APPENDIX F
BCF VALUES FOR MAMMAL AND BIRD MEASURMENT RECEPTORS from Appendix D of EPA, 1999b
FOOD CHAIN MULTIPLIERS from EPA, 1999a
APPENDIX D
WILDLIFE MEASUREMENT RECEPTOR^CFs
Appendix D provides recommended guidance for detemnning values for compound-specific, media to receptor, bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for wildlife measurement receptors. Wildlife measurement receptor BCFs should be based on values reported in the scientific literature, or estimated using physical and chemical properties of the compound. Guidance on use of BCF values in the screening level ecological risk assessment is provided in Chapter 5.
Section D-1.0 provides the general guidance recommended to select or estimate compound BCF values for wildlife measurement receptors. Sections D-1.0 through D-1.3 further discuss determination of BCFs for specific media and receptors. References cited in Sections D-l.l through D-1.3 are located following Section D-1.3.
For the compounds commonly identified in risk assessments for combustion facilities (identified in Chapter 2) and the mammal and bird example measurement receptors listed in Chapter 4, BCF values have been determined following the guidance in S ections D-1.0 through D-1.3. B CF values for these limited numb er of compounds and pathways are included in this appendix (see Tables D-l through D-3) to facilitate the completion of screening ecological risk assessments. However, it is expected that BCF values for additional compounds and receptors may be required for evaluation on a site specific basis. In such cases, BCF values for these additional compounds could be determined following the same guidance (Sections D-1.0 through D-1.3) used m determination of the BCF values reported in this appendix. For the calculation of BCF values for measurement receptors not represented in Sections D-l.l through Dl-3 (e.g., amphibians and reptiles), an approach consistent to that presented in this appendix could be utilized by applying data applicable to those measurement receptors being evaluated
For additional discussion on some of the references and equations cited in Sections D-1.0 through D-1.3, the reader is recommended to review the Human Health Risk Assessment Protocol (HHRAP) (U.S. EPA 1998) (see Appendix A-3), and the source documents cited in the reference section of this appendix.
D-1.0   GENERAL GUIDANCE
This section describes general procedures for developing compound-specific BCFs from biotransfer factors (Bo.) for assessing exposure of measurement receptors. A biotransfer factor is the ratio of the compound concentration in fresh (wet) weight animal tissue to the daily intake of compound by the animal through ingestion of food items and media (soil, sediment, surface water). Therefore, as discussed in Chapter 5, biotransfer factors and receptor-specific ingestion rates can be used to calculate food item- and mecU a-to-animal BCFs. This approach provides an estimate of biotransfer of compounds from applicable food items and media to measurement receptors ingesting these items.
Biotransfer factors could also be used directly in equations to calculate dose to measurement receptors. However, in order to promote consistency in evaluating exposure across all trophic levels within complex food webs, ifCFs calculated from Ba values are recommended in this guidance for evaluating measurement receptors. The use of Ba values to determine BCF values, and the use of BCF values in general, for the estimation of compound concentrations in measurement receptors may introduce
F-l
uncertainty. Major factors that influence the uptake of a compound by an animal, and therefore uncertainty, include bioavailability, metabolic rate, type of digestive system, and feeding behavior. Uncertainties also should be considered regarding the development of biotransfer values in comparison to how they are being applied for estimating exposure. For example, biotransfer values may be used to estimate contaminant uptake to species from items ingested that differ from the species and intakes used to empirically develop the values. Also, biotransfer data reported in literature may be specific to tissue or organ analysis versus whole body. As a result, BCFs may be under- or over-estimated to an unknown degree.
B CFs for Measurement Receptors Ingesting Food Items BCF values for measurement receptors ingesting food items (plants or prey) can be calculated using the compound specific Ba value applicable to the animal (e.g., mammal, bird, etc.) and the measurement receptor-specific ingestion rate as follows:
BCFF_A = BaA ■ IRF Equation D-l-1
where
BCFFA =       Bioconcentration factor for food item (plant or prey)-to-animal
(measurement receptor) [(mg COPC/kg FW tissue)/(mg COPC/kg FW food item)]
BaA     =        COPC-specific biotransfer factor applicable for the animal (day/kg FW tissue)
IRF     =        Measurement receptor food item ingestion rate (kg FW/day)
As an example of applying the above equation, BCF values for plants-to-wildlife measurement receptors listed in Chapter 4 are provided in Table D-l at the end of this appendix. Measurement-receptor specific ingestion rates used to calculate BCFs are presented in Table 5-1. Ba values applicable to the mammal and bird measurement receptors in Table D-1 are discussed in Sections D-1.1 and D-1.2, respectively.
BCFs for Measurement Receptors Ingesting Media BCF values for measurement receptors in trophic levels 2, 3, and 4 ingesting media (i.e., soil, surface water, and sediment) can be calculated using the compound specific Ba value applicable to the animal (e.g., mammal, bird, etc.) and the measurement receptor-specific ingestion rate as follows:
BCFM_A = BaA ■ IRM Equation D-l-2
where
BCFM.A =       Bioconcentration factor for media-to-animal (measurement receptor) [(mg COPC/kg FW tissue)/(mg COPC/kg WW or DW media)]
BaA     =        COPC-specific biotransfer factor applicable for the animal (day/kg FW tissue)
F-2
Measurement receptor media ingestion rate (WW or DW kg/day)
Equation D-l-2 assumes thatifa,, provides a reasonable estimate of the uptake of a compound from incidental ingestion of abiotic media during foraging.
As an example of applying the above equation, BCF values for various wildlife measurement receptors listed in Chapter 4 are provided in Table D-2 (water) and Table D-3 (soil and sediment). Measurement-receptor specific ingestion rates used to calculate BCFs are presented in Table 5-1. Ba values applicable to the mammal and bird measurement receptors for which values were calculated are discussed in Sections D-l. 1 and D-1.2, respectively.
