www.aphotomarine.com Sargassum sp. Pelagic brown algae, genus Sargassum http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov Bacillariophyceae - Rozsivky Obecná charakteristika •Jednobuněčné •Převážně vodní •Žijící jednotlivě či v koloniích •Dvoudílná křemitá frustula •Diatotepin •Vychytávání kyseliny křemičité z prostředí, ukládání v SDV •Polymer SiO2 •Hnědé chloroplasty •Chlorofyly a, c1,c2,c3 •Xanthofyly - fukoxantin, diatoxantin, diadinoxantin •Volutin, chrysolaminaran, olej (vznik ropy) •Diktyozomy –produkce slizu a polysacharidů •Pleuronematický bičík - gamety •Auxospora – zygota •Otevřená mitóza •Diplontní životní cyklus •Klidová stádia •Diatomit (křemelina) • • • • • + Rozmnožování • • C:\Users\bara\Desktop\diatom_cycle.jpg Rozsivky bez raphe •Valvy dvoustraně souměrné •Nemají raphe (postrádají aktivní pohyb) •Občas mají rimoportuly (diagnostický znak) • C:\Users\bara\Desktop\araphid-150x150.jpg C:\Users\bara\Desktop\cox_tabflo_1.jpg Staurosira construens var. venter Tabellaria sp. C:\Users\bara\Desktop\Staurosira_construens_var_venter_IH042875_ID_2001_3_18_493-139x497.jpg Rozsivky s raphe na jedné valvě • Redukce raphe na jedné valvě, vyplněno křemíkem (pseudoraphe) • Odlišná striace na valvě s raphe a bez raphe • Bilaterálně symetrické • • Řád Achnanthales • Achnanthes • Cocconeis • Psammothidium • Planothidium • Karayevia • Lemnicola • Achnanthidium • Eucocconeis http://westerndiatoms.colorado.edu/images/glossary_images/P_curtissimum_rapheless_1.jpg Psammothidium curtissimum heterovalvární http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQtdEiV-17pc4hfgaW0v_7_zAnQM5djUJy4-cDfR0hrt53L42ba Achnanthes coarctata Rozsivky s raphe na obou valvách •Valvy bilaterálně symetrické •Raphe vyvinuto na obou valvách •Buňky mohou být velmi pohyblivé •Tato skupina má největší diverzitu mezi sladkovodními rozsivkami • https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ4eUMyU7FU7aCzE9pqfMe8kLXf52W9WayNeVPWuxkcie_ Yfa6b Navicula lanceolata Rozsivky s kanálkovou raphe •Rhopalodiales •Bacillariales •Surirellales •Kanálková raphe: štěrbina, pod níž probíhá trubice překlenutá křemitými můstky (fibuly). Trubice je spojena s vnitřním prostorem buňky otvory (portuly). Kanálková raphe bývá uložena blízko okraje valvy. • C:\Users\bara\Desktop\Nitzschia_kurzeana_SEM-0x350.jpg https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRJ-Y311Y0IuJ8s8qQXtyB3z9EOlob6Lu_wPqm85tuugmo -JMuS https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSTxgnj2geP-IFx3zi0j6o4tA25x68fsC5Jgfps7VNBWDk ZyjnS Eunotiales •Raphe velmi redukované, nízká motilita •Raphe na boku •Na valvách mohou být rimoportuly •Malá skupina, acidobionti –Eunotia –Actinella –Semiorbis –Peronia • http://westerndiatoms.colorado.edu/images/sized/images/genus_representative_images/Eunotia_iconic_1 -150x150.jpg https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQuQHN_aK_oCsYz9vnXibmuSuGvt-nnKtORjHQscl0Iild Tg1DR Eunotia fallax Cymbelloidní rozsivky •Asymetrické k apikální ose •Amphora •Cymbella •Cymbopleura •Encyonema •Encyonopsis •Reimeria https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTh6m6XYK3mgatO2U58_kVmo_Kf8pVIpUI5pGdGr8rYU9i p8RQu Amphora veneta https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ_oTKigZsxoPAVhzIZMOn-J0Ddg_DxqdVUl4TkuBExIM0 WqeHa Cymbella lanceolata Gomphoidní rozsivky- asymetrické •Valvy jsou asymetrické k transapikální ose, symetrické k apikální ose •Tvar frustuly klavátní (heteropolární) •Z pleurálního pohledu klínovitý tvar •Výrazné koncové pole (tvorba stopek) •Různé ekologické nároky druhů • http://westerndiatoms.colorado.edu/images/sized/images/genus_representative_images/Gomphonema_iconi c-150x150.jpg http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSzMoAYb9TIyp8GCsFrmUP1RrTh46pLhnFKLvC4X8BCRw6LYJJy Gomphonema acuminatum Didymosphenia • http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/var/sciencelearn/storage/images/science-stories/resource-management/ sci-media/images/didymo/84150-2-eng-NZ/Didymo_full_size_landscape.jpg http://media.wiley.com/mrw_images/els/articles/a0000315/image_n/nfg005.gif http://www.nwcouncil.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/didymo1.jpg Centrické rozsivky •Valvy s radiální symetrií (většinou) •Frustuly bez raphe, buňky se aktivně nepohybují •Frustuly mohou mít fultoportuly a rimoportuly •Pohlavní rozmnožování je oogamie https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSfNl_Z7ZZ6TlvQCiOH21tFfEZEJQ6q2uh2feD9L-zGyhs _g-WbWg Cyclotella meneghiniana http://nivalis.jp/kibun/microscope/gallery/puncticulata/puncticulata_praetermissa.jpg Puncticulata praetermissa Melosira •Pleura hodně prodloužená •Tvoří kolonie, téměř vždy je najdeme v pleurálním pohledu •Bez ornamentace •Bez trnů • Melosira varians http://westerndiatoms.colorado.edu/images/sized/images/genus_representative_images/Melosira_iconic- 150x150.jpg http://craticula.ncl.ac.uk/EADiatomKey/images/uk000156.jpg http://www.diatomloir.eu/Diatodouces/Chlordeux/Melosira%20varians.jpg Ekologie • •Jedna z hlavních akvatických fotosyntetických skupin •Důležitá součást globální primární produkce •Mořské i sladkovodní (centrické-převážně mořské, ve sladkých vodách planktonní, penátní často sladkovodní a přisedlé) •Plankton •Bentos •Perifyton •Mohou žít epizoicky (velryby) i endozoicky (dírkonoši) •Jarní a podzimní vrchol ve sladkých vodách •Ekologické nároky mnohdy druhově specifické (biomonitoring) •Pevnost schránky- zachování v sedimentech • • Ekologie •Vodní květ (sinice) x vegetační zákal (zlativky, rozsivky) • •Bentos •Rozsivky jsou nejčastěji přichyceny k substrátu pomocí slizu •Způsoby přichycení k substrátu: •Celou plochou: Cocconeis •Jedním koncem: Fragilaria •Slizové stopky: Gomphonema •Slizové trubice: Encyonema • • Význam rozsivek • • •Biomonitoring •Biopaliva •Forenzní diatomologie •Testování optických mikroskopů •Diatomit •Výzkum klimatických změn •Paleoekologické rekonstrukce •Detektory těžkých kovů a radiace • • • • • • •Podílí se min. 20% na veškerém objemu C fixovaného během fotosyntézy (více než deštné pralesy) • • • • •Rozsivkám vděčíme za náš každý pátý vdech… • • C:\Users\bara\Desktop\1-s2_0-S0048969709006275-gr5.jpg Praktické využití • •Paleolimnologie: zjišťování subrecentní flóry, vývoje eutrofizace, acidifikace, globálního oteplování • •Křemelina (diatomit): tepelně izolační materiál, filtrace, absorpční materiál, plnidlo • •Diatomit + nitroglycerin= dynamit • •Potravinářský průmysl: zdroj betakarotenu • •Farmaceutický průmysl: prášek proti střevním parazitům • •Nanotechnologie http://www.tucnacivnalevu.estranky.cz/img/mid/2/tucnak-dynamit.jpg Říše Plantae •Převážně fotoautotrofní organismy •Podříše Biliphytae: • fykoerytrin, fykocyanin, škrob v plazmě •Podříše Viridiplantae: • chlorofyl a,b; srostlé tylakoidy • data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wCEAAkGBhQSERQUEhQWFBUWFRUUFxcXFhcVFBYXGBUYFBcU FBgXGyYeGBwjGRcUHy8gJCcpLCwsFR4xNTAqNSYrLCkBCQoKDgwOGg8PGiocHCQtLCwsLCwvLCwsLCwsLCwsLCwsLCwwKSwpLCk sLCwsLCksLCwsLCwsKSwsLCwsLCwpLP/AABEIAPwAyAMBIgACEQEDEQH/xAAcAAACAgMBAQAAAAAAAAAAAAABAgAGAwQFBwj/xA BJEAABAgIHBQUDCAUMAwEAAAABAAIDEQQSITFBUWEFcYGR8AYTobHRIsHhBxQyUlOSsvFCYmNyohcjJDNDc4KDk7PC0iVk4hb/x 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Glaucophyta •Odd. Rhodophyta • •Podříše Viridiplantae •Vývojová linie Chlorophytae •Odd. Chlorophyta •Vývojová linie Streptophytae •Odd. Charophyta •Odd. Anthocerotophyta •Odd. Marchantiophyta •Odd. Bryophyta •Odd. 