TIME AND SPACE, T „ If you know Time as well as I do, I wouldn't talk about wasting it. It's him (…). Now, if you only kept on good terms with him, he'd do almost anything you liked with the clock. For instance, suppose it were 9 o'clock in the morning, just time to begin lessons; you'd only have to whisper a hint to Time, and around goes the clock in a twinkling: Half past one, time for dinner!“ Lewis Carroll, Alice in Wonderland I.Discuss the questions below 1. Do you believe that the place and time you were born influence your whole life? 2. What do you think about the idea of Daylight Saving Time? 3. If time travel were possible, which period of world history would you like to return to? Why? II.Read the text and fill in the gaps with appropriate words and expressions Philosophy of Space and Time Time and space are two of few fundamental quantities which cannot be defined in terms of other quantities. Thus, they are both defined via measurement. Currently, the standard time interval (called „1.__conventional___ second“ or simply „second“) is defined as 9,192,631,770 oscillations of a hyperfine transition in the 133 caesium atom. Time can be combined mathematically with the fundamental quantities of space and mass to 2.__derive__ concepts such as velocity, momentum, 3.__energy___ and fields. The space interval, called a standard meter or simply a meter, is defined as the distance travelled by light in a 4.__vacuum__ during a time interval of 1/299792458 of a second. This definition 5.__coupled with___ the present definition of time makes special relativity theory to be absolutely correct by definition. In classical physics, space is a three-6.__dimensional__ Euclidean space where any position can be described using three coordinates. Special and general relativity uses spacetime rather than space, and it is modelled as a four-7.__dimensional__ space (with the 8._time axis_ being imaginary in special relativity and real in general relativity, and currently there are many theories which use more than 4-dimensional spaces). Some theories, most notably special and general relativity, 9._suggest that__ suitable geometries of spacetime may allow time travel into the past and future. Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity predicts time 10._dilation__ that could be interpreted as time travel. It states that, relative to a stationary 11.__observer__, time appears to pass more slowly for faster-moving bodies. For example, a moving clock will appear to run slow; as the clock approaches the speed of light its hands will appear to nearly stop moving. A second type of travel is 12.__permitted by__ general relativity. In this type a distant observer sees time passing more slowly for a clock at the bottom of a deep gravity 13.__well__, and a clock lowered into it and pulled back up will indicate that less time has passed compared to a stationary clock that stayed with the distant observer. These effects are to some degree similar to 14.__hibernation___, (which slows down the rates of chemical processes in the subject) almost indefinitely suspending their life thus resulting in „time travel“ 15.__toward__ the future, but never backward. Many in the scientific community believe that time travel is unlikely, because it violates 16._causality__, i.e. the logic of cause and effect. For example, what happens if you attempt to go back in time and kill yourself at an earlier stage of your life? Stephen Hawking once suggested that the absence of 17.____tourists___ from the future constitutes a strong argument 18.__against__ the existence of time travels. time axis, hibernation, dimensional x2, tourists, energy, suggest that, permitted by, conventional, observer, toward, interval, causality, coupled with, dilation, against, derive, well, vacuum III.Watch the video and fill in the table with relevant information (1-2 words) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fUKN5oaP52s 18:09 – 23:59 1.Name of the project 19:39 I pause, 20:41, 20:48, 20:52-answer given Gravity Probe B 2.Anticipated length of the project 3 years 3.Real length of the project 4 decades 4.Cost of the project _____750 million____ dollars 5.Date of the launch (month and year) April 2004 6.No of project authors present at the launch 1 7.Period of flawless operation of the telescope with gyroscopes 1 year 8.One of additional financial sources Saudi __royal family_________ 9.Time taken to fix the problem 2 years 10.The project proved it space is a physical entity/ fabric IV.Match the terms with the sentences relating to them; 1. Greenwich (prime) meridian 6. Greenwich Mean Time 11. autumnal/vernal equinox 2. latitude 7. Coordinated Universal Time 12. equator 3. Greenwich (prime) meridian 8. International Date Line 13. longitude 4. solar day 9. sidereal day 14. Gregorian calendar 5. winter solstice 10. summer solstice 15. precession a) when the sun reaches its southernmost point /winter solstice b) the zero meridian /Greenwich (prime) meridian c) when the night and day is of approximately equal length all over the earth /autumnal/vernal equinox d) angular measurement in degrees east or west of the prime meridian /longitude e) the height above sea level /altitude f) elapsed time between two successive crossings of the same meridian by a star other than the Sun /sidereal day g) an imaginary line around the earth at an equal distance from the North and South Poles / equator h) when the sun reaches its northernmost point on the celestial sphere /summer solstice i) time referenced to atomic clocks /coordinated universal time j) angular measurement in degrees north and south of the equator /latitude k) when crossed travelling west, the date is advanced; anti-meridian zig-zag /international date line l) half circles that are portions of a great circle (from one pole to another) /meridians m) elapsed time between two successive crossings of the same meridian by the Sun /solar day n) skips 3 leap years every 400 years /Gregorian calendar o) the slow rotation of the Earth's axis /precession p) universal time /Greenwich Mean Time V.Transition phrases. Choose the right word to complete each sentence. 1.______, a complete gene cluster was isolated. a) Until then b) Than c) Meanwhile d) After 2.In this essay I will look at what racism is, and I will _____ explore why it still persists. a) then b) than c) after then d) after 3.The only advice that can be given to applicants is to ensure that they apply _____ possible. a) when b) while c) until d) as soon as 4.______ language development, newborns have already established a direct link with other people. a) As soon as b) Prior to c) First of all d) Previously 5._____, let us look at the data given in an Air Ministry report. a) Final b) First c) Since d) Since then VI.Complete the following idioms by adding the correct preposition; 1. __on__ the dot 2. _in___ the nick of time 3. __at__ the crack of dawn 4. _in___ this day and age 5. _for___ donkeys' years 6. __in__ due course now use them with the sentences: 1.I expect you to be here at 8 __on the dot___. 2.For the big number of applicants, your request will be dealt with __in due course____. 3.It is unbelievable that there are so many people suffering from hunger __in this day and age__. 4.He loves to wake up _______at the crack of dawn___ and have a cup of coffee in bed and read some papers before everybody else in the house gets up. 5.I'm never early and I'm never late, but I do admit to doing things __in the nick of time____. 6.I fully trust him, we've known each other __for donkey’s years__. Sources: (adapted from) http://iteslj.org/questions/ accessed on 14 April, 2012 (adapted from) www.wikipedia.org visited on April 14, 2012 Shipman, J. , J. Wilson, A.Todd (2006) An Introduction to Physical Science Houghton Mifflin Company www.youtube.com visited on February 7, 2017 https://ske.fi.muni.cz/ visited February 14, 2017 http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com visited February 14, 2017