BCFs for Dioxins andFurans As discussed in Chapter 2, the BCF values for PCDDs and PCDFs are calculated using bioaccumulation equivalency factors (BEFs). Consistent with U.S. EPA (1995b), BEFs are expressed relative to the BCF for 2,3,7,8-TCDD as follows:
BCFj = BCF2X1S.TCDD ■ BEFj Equation D-l-3
where
BCF}- =        Food item-to-animal or media-to-animal BCF for yth PCDD or
PCDF congener for food item-to-animal pathway [(mg COPC/kg FW tissue)/(mg COPC/kg FW plant)]or media-to-animal pathway [(mg COPC/kg FW tissue)/(mg COPC/kg WW media)]
BCF2 j 7S.TCDD = Food item-to-animal or media-to-animal BCF for 2,3,7,8-TCDD BEFj =       Bioaccumulation equivalency factor forjth PCDD or PCDF
congener (unitless)
The use of BEFs for dioxin and furan congeners is further discussed in Chapter 2. D-l .1   BIOTRANSFER FACTORS FOR MAMMALS <BamammJ
As discussed in Section D-1.0, calculation of BCF values to be used in pathways for mammals ingesting food items and media requires the determination of COPC-specific biotransfer factors for mammal measurement receptors (Bamammal). This section discusses selection of the Bamammal values used to calculate the COPC and measurement receptor specific BCF values presented in Tables D-l through D-3.
Organics For organics (except PCDDs and PCDFs), the following correlation equation from Travis and Arms (1988) was used to derrive Ba^^ values on a FW basis:
l°SBamamma! =-7.6 + logKow Equation D-l A
F-3
where
Bamammal        =       Biotransfer factor for mammals (day/kg FW tissue) Kow -        Octanol-water partition coefficient (unitless)
To calculate the values presented in Tables D-l through D-3, COPC-specific^ values were obtained from Appendix A-2.
Biotransfer factors obtained from Travis and Arms (1988) were derived from correlation equations developed from data on experiments conducted with beef cattle ingesting food items and media containing compound classes such as DDT, pesticides, PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs. As further literature is developed for other species and compounds, the Travis and Arms (1988) correlation equation should be compared for applicability to species and compound, and best fit correlation for estimation of uptake.
PCDDs and PCDFs Bamamma! values for PCDD and PCDFs were derrived from Ba values for cattle as presented in: A
• U.S. EPA 1995a. "Further Studies for Modeling the Indirect Exposure Impacts from Combustor Emissions." Memorandum from Matthew Lorber, Exposure Assessment Group, and Glenn Rice, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Washington, D.C. January 20.
U.S. EPA (1995a) determined Ba values for cattle from McLachlan, Thoma, Reissinger, and Hutzinger (1990). These empirically determined ifa values were recommended by U.S. EPA (1995a) over the Travis and Arms (1988) correlation equation for dioxins and furans.
Inorganics For metals (except cadmium, mercury, selenium, and zinc), Ba values on a fresh weight basis were obtained from Baes, Sharp, Sjoreen, and Shor (1984), For cadmium, selenium, and zinc, U.S. EPA (1995a) indicated that Ba values were derived by dividing uptake slopes [(g compound/kg DW tissue)/(g compound/kg DW feed)], obtained from U.S. EPA (1992), by a daily consumption rate of 20 kilograms DW per day by cows.
For use in calculating BCF values presented in Tables D-l through D-3 of this appendix, dry weight Ba values were converted to fresh weight basis by assuming a tissue moisture content (by mass) of 70 percent for cows. Moisture content information was obtained from the following:
• U.S. EPA. 1997a. Exposure Factors Handbook "Food Ingestion Factors". Volume II. EPA/600/P-95/002Fb. August.
9        Pennington, J.A.T. 1994. Food Value of Portions Commonly Used. Sixteenth Edition. J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
Mercuric Compounds Based on assumptions made regarding speciation and fate and transport of mercury from stack emissions (as discussed in Chapter 2), elemental mercury is assumed not to deposit onto soils, water, or plants. Therefore, it is also not available in food items or media for ingestion and subsequent uptake by measurement receptors. As a result, no BCF values for elemental mercury are
presented in Tables D-l through D-3 of this appendix. If site-specific field data suggest otherwise, Ba values for elemental mercury can be derived from uptake slope factors provided in U.S. EPA (1992) and U.S. EPA (1995a), using the same consumption rates as were discussed earlier for the metals like cadmium, selenium, and zinc.
^a™™<./ values for mercuric chloride and methyl mercury were derived from data in U.S. EPA (1997b). U.S. EPA (1997b) provides Ba values for mercury in cows, but does not specify the form of mercury. To obtain the Ba values for mercuric chloride and methyl mercury presented in Tables D-l through D-3 of this guidance, consistent with U.S. EPA (1997b) total mercury was assumed to be composed of 87 percent divalent mercury (as mercuric chloride) and 13 percent methyl mercury in herbivore animal tissue. Also, assuming that the Ba value provided in U.S. EPA (1997b) is for the total mercury in the animal tissue, then biotransfer factors in U.S. EPA (1997b) can be determined for mercuric chloride and methyl mercury, as follows:
• The default Ba value of 0.02 day/kg DW for total mercury obtained from U.S. EPA (1997b) was converted to a fresh weight basis assuming a 70 percent moisture content in cow tissue (U.S. EPA 1997a; Pennington 1994). The fresh weight Ba value for total mercury was multiplied by 0.13 to obtain a Bajnamjltal value for methyl mercury, and
by 0.87 to obtain a Bamamma! value for mercuric chloride.
D-1.2  BIOTRANSFER FACTORS FOR BIRDS (Ba^)
As discussed in Section D-l .0, calculation of BCF values to be used in pathways for birds ingesting food items and media requires the determination of COPC-specific biotransfer factors for bird measurement receptors (Babird). This section discusses selection of the Babird values used to calculate the COPC and measurement receptor specific BCF values presented in Tables D-l through D-3.
Orqanics BabiFd values for organic compounds (except PCDDs and PCDFs) were derived from 5amsm„a, values by assuming that the lipid content (by mass) of birds and mammals is 15 and 19 percent, respectively. Therefore, Babiri values presented in Tables D-l through D-3 were determined by multiplying Bamgmmol values by the bird and mammal fat content ratio of 0.8 (15/19).
Notable uncertainties associated with this approach include (1) extent to which specific organic compounds bioconcentrate in fatty tissues, and (2) differences in lipid content, metabolism, and feeding characteristics between species.
PCDDs and PCDFs BaUri values presented in Tables D-l through D-3 for PCDD and PCDF congeners were derrived from data provided in the following:
• Stephens, R.D., M. Petreas, andG.H. Hayward. 1995. "Biotransfer and Bioaccumulation of Dioxins and Furans from Soil: Chickens as a Model for Foraging Animals." The Science ofthe Total Environment Volume 175. Pages 253-273.