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Batrachospermum PCDimage http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jpg Lemanea sp. http://www.biopix-foto.de/photos/jcs-lemanea-fluviatilis-63004.jpg http://cfb.unh.edu/phycokey/Choices/Rhodophyceae/Microreds/LEMANEA/Lemanea_03_400x264.jpg http://cfb.unh.edu http://www.dr-ralf-wagner.de/Bilder/Audouinella-630x.jpg http://www.buildingthepride.com/faculty/pgdavison/rhodo1.jpg Audouinella sp. Porphyra (Nori) • http://www.dokonalazena.cz/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/braker.jpg http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/ServerFileServlet?f=figis/species/images/Porphyra/por_ten_2790_1.j pg http://www.beachwatchers.wsu.edu/ezidweb/seaweeds/images/porphyra-jh.jpg http://www.fao.org Chlorophyta •Slepá vývojová linie •Všechny typy stélek (téměř) •Chlorofyly a, b, β-karoten (karotenoidy někdy velmi výrazné) •BS zpravidla celulózní (občas glykoprotein) •Lutein, zeaxantin, violaxantin, neoxantin •Pyrenoid •Stigma v chloroplastu •Fykoplast v mitóze •Škrob (chloroplasty, leukoplasty, povrch pyrenoidu) • • • [USEMAP] Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: PRASINOPHYCEAE Micromonas sp. 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wxyLnTz5KPvu6uSk9cJpa3ksjIlwCiUqLLb8j/2Q== Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Cladophorophyceae Řád: Cladophorales Cladophora aegagropila Řasokoule J Cladophora glomerata http://www.dr-ralf-wagner.de/Bilder/Cladophora_glomerata-400.jpg http://www.akvariumruzicka-eshop.cz/fotky35753/fotos/AR031.jpg •Cenocyt •Centrální vakuola •Celulóza, xylan, mannan, glukan •Heteroplastické druhy - amyloplasty •Sifonein, sifonoxantin •Haplo-diplontní cyklus •Izogamie •Makroskopický, mnohojaderný gametofyt •CCW-orientace •Invazní řasy - agresivní druhy - Caulerpa taxifolia Třída: Bryopsydophyceae Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Bryopsidophyceae Řád: Bryopsidales Caulerpa taxifolia http://www.aquaportail.com/aquabdd/photos/caulerpa-taxifolia.jpg http://www.aquaportail.com/ Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Bryopsidophyceae Řád: Bryopsidales Codium sp. http://www.natuurlijkmooi.net/images/codvera.jpg http://www.natuurlijkmooi.net/ Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Bryopsidophyceae Řád: Bryopsidales Halimeda sp. http://www.atolls-polynesie.ird.fr/ecorecat/images/haltaen.jpg http://www.virtual-geology.info/vft/fl-keys/halimeda01.jpg http://www.virtual-geology.info/ •Cenocyt •Osní část s přesleny bočních větévek •Víceletá stélka •Proudění cytoplazmy •Inkrustace stélky CaCO3 •Celulóza, mannan •Škrob a fruktan i v cytoplazmě •Haplontní cyklus •Izogamie •Makroskopický, mnohojaderný gametofyt •Sporofyt jenom zygota •CCW-orientace Třída: Dasycladophyceaee Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Dasycladophyceae Řád: Dasycladales Acetabularia acetabulum http://www.natuurlijkmooi.net/images/aceacea5.jpg Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Dasycladophyceae Řád: Dasycladales Dasycladus sp. http://www.natuurlijkmooi.net/images/dasvera.jpg http://www.natuurlijkmooi.net http://deptsec.ku.edu/%7Eifaaku/jpg/Berger/Dasycladus-clavaeformis-02.jpg http://deptsec.ku.edu •Diskovitá