Stephens, Petreas, and Hayward (1995) conducted experiments to determine the bioavailability arid the rate of PCDDs and PCDFs uptake from soil by foraging chickens. Three groups of White Leghorn
F-5
chickens were studied—control group, low exposure group, and high exposure group. Eggs, tissues (liver, adipose, and thigh), feed, and feces were analyzed.
Congener specific Baiird values were derrived from the Stephens, Petreas, and Hayward (1995) study by dividing estimated whole body bioconcentration values for the high exposure group by a daily consumption rate of soil. If congener specific BCF values were not reported for the high exposure group, then estimated whole body values were determined using reported data for the low exposure group, if available. A default consumption rate of soil by chicken of 0.02 kg DW/day was determined as follows:
(1) Consumption rate of feed by chicken was obtained from U.S. EPA (1995a), which cites a value of 0.2 kg (DW) feed/day obtained from various literature sources.
(2) The fraction of feed that is soil (0.1) was obtained from Stephens, Petreas, and Hayward (1995).
(3) Feed consumption rate of 0.2 kg/day was multiplied by fraction of feed that is soil (0.1), to obtain the soil consumption rate by chicken of 0.2 x 0.1 = 0.02 kg DW soil/day.
Inorganics For metals (except cadmium, selenium, and zinc), Saw values were not available in the literature. For cadmium, selenium, and zinc, U.S. EPA (1995a) cites Ba values that were derived by dividing uptake slopes [(g compound/kg dry DW tissue)/(g compound/kg DW feed)], obtained from U.S. EPA (1992), by a daily ingestion rate of 0.2 kilograms DW per day by poultry. To determine BCF values presented in Tables D-l through D-3 in this appendix, reported dry weight Ba values were converted to fresh weight basis by assuming a tissue moisture content (by mass) of 75 percent for poultry (U.S. EPA 1997a; Pennington 1994).
Mercuric Compounds Based on assumptions made regarding speciation and fate and transport of mercury from stack emissions (as discussed in Chapter 2), elemental mercury is assumed not to deposit onto soils, water, or plants. Therefore, it is also not available in food items or media for ingestion and subsequent uptake by measurement receptors. As a result, no BCF values for elemental mercury are presented in Tables D-l through D-3 of this appendix. If site-specific field data suggest otherwise, Ba values for elemental mercury can be derived from uptake slope factors provided in U.S. EPA (1992) and U.S. EPA (1995a), using the same consumption rates as were discussed earlier for the metals like cadmium, selenium, and zinc.
BabM values for mercuric chloride and methyl mercury were derived from data in U.S. EPA (1997b). U.S. EPA (1997b) provides Ba values for mercury in poultry, but does not specify the form of mercury. To obtain the Ba values for mercuric chloride and methyl mercury presented in Tables D-l through D-3 of this guidance, consistent with U.S. EPA (1997b) total mercury was assumed to be composed of 87 percent divalent mercury (as mercuric chloride) and 13 percent methyl mercury in herbivore animal tissue. Also, assuming that the Ba value provided in U. S. EPA (1997b) is for the total mercury in the animal tissue, then biotransfer factors in U.S. EPA (1997b) can be determined for mercuric chloride and methyl mercury, as follows:
F-6
The default Ba value of 0.02 day/kg DW for total mercury obtained from U.S. EPA (1997b) was converted to a fresh weight basis assuming a 75 percent moisture content in poultry tissue (U.S. EPA 1997a; Pennington 1994). The fresh weight Ba value for total mercury was multiplied by 0.13 to obtain a Babird value for methyl mercury, and by 0.87 to obtain a Bahirri value for mercuric chloride.
F-7
Baes, C.F., R.D. Sharp, A.L. Sjoreen, and R.W. Shor. 1984. "Review and Analysis of Parameters and Assessing Transport of Environmentally Released Radionuclides through Agriculture." Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
McLachlan, M.S., H. Thoma, M. Reissinger, and O. Hutzinger. 1990. "PCDD/F in an Agricultural Food Chain. Part I: PCDD/F Mass Balance of a Lactating Cow." Chemosphere. Volume 20. Pages 1013-1020.
Pennington, J.A.T. 1994. Food Value of Portions Commonly Used. Sixteenth Edition. J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
Stephens, R.D., M. Petreas, and G.H. Hayward. 1995. "Biotransfer and Bioaccumulation of Dioxins and Furans from Soil: Chickens as a Model for Foraging Animals." The Science of the Total Environment. Volume 175. Pages 253-273.
Travis, C.C., and AD. Arms. 1988. "Bioconcentration of Orgamcs in Beef, Milk, and Vegetation." Environmental Science and Technology. 22:271 -274.
U.S. EPA. 1992. Health Reassessment of Dioxin-like Compounds, Chapters 1 to 8. Workshop Review Draft. OHEA Washington, D.C. EPA/600/AP-92/001 a through OOlh. August.
U.S. EPA. 1994. "Draft Guidance for Performing Screening Level Risk Analyses at Combustion
Facilities Bunting Hazardous Wastes. Attachment C, Draft Exposure Assessment Guidance for RCRA Hazardous Waste Combustion Facilities. " April 15.
U.S. EPA 1995a. "Further Studies for Modeling the Indirect Exposure Impacts from Combustor
Emissions." Memorandum from Matthew Lorber, Exposure Assessment Group, and Glenn Rice, Indirect Exposure Team, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Washington, D.C. January 20.
U.S. EPA. 1995b. Great Lakes Water Quality Initiative Technical Support Document for the Procedure to Determine Bioaccumulation Factors. EPA-82O-B-95-005. Office of Water, Washington, D.C. March.
U.S. EPA. 1997a. Exposure Factors Handbook. "Food Ingestion Factors". Volume II. EPA/600/P-95/002Fb. August.
U.S. EPA. 1997b. Mercury Study Report to Congress, Volumes 1 through VIII. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards and ORD. EPA/452/R-97-001. December.
F-8
TABLE D-l
BIOCONCENTRATION FACTORS FOR PLANTS TO WILDLIFE MEASUREMENT RECEPTORS
(Page 1 of 3)
Compound	Measurement Receptor													
	American Robin (BCFT.„.)	Canva» Hack (BCF„,„)	Deer Mouse ÍBCFIP_iis!)	Least    i Mallard Shrew   : Duch		Marsh Rice Hat (BCF-um)	Marsh Wren (HCF-rpM,,)	Mourning Dove (BCFIr.uu)	J Northern Muikrat j Bobwhlle (BCF.fjin,) (BCF.pjjiJ		Salt-marah Harvest Mouse <BCFTrJ1H)	Shorl-(allcd Shrew (BCFtlM)M)	Western  ! White-Meadow i footed Lark    i Mouse (BCFTP.„„) tDCFrp.„„)	
				Dioxins and Furans										
2,3,7,8-TCDD	1.53e+02	6.85e+01	3.250-02	3.370-02	6.16e+01	2.39C-02	3.19C+02	1.20e+02	1.450-02	1.20C+02	4.02e-02	3.37o4)2	1.45e+02	3.33e-02
1.2,3,7,8-PeCDD	1.41e+02	6.30C+01	2.99e-02	1.10e4ß	5.67e+01	2.20C-02	2 93e+02	l.lle+02	1.33e-02	l.lle+02	3.70e-02	3.l0e4l2	_y3e+02	3.O7C-02
1.2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD	4.74c IUI	2.12e+01	l.Ole-02	1.04&02	1.91e+()1	7.41c-03	9.880+01	3.72C+01	4.5<k-i)3	3.72e+0l	I.25c4)2	1.040-02	4.49e+01	l.O3c-02 4.OOc-03 4.67C-03
1,2,3,6,7.8-HxCDD	1.83et01	8.22e+00	3.91e-03	4.04C-03	7.39e+00	2.B7e4J3	3.83C+U1	1.44e+01	1.74 0-0.1	1.44o1-01	4.830-03	4.040-03	1.740-10]	
U,3,7,8.9-HxCDD	2.14C+01	9.59C+00	4.56C-03	4.7IC-03	8.63c-* 00	3.35c-03	4 460+01	I.68C-I01	2.03C-03	1.68C+0I	5.630-03	4.71C-03	2.03 c+01	
U.3.4,6.7,8JlpCDD	7.79e+00	3.49e+00	1.66c-03	1.72C-03	3.14e+00	1.22c4)3	1.63e+01	6.13e+O0	7.40e-04	6.13e+00	2.05e4)3	1.720-03	7.390+00	1.700-03
OCDD	1.83c+00	8.22e-01	3.91e-04	4.04C-O4	7.39C-01	2.87e4)4	3.836+00	1.44e+O0	1.740-04	l.44e+00	4.83e4J4	4.04C4I4	1.740100	4.00e4>4 2.67C-02
2,3,7,8-TCDF	1.22C+02	5,48c+01	2.60e-02	2.69C-02	4.93e+0l	1.9U-02	2.550+02	9.61e+01	1.160-02	9.61E+01	3.22c-02	2.690-02	1.16e+02	
1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF	3.36C+01	t.51e+01	7.16c-()3	7.11.-03	1.3ÚC+0I	5.260-03	7.01 ol Ol	2.640+01	3.19C-03	2.6I0IOI	8.85e-03	7.41 e-03	3.19e+01	7.340-03
2,3.4,7,8-PeCDF	2.44C+02	l.lOc+02	5.210-02	5.39e-02	9.866+0 1	3.83e4)2	5,1üo+02	1.92e-l 02	2.32e-02	1.92O+02	6.440-02	5.39c4)2	_ ^^e+02 1. Riol 1)1	5.34e-02
1,2,3,4,7.8-HxCDF	1.16e+01	5.21c MM)	2.47C-03	2.56e4)3	4.680+00	1.820-03	2.42e+01	9.13e+0O	l.lOc-03	9,13e+00	3.06C-03	2.56c4)3		2.53e-03
1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF	2.90c+0l	1.3(lcH)l	6.18e-03	6.40C-O3	1.17e+0l	4.54C-03	6 06e+01	2.28e+01	2.76e-03	2.28e+01	7.64e-03	6.4004)3	2.750)01	(.340413
2.3.4,6,7,8-HxCDF	1.02e+02	4.59e+01	2,18e-02	2.26C-02	4.1301-01	1.600-02	2 14,-102	8.0Je)01	9.72c4)3	8.050+01	2.700-02	2.2(.o-02	9.70=101 9.13c) 01 1.59e+00 5.65c! Dl	2.23c4)2 2.IO0O2
1,2.3,7,8.9-HxCDF	9.63C+01	■1.32c 01	2.05C-02	2.12C-02	3.880I-OI	1.51C-02	2.010102	7.57c+01	9.14O-03	7.57C+01	2.530-02 4.43e4)4 l.57e-02	2.12c4J2 3.70e4)4 1.3U4J2		
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF	l.OBetOO	7,54c-01	3.58C-04	3.70e-04	6.780-01	2.630-04	3.510+00	1,32eiO0	1.60e-04	1.32e+00				3.67e4)4 1.30e4)2
1,2,3.4,7.8,9-HpCDF	5.9oi!+0l	2.67e+0l	I.27C-02	1.31 c-02	3.'Hl 0+01	9.330-03	1 24c 11)2	4.69C+1I1	5.660-03	4.69CHI1				
OCDF	2.44e+00	l.lOeiOO	5.21e-04	5.39C-04	9.8fie-01	3.83o 04	5 10c MI»	1.92e+00	2.32O-04	1.92c-) 00	6.44C414	5.390-04	2.32e+00	5.340-04
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrucarliinis (PAlls)														
Benzo{a)pyrene	1.19e-02	5.32c4)3	2.03C-02	2.10C-O2	4.78e-03	1.490-02	2.470-02	9.32e4)3	9.03 c4)3	9.320-03	2.50e4)2	2.10C-O2	1.1/< 0.'	2.08C-02
Rcnzi>(a)aiiüiiiitciic	420c4)3	1 88e IJ3	7.19e-03	7.44c-03	1.69e-03	5.28e4)3	8.76e-03	3.30e-03	3.21e-03	3.30e-03	8.89C-03	7.440-03	3.980-03	7.37c4)3 2.466-02