nebo vláknitá stélka •Mikrotubuly - 3×2 a 4 •Zploštěné zoidy •Fragmoplast •Hematochrom - sekundární karotenoidy a β-karoten •Životní cyklus: haplontní, haplo-diplontní •Meiospory: 2-bičíkaté nebo 4-bičíkaté •Kulovitá zoosporangia •Aerické řasy Třída: Trentepohliophyceae Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Trentepohliophyceae Řád: Trentepohliales Trentepohlia sp. http://www.biolib.cz/IMG/GAL/112333.jpg http://www.bioref.lastdragon.org/Chlorophyta/Trentepohlia_abietina_02PM01_23.jpg http://www.bioref.lastdragon.org/ Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Trentepohliophyceae Řád: Trentepohliales http://www.discoverlife.org/IM/I_MWS/0698/320/Phycopeltis_arundinacea,I_MWS69887.jpg http://www.discoverlife.org/ Phycopeltis arundinacea •Jednobuněčné a vláknité řasy •Nahé zoospory, gamety •Kinetozom - CCW konfigurace •Mitóza uzavřená •Fykoplast •Aplanospory, autospory •Často tvoří symbionty v lišejnících •Sladkovodní biotopy Třída: Trebouxiophyceae Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Trebouxiophyceae Řád: Trebouxiales Trebouxia sp. http://www.lifesci.utexas.edu/research/utex/photogallery/Images/Trebouxia_erici_911.jpg Trebouxia-lichen Trebouxia sp. - lichenizovaná Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Trebouxiophyceae Řád: Chlorellales Chlorella sp. http://wholeintentions.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/H1955_1.jpg Oocystis Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Trebouxiophyceae Řád: Oocystales Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Trebouxiophyceae Řád: Prasiolales Prasiola sp. http://www.seaweedsofalaska.com/photos/seaweed/Prasiola_crispa_fig2.jpg http://www.seaweedsofalaska.com/ http://www.seaweedsofalaska.com/photos/seaweed/Prasiola_crispa_fig3.jpg http://www.seaweedsofalaska.com/photos/seaweed/Prasiola_crispa_fig1.jpg •Bičíkovci, kapsální, kokální, vláknité řasy •Zoospory, spermatozoidy •Kinetozom - CW konfigurace převládá (DO u některých) •Bičíky bez mastigonem, stejně dlouhé •Chlamys •Sporopolenin (Scenedesmus, Pediastrum) - fosilizace •Aplanospory, hemiaplanospory, autospory •Mitoza uzavřená •Kolonie, cenobium • Třída: Chlorophyceae Chlamydomonas sp. Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Chlorophyceae Řád: Chlamydomonadales http://web.mst.edu/%7Emicrobio/BIO221_2009/images_2009/chlamydomonas-3.jpg http://web.mst.edu http://cronodon.com/images/Chlamydomonas_2.jpg http://cronodon.com/BioTech/Algal_Bodies.html Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Chlorophyceae Řád: Volvocales Volvox sp. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Mikrofoto.de-volvox-8.jpg http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgdec03/volv3sm.jpg http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgdec03/volvoxflagella2.jpg Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Chlorophyceae Řád: Chlorococcales Desmodesmus sp. http://cronodon.com/images/Scenedesmus_labeled.jpg http://cronodon.com/BioTech/Algal_Bodies.html http://cfb.unh.edu/phycokey/Choices/Chlorophyceae/colonies/colonies_not_flagellated/SCENEDESMUS/Sce nedesmus_03_600x473_nifty.com.jpg http://cfb.unh.edu/phycokey Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Chlorophyceae Řád: Chlorococcales Pediastrum sp. http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/images/Chlorophyta/Pediastrum/duplex/duplex_reticulatum.jpg http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp http://cfb.unh.edu/phycokey/Choices/Chlorophyceae/colonies/colonies_not_flagellated/PEDIASTRUM/Pedi astrum_01_600x599_simplex_v_radians.nifty.jpg