B enzo(b) fluoranthene	1.40=4)2	6.29e4)3	2.40e-02	2.48e-U2	5.66e-03	1.760-02	2.930-02	l.lOe-02	1.07e4)2	1.100412	2.96e-02	2.4864)2	1,33e4)2 1.320-02 4.590-03	
Rcnzo(k)flunranlhcnc	1.390-02	6.25c-03	2.39C-02	2.47C-02 8.56e-03	5.62C-03	1.750-02	2.91 c-02	l.lOc-02	1.06c-02	1.10c-02	2.95C-02	2.470-02 8.56C-03 5.49c4)2		2.44c4)2 8.47c 03 5.440-02
Chrysenc	4.84e-03	2.17e-03	8.27e-03		1.95e-03	6.08e-03	1.010-02	3.810-03 2.44e-02	3.690-03	3.81c 03	1.020-02			
Dibcnz(a,h)anthraccne	311e-02	1.39o02	5.31e-02	5.49e4)2	1.25C-02	3.90e-02	6.48e-02		2.370-02	2.44e4)2	6.57e-02		2.95c4)2	
Indeno(1.2,3-cd)pyrene	7.24e-02	3.2Se-02	l.24e-01	1.28C-01	2.920-02	9.12C-02	1.510-01	5.69e-02	5.530-02	5.69e4)2	1.53e4)l	1.280-0!	6.860-O2	1.27e-01
Polychlorinatcd Biphenyls (PCBs)														
Aroclor, 1016	2.23C-03	Í .OOc-03	3.S2C-03	3.95e4)3	9.0U-04	2.81O-03	4.660-O3	1.760-03	1.70e-03	! ,76e413	4.72e-03	3.95e-03	2.12e4)3	3.910-03
Arodor. 1254	1.42e4)2	6.350-03	2.430-02	2.5IC-02	5.71e-03	1.78e-02	2.96e-02	1.11 c-02	I.OHc-02	l.llc4)2	3.00o4J2	2.51 c-02	1.34e4)2	2.49e-02
Nltroaromatlcs														
1,3-DÍDÍDobcnzcnc	2.73o07	1.22C-07	4.67C-07	4.83C-07	l.lOc-07	3.43C-07	5.70C-O7	2.150437	2.0RC-O7	2,150-07	5.77C-07	4.83C-07	2.59c4)7	4.78C-07
2,4-Oinitrntnlucnc	8.70c-07	3,90c4)7	1.49C-06	1.54C-06	3.5U-07	1.10c-06	1.820-06	6.840-07	6.650-07	6.840-07	I.85C-06	1.540-06	8.25c4»7	l.53o4)6
TABLE D-l
BIOCONCENTRATION FACTORS FOR PLANTS TO WILDLIFE MEASUREMENT RECEPTORS
(Page 2 of 3)
	Measurement Receptor													
Compound 2.6«Dlnftrotoluenc	American Robin 6.796-07	C*av*> Hack (BCFIM)J! 3,05e-07	Deer Mouie (ICrrtnJ 1.16e*6	Least Shrew (BCFn4)M) 1.20e-06	Mallard Duck (BOW 2.74e*7	Marsh Rice Rat (BCFTfJ)1() 8.50e*7	Mann Wren (BCFrr<„) 1.426*6	Monrrttflg Dove (BCF1PJUJ 5.34e*7	Muskrit (BCTMUJ 5.1 Ge* 7	Northern Bobwhitc (BjCPmn) 5.34e*7	Salt-mil rah Harvcit Mouse (BCP,r.HM) 1.43e-06	Sfiort-lailctl Shrew 1.20e*6	Western Meadow Lark (BCFtr-uiJ 6,44e*7	Whtte-fiu'd ii Mouse <BCFTM)M) 1.19o*6
Nitrobenzene	5.99e*7	2.6 9c-07	].03e*6	1.06e-06	2.42e*7	7.53e*7	1.256-06	4.71e*7	4,57e*7	4.7le*7	1,27o-06	1.06e*6	5.68e*7	1.050*6
f'cntadiloron itro lien/en e	3.85e*4	l.72e-04	6.59e*4	6.82e-04	l.55e-()4	4.S4c-D4	8,02e*4	3,02e*4	2.94c*4	3.02e*4	8.15e*4	6.82e*4	3,65e*4	6.76e*4
						Phlhalate Esters								
Bis(2-clhylhejiy!) phthol ate	1.416*3	6.33e-04	2.42e-03	2.50 6*3	5.696*4	1.77e*3	2.95c*3	1,1 Ie*3	l,08e*3	l.lle*3	2.99e*3	2.50e-()3	1.346*3	2.47e*3
Di(n)octyl plithalatc	l.SBc+01	R/)4ci(10	3.22e+0I	3.336+01	7.59e+u0	2.36l-i-01	3.93e+01	1.48o+01	1.43o+0I	1.486+01	3.9Bc«)l	3.33c+01	1.780+01	3.1(to 101
					Volatile Ore,Hnie Compounds									
Acetone;	5,28e*9	2.37e*9	9.05e*9	9.366-09	2.13e*9	6.65e*9	1.10e*8	4,15e*9	4.03e*9	4.156*9	1.12e*8	9.36e*9	5,01e*9	9,27e*9
Acrylotiitrile	1.57e*8	7.03e*9	2.68e*8	2.77e*8	u.32e*9	1.976*8	3.276*8	1.23e*8	U9e*8	1.23e*8	3.31c-08	2.776*8	1.49e*8	2 756-1)8
Chlorofijttn	7,82e*7	3.50e*7	1.34e*S	1.39e-06	3.156*7	9.87e*7	1.63e*6	6.14e*7	5.98e*7	6.14e*7	1.66c*6	1.39c*6	7.41 e*7	1.38e*6
Crotonoldehydo	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1,4-Dioxane	4.7Je*9	2.13C-09	K.lSs-09	8.436-09	l.92e*9	5.99e*9	9.91e*9	3.74e*9	3.63c*9	.1.746-09	1.016*8	8.436*9	4,506*9	8.35e*9
Formaldehyde	l,94e*8	K.68c*9	3.31e*8	3,43e*8	7.810*9	2.44 c-ON	4.04o*8	1.52e*8	1.48o*8	1.526*8	4.106-ON	3.43e*8	l.K4e*8	3.40e*8
Vinyl chloride	1.23e*7	S.53e-OB	2.11e-07	2.1RC-07	4.98c*8	l.SSe-07	2.5Hc*7	9.7 1 c*N	9.40e*8	9,71 e*8	2.616*7	2,18e*7	1.17e*7	2.166-07
					Other Chlorinntcd Organics									
Hexachlorobcnzcne	2.806*3	1.2 6 6-0 3	4.79e-03	4,95e-03	1.130-03	3.526-03	5,85e*3	2,20c*J	2.13e*3	2.206-03	5.92e*3	4.95e*3	2.66e*3	4.91e*3
Hexachlorobutadicne	4.75e*4	2.13e*4	8.09e-04	8.376-04	1.92e*4	5.95e-04	9,9le*4	3.74e*4	3.61e*4	3,74e*4	l.()0o*3	8.37e*4	4.50e*4	3.296-114
Hexa chlorooyclopcntsidiene	7.11e-04	3.19e*4	l.22e*3	! 26e*3	2.876*4^	B.94e*4	1.486*3	5.59e*4	5.426*4	5.590*4	1.50e*3	1.260-03	6.74e*4	1.25e*3
Penbicliliirobcnzaic	1.08e*3	4.84e*4	1.846-03	1,90e-03	4,35e*4	1.35e*3	2.256*3	8.48e*4	8.20e*4	8.48e*4	2.27e*3	l,90e*3	1.1)26*1	1.89c*3
Pentachlornnhennl	1.06e-O3	4.76e-04	1.81&03	1.87e-03	4.28e*4	1.33e*3	2.21e-03	8,34e-04	8,07e*4	8,34e*4	2.246*3	l.87e-03	1.01e-03	1.856*3
Pesticides														
4,4-DDE	1.59c-02	7.13e-03	2,72e-02	2.81e-02	6.41e*3	2.00e*2	3.32e*2	1.25e*2	1.21e*2	I.25e*2	3.36e*2	2.81e*2	1.516*2	2.786*2
Hcptachlor	o.lOc-04	4.08c*4	I.S6&03	1.61 c*3	3.67c*4	1.15c*3	1.90c-03	7.166*4	6.9Jc*4	7.16c*4	1.93e*3	l.filo-03	8.63c*4	1.60c*3
Hcxachlorophene	3.06e-01	1.37e-03	5.22e*I	5.40e*l	1.236*1	3.846*1	6.37e*l	2,40e*l	2.33e*l	2.4U6-01	6.45e*l	5.40e*l	2.90e*l	5.35e*l
						Inorganics								
Aluminum	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Antimony	NA	NA	5.99e-04	6.20c*4	NA	4.-106*4	NA	NA	2.676-04	NA	7.410-1)4	6.20c*4	NA	6.14e*4
Arsenic	NA	NA	1.200-1)3	1.24e*3	NA	8.816*4	NA	NA	5.34e-04	NA	1.48e*3	1.24e*3	NA	1.236*3
Barium	NA	NA	8.99e-05	9.30e*5	NA	6.616*5	NA	NA	4.016*5	NA	1,lle*4	9.30e*5	NA	9.21e*5
Beryllium	NA	NA	5.990-04	6.20t*4	NA	4.406*4	NA	NA	2.676*4	NA	7.4le*4	6 211c*4	NA	6.14e*4
Cadmium	4.71e-02	2.11e*2	7.190-05	7.44e*S	1.90e*2	5.28c*5	9.82c*2	3.70c*2	3,216-05	3.70e*2	8.89e*5	7.446*5	4.466-02	7.376-05
Chromium (hwuivalcnl)	NA	NA	3.30c*3	3.41c*3	NA	2.42c*3	NA	NA	1,476*3	NA	4.0Hc*3	3.41c*3	NA	3.38c*3
TABLE D-l
BIOCONCENTRATION FACTORS FOR PLANTS TO WILDLIFE MEASUREMENT RECEPTORS
(Page 3 of3)
Compound Copper	Measui ejiu'iil Receptor													
	American Robin NA	Catrvai Back NA	Deer Mrjuie (BCFIr im) NA	Least Shrew <BCFtM1M) NA	Mallard Duck NA	.Manh Rice l!al (l*CFmuH) NA	Marsh Wren NA	Mourning Dove NA	Mwkrat (BCFTPJ,M> NA	Northern Bohvilillf (BCFT„„) NA	Sail-marsh Harvest Mouse (BCFxp.jiM^ NA	Short-failed Shrew (BCFTP11H) NA	Weitem Meadow Lark (BCFT„,J NA	Whltt-fnud'il Mouse ("< 'F,|..UM) NA
Totel Cyanide	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Load	NA	NA	l.80e-04	l.86e-04	NA	l.32e-04	NA	NA	8.02C-OS	NA	2.22c-04	l.B6e-(M	NA	I.S4c-(M
Mercuric chloride	1.06b-O2	4.76e-03	3.13&03	3.24e-03	4.28 e-03	2.30e-03	2,2le-02	8.34e-03	l.39e-03	K.34e-03	3.87e-03	3.24e-03	1,01 e-02	3.2K--03
Methylraercury	1.59e-03	7.13o04	4.6ÜC-04	4.84e-04	6.41e-04	3.44C-04	3.32C-03	1.25C-03	2.08c-O4	1.25e-03	5,7Be-04	4.84C-04	l.Slu-03	4.79e*4
Nickel	NA	NA	3,60c-03	3,72c-03	NA	2.64e-03	NA	NA	1.60C-03	NA	4.45c-03	3.72C-03	NA	3.(iSc-03
Selenium	5.02e-01	2.250-I) 1	t.36e-03	1.4Ie-03	2,02e-«l	1.00e-Ö3	l.OJe+00	3.93e-01	6.07e-«4	3.95e-01	l.CBc-03 2.22e-03	1.41e-03	4.7Se-01	1.39e-03
Silver	NA	NA	l.80c-O3	l.Koe-03	NA	1,32e^)3	NA	NA	B.!)2c-U4	NA		1.86e-03	NA	1.849-03 2.46e-02
Thallium	NA	NA	2.40e-O2	2.48e-02	NA	1.7(je-l>2	NA	NA	l.07e432	NA	2.96 0*2	2.48e-02	NA	
Zinc .......		1.74c-()3	5.39C-05	5.58C-05	L57C-03	3.96e-05	8.]]e-03	3 05C-O3	2.40c-05	3.05e-03	6.676-U5	5.58C-05	3.<>8c-UJ	5.53e-05
Noles:
NA - Inilicntcs insufficient data to determine value
HB -Herbivorousbird HM- Herbivorous mammal OB - Omnivorous bird OM - Omnivorous mammal TP -Terrestrial plant
- Values provided were determined us specified in the text of Appendix D. iCA'values for omnivores were determined based on an equal diet BCF values for dioxin and fi)ran conveners determined using REF values specified in Chapter 2.