http://cfb.unh.edu/phycokey Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Chlorophyceae Řád: Microsporales http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/images/Chlorophyta/Microspora/sp_20.jpg http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp Microspora sp. http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/images/chlorophyta/Microspora/sp_06.jpg Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Chlorophyceae Řád: Oedogoniales Oedogonium-inicial Iniciální stadium Oedogonium sp. http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/images/Chlorophyta/Oedogonium/sp_3/sp_01.jpg http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp Oedogonium01 Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Chlorophyceae Řád: Oedogoniales Oedogonium sp. © orig. Hájková L. Mesostigmatophyceae •Sladkovodní •Bičíkovci, vláknitá stélka •Šupiny • http://natural-history.main.jp/Tree_of_life/Eukaryote/Plantae/Streptophyta/Mesostigma/2012-09-28%20 182449-1.jpg http://natural-history.main.jp Mesostigma viride http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/image/0008/48176/Chaetosphaeridium.gif Chaetosphaeridium Vývojová větev Charophytae, odd.: CHAROPHYTA •Výchozí pro zelené rostliny •Kokální a vláknité řasy •Přeslenitá vzpřímená stélka •Fragmoplast •Chloroplast s pyrenoidem (škrobová zrnka) •Bičíkový aparát - kinetozom + 60 srostlých mikrotubulů •Spájivky - žádná bičíkatá stadia •Zoospory, spermatozoidy •Izogamie, anizogamie, oogamie, konjugace Třída Klebsormidiophyceae •Jediný rod Klebsormidium •Kosmopolitní •Voda, terestrické biotopy, půda •Vláknité stélky •Buňky obsahují nástěnný chloroplast s pyrenoidem • http://cfb.unh.edu/phycokey/Choices/Charophyceae/KLEBSORMIDIUM/Klebsormidium_02_400x158_rbgsyd.nsw. gov.jpg http://cfb.unh.edu http://cfb.unh.edu/phycokey/Choices/Charophyceae/KLEBSORMIDIUM/Hormidium_04_600x168_John%20Kinross. jpg http://cfb.unh.edu Coleochaete sp. Tvoří hetrotrichální vlákna, která se sdružují dohromady v disk. Coleochaete orbicularis www.ucmp.berkeley.ed http://www.water-land.co.uk/communities/1/004/012/381/551/images/4603985992.jpg http://www.water-land.co.uk Třída Coleochaetophyceae Třída Charophyceae •Pletivná stélka (nody, internodia) •Rhizoidy •Zoospory a spermatozoidy mají 2 bičíky •Buněčná stěna často inkrustovaná •Rozmnožování: fragmentace stélky, oogamie •Oogonium má korunku •Sladké čisté vody •Zvápenatělé stélky - gyrogonity Chara sp. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/CharaFragilis.jpg http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_203/Images/Non-floweringPlants/chara.jpg http://biology.unm.edu Odd.: Charophyta Třída: Charophyceae Řád: Charales https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS9oidW0sdvoSTH0WQgth1yiMyGgb-W8iyaD-F9psNscJP a9e-S Gametangia anteridium oogonium http://www.photomacrography.net/forum/userpix/101_Chara_1024_1.jpg www.photomacrography.ne http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/CharaV3.jpg www.photomacrography.ne Nitella sp. Odd.: Charophyta Třída: Charophyceae Řád: Charales http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Nitella_mucronata.jpeg http://www.nybg.org Tolypella glomerata Odd.: Charophyta Třída: Charophyceae Řád: Charales http://www.naturedugard.org/images/4/3363.jpg http://www.naturedugard.org Třída Zygnematophyceae •Jednobuněčné, vláknité •Charakteristické uspořádání chloroplastu (stočen do spirály (Spirogyra) nebo je hvězdicovitě laločnatý (Zygnema) •Nepohlavní rozmnožování: fragmentace vlákna •Konjugace (isogamety