Table D-2
Bioconcentration Factors for Water to Wildlife Measurement Receptors
(Page 1 of 6)
					Measurement Receptors						
	American	American	... —.------— Canvas	Deer	Least	I.ong-falled	Mallard	Marsh	Marsh		Mourning
	Kestrel	Robin	Back	Mouse	Shrew	Weasel	Duck	Rice Rat	Wren	Mink	Dove
Compound		(BCFw/„) (BCF^		(BCFwjw)J(BCFvm»i)			(BCFMn)	<ncFWJ>M)	(BCFh-or)	(BCFw<M)i(BCFWK1M)	
lliuxins and tin mis											
2,3,7,B-TCDD	4.311c i in	4.71011)1	2.21e+01	8.19e-03	9.34e 03	6.8Ke-03	2.l)0eH)l	1.03e-02	9.46c llll	5.390-03	3.750+01
1,2,3,7,8-PcCDD	3.96C+01	4.34C+01	2.()4ol()|	7.540-03	8.59c-03	6.33o4)3	I.Bdc+01	9.44C-03	8.71)0 11)1	4.9ĎO-03	3.450 101
1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD	1.33c) 01	1.46C+01	6.86O00	2,54c-03	2.89c 0.3	2.130433	6.21C+00	3.180-03	2.93C+01	1.670-03	l.loc+01
1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD	5.16e+00	S.66e+00	2.65e+00	9 83e-04	1.12e4)3	8.25e4)4	2.40e+00	1.230-03	1.14e+01	6.47c-04	4.50e-01
1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD	6.02c+00	6.60e+00	3.10e+00	1.15e-03	1,310-03	9.63e4)4	2.80c 100	1.44e4>3	1.320+01	7.550-04	5.25C+00
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD	2.190+00	2.40e+00	1.13e+00	4.180-04	4.76e-04	3.5U-04	1.02O+00	5.230-04	4.82O+00	2.75e-04	1.91e+00
OCDD	5.16e-0l	5.66e-01	2.65e-01	9.83o4)5	1.12c4)4	R.25C-05	2.400-01	1,230-01	1.14e+00	6.47e4)5	4,50e-01
2,3,7,8-TCDF	3.44e+0l	3.77e+01	1.7/0+1] 1	6.55e-03	7.47e4)3	5.50e-O3	1.60e+0I	8 7U--03	7.57e+01	4.310-03	3.00e+01
1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF	9.46e+00	1.04e+01	4.87c 100	1.80C-03	2.05C-03	1.51o-03	4.40e+00	2.26e 03	2.08e+01	1.190-03	8.25e+00
2.3.4.7,8-PeCDF	6.88e+0l	7.S4C+01	3.54 e+0]	1.31 e4)2	1.4904)2	1.10e432	3.2O0+OI	1.64i-4)2	1.51O02	8 62e-03	600e+01
1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF	3.27c+00	3.58C+00	1.68c 100	6.23C-04	7.10C-04	5.230-04	1.52c+00	7.80C-04	7.19e+00	4.10O-04	2.85C+00
1,2,3,6,7,8-BxCDF	8.17e+00	8.95e+00	4.21)0+1)0	1.56e-03	1.770-03	1.31e4)3	3.8O0+OO	1.950-03	I.8O0101	1.02e-03	7.12e+00
2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF	2.R8C+01	_3J^6c+01	l.48e+01	5.490-03	6.260-03	4.610-03	1.340)01	6,88o4J3	6.340+01	3.610-03	2.51e+01
1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF	2.71C+01	2,970101	1.39C+01	5,16e-()3	5.8«e-03	4.33o4!3 7.57o4)5	1.26e+0l	6.47e-03	5.96e+OI	3.40e-O3	2.360+01
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF	4.73e-01	5.18o4)l	m.i,■ III	9.016-05	1 03e-04		2.20O-0I	l,13o-04	1.04 01-00	5.93C-05	4.I2C41I
1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HnCDF	1.68e+01	l.B4e+01	8.63c4 00	3.20e-03	3.640-03	2.680-03	7.81e+00	4.00o4)3	3.690+01 1.51000	2.10e-03	1.46e+01
OCDF	6.88c4)l	7.54o-()l	3.54e-0I	1.31e-04	1 49e-04	1.10e-04	3.200-01	1 64c-04		8.620-05	6.00e-01
Polvnuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)											
Bcnzo(a)pyrcnc	3.34c-03	3.67c4)3	1.721-1)3	5.10C-03	5.81c4J3	4.280-03	I.55c4)3	3.750-03	7.350-03	3.36C-03	2.920413
licnzo(a)nn(hr;iccnc	1.18c-03	1.30e-O3	6.08C-04	I.81B4J3	2.06e4)3	1.520-1)3	5.500-04	1.33e-03	2.60i-4)3	1.1904(3	1.03C-O3
Benzo(b)fluoranthene	3.95e-03	4.340-03	2.03e-03	6.03e4)3	6.88e4)3	5.07C-03	1.84C-03	4.440-03	8.70e4J3	3.970-03	3.460-03
I3l II." I.I. ill |i ii  lli'll: II''	3.92c-03	4.3Ie-03	2.1)20-03	6.00e-03	6.840-03	S.04e-03	1.83o-03	4.410-03	8.64e-03	3.950-03	3.43&03
Chryaene	1.36e-03	1.50o-03	7.01e-04	2.O80-O3	2.37e-03	1.75e-03	6.34e-04	1.530-03	3.00e-03	1.370-03	1.19e-03
Dibcnz(a,h)iinlliriiccne	8.74c-03	9.610-03	4.50e4)3	1.34e4J2	l.S2e-02	1.12e-02	4.07e-O3	9.84e-03	1.93e-02	8.79e-03	7.66O-03 1.78o4)2