celé protoplasty) •Haplontní vývojový cyklus •Zygospora •Fragmoplast •Nemají bičíky •Buněčná stěna - primární, sekundární (vnitřní celulózní, vnější slizovitá) •Mírně kyselé vody, rašeliniště http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/images/chlorophyta/spirogyra/group_c/daedaleoides/sp_22.jpg http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp http://university.uog.edu/botany/474/images/spirogyra_conj_prep3755.jpg Třída Zygnematophyceae •Řád Zygnematales- vláknité typy (nevětvené) • •Řád Desmidiales – jednobuněčné typy, krásivky •zářez (isthmus – šíje) a dvě semicely •jádro je dislokováno uprostřed buňky v oblasti isthmu •výběžky, ostny •rozmnožování dělením buněk: na počátku se oddálí semicely, mezi nimi se vytvoří sférický měchýřek, do nějž vstoupí jádro a rozdělí se => dceřinná jádra oddělí septum => každá dceř. buňka si dotvoří druhou semicelu • http://www.keweenawalgae.mtu.edu/gallery_images/charophyceans/Mougeotia_p17-1_40125_ec.jpg Odd.: Charophyta Třída: Zygnematophyceae Řád: Zygnematales Mougeotia sp. http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/Images/chlorophyta/mougeotia/group_2/sp_7.jpg http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp http://mikrosvijet.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/mougeotia-3.jpg http://mikrosvijet.wordpress.com Odd.: Charophyta Třída: Zygnematophyceae Řád: Zygnematales Spirogyra sp. http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/images/chlorophyta/spirogyra/Spirogyra.jpg Odd.: Charophyta Třída: Zygnematophyceae Řád: Zygnematales Zygnema sp. http://media.nordicmicroalgae.org/original/Zygnema_1.jpg http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgnov07/Zygnema_pectinatum.jpg http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk Odd.: Charophyta Třída: Zygnematophyceae Řád: Desmidiales Micrasterias sp. http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/images/Chlorophyta/Micrasterias/Micrasterias.jpg http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp Odd.: Charophyta Třída: Zygnematophyceae Řád: Desmidiales Micrasterias sp. http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgmay05/micrasterias.jpg www.microscopy-uk.org.u Odd.: Charophyta Třída: Zygnematophyceae Řád: Desmidiales Cosmarium sp. http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/images/Chlorophyta/Cosmarium/Cristatae/CristataeL2.jpg http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp Odd.: Charophyta Třída: Zygnematophyceae Řád: Desmidiales Cosmarium sp. http://fmp.conncoll.edu/Silicasecchidisk/Pics/Other%20Algae/Green_jpegs/Cosmarium_Key114.jpg http://fmp.conncoll.edu/ Odd.: Charophyta Třída: Zygnematophyceae Řád: Desmidiales Closterium sp. http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/images/chlorophyta/closterium/moniliferum/moniliferum.jpg protist.i.hosei.ac.jp Odd.: Charophyta Třída: Zygnematophyceae Řád: Desmidiales Closterium sp. http://dbmuseblade.colorado.edu/DiatomTwo/sbsac_site/images/Closterium_moniliferum/Closterium_monil iferum1_big.jpg http://dbmuseblade.colorado.edu Odd.: Charophyta Třída: Zygnematophyceae Řád: Desmidiales Xanthidium sp. http://www.desmids.nl/maand/images/Xanth_fasciculatum1.jpg http://www.desmids.nl Odd.: Charophyta Třída: Zygnematophyceae Řád: Desmidiales Pleurotaenium sp. http://www.desmids.nl/maand/images/Pltrabecula1.jpg Pleurotaenium trabecula, zygospore http://www.desmids.nl zygospora D:\bart\Varia\Logo_blauw.tif C:\Documents and Settings\Mišis\Plocha\diplomka final\diplomka\obrázky dipl\SEM diplo\AMS W33 06.TIF Děkuji za pozornost