Indcnof 1,2,3 -cdlpyrcnc	2.04C-02	2.24e-02	1 05c-02	3.12e-02	3.56O-02	2.62c4)2	9.480-03	2.29C-02	4.49c4)2	2.050-02	
Polychlorinatcd Bilihenyls (PCDs)											
AroclorlOK)	6.280-04	6.91e-04	3.240-04	9.61e-04	UOe-03	8.1)70-1)4	2.930-04	7.07o-04	1.38c4)3 8.780-03	6.32C-04	5.5()o4)-l
Aroclor 1254	3.98o03	4.38C-03	2.050-03	6.1104)3	6.960433	S.13C-03	1.86C-03	4.480-03		4.02C-03	3.49C-03
NHroaromatics											
1,3-Dinitrobcnzene	7.68e-08	8.45e-08	3.96&08	1.18e-07	l.34e-07	9.87e-08	3.580-08	8.650-08	1.69e-07	7.73e4)8	(..730-08
2,4-Dinitrotoliiene	2.45e4)7	2.69e-07	1.26e-07	3.76e-07	4.28c07	3.150-07	1.14eJ37	2.760-07	5.390-07	2.47C-07	2.14e-07
Table D-2
Bioconcentration Factors for Water to Wildlife Measurement Receptors
(Page 2 of6)
Measurement lleeepturs
Compound	Americas Kestrel (BCFWrC1!) 1.910-07	American Robin 2.1Ü0-Ü7	i Canvas Back 'J K4C-1IK	Deer Mouse 2.91e-07	Least Shrew 3 32e-07	Long-laited Weasel	Mallard Duck (BCF™,,)	Marsh Rice Rat (BCFwjim) 2.150-07	Marsh Wren (BCFW<U|) 4.21C-1I7	Mink 1.92e-07	Mourning Dove (BCF^M) 1.67c-07
2,6-Dinitrotoluene						2.44e-07	K.90e-08				
Nitrobenzene	1.696-07	1.850-07	K.6Ke-08	2.58e-<)7	2,94c-(>7	2.170-07 1,39o-04	7.86C-0S	1.9()c-(l7	3.72e-07	1.70e-07	1.4ÜC-07
Penlachloronitrobcnzcno	I.OBc-04	1.19C-04	5.57C-05	1.660-04	l,K9c4>4		5.04c-05	1.220-04	2.38C-04	1.090-04	9.47c-fl5
Flithalale Esten											
B i s(2-ethyl hoxyl)ph11iakte	3.97e-04	4.37C-04	2.05e-04	6.08e-04	6.93c-04	5.11e-04	1.85C-04	4.47e-l)4	8,75e-04	4.0Oe-O4	3.48e-04
Di(n)cctyl phthalate	5.30c+00	5.82C+00	2.73e+00	8,10e+00	9.23C+00	6.8ÜC+00	2.47CH 00	5.960+00	1.17C+0I	5.33O+00	4.64O+00
Volatile Organic Cunipntinds											
Acetone	1.490-09	1.630-09	7.65C-10	2.28e-09	2.600-09	1.91e-09	6.920-10	1.670-09	3,28e-09	1.50e-09	l,30e-09
Acrylonilrilc	4,41(^09	4.S4e-09	2.270-09	6.740-09	7,690-09	5.66e-09	2.05e-09	l.27o-()9	9.71e-09	4.44O-09	3.85c-09
Chloroform	2.20c-07	2.42e-07	1.13e-07	3.38C-07	3.85c-07	2.840-07	1.020-07	2.47e-07	4.84e-07	2.220-07	1.936-07
Crotonnldehyde	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA 1.5ÜC-09 6.13e-09	NA	NA	NA
1,4-Dioxano	l,34c49	1.470-09	6.88c-i0	2.050-09	2.34C-09	1.720-09	6.23C-10		2.95C-09	1,350-09	1.170-09
Formaldehyde	5.45e-09	5.99e-09 3.82e-08	2.80C-O9 1.7'Je-08	E.34C-09 5.310-08	9.51C-09 6.050-08	7.01c-09 4.46C-08	2.540-09		1.200-OK	5.490-09	4.770-09 3.040-08
Vinyl chloride	3.47e-08						1.62C-08	3.91C-0K	7.65 e-0 8	3.49e-0S	
Other Chlorinated Oreunies											
llcxacliliimlioiizcnc	7.88e-04	8.67e-04	4.06c-04	1.21c-[)3	1.37e-03	l.OIe-03	3.67C-04	8.870-04	1.74O-03	7.93 c-04	6.90O-O4
Ucxnchlorobutadiene	i.34e-04	1.47e-04	6,88e-05	2.04e-04	2.120-04	1.71e-04	6.23&05	l.Sle-04	2.940414	i .340-04	1.170-04
I[cx:id)lorocydn|vnl:iilirin'	2.<M)e-04	2.20e44	1.03e-04	3.06e-04	3.49e-04	2.57e-04	9.31e-05	2.25&04	4.40C-04	2.02e-04	1.75C-04
I'entn chlorobcnzcnc	3,04e-O4	3.34e-04	1.56&04	4.630-04	5.28e-04	3.89e-04	1.410-04	3.42e-04	6.69c-04	3.050-04	2.66e-04
rcntftchluroplienol	2,99e-04	3.28C-04	1.540-04	4.560-1)4	5.19C-04	3.83e-04	1.390-04	3.360-04	6.580-04	3.00C-04	2,Sle-04
Fcstkiika											
4,4-DDE	4.47e-03	4.92e-03	2.30e-O3	6.83e-03	7.790-03	5.74e-03	2.08O-O3	5.030-03	9.850-03	4.500-03	3.92e-03
Heptachlor	2.56e-04	2.82e-04	l.32e-04	3.920-04	4.47C-04	3.2 9 e-l 14	1.190-04	2,88e-04	5.640-04	2.580-04	2.240-04
Kexaohlorophene	8.59e-02	9.45e-02	4.42e-02	1.31c-01	I.50C-01	1.10e-01	4.00C-02	9.67e-02	i.;; . im	K.6.WI2	7.530-02
Inorganics											
Aluminum	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Antimony	NA	NA	NA	l.Sle-04	1.72C-04	1.270-04	NA	NA	NA	9.93e-05	NA
Arsenic	NA	NA	NA	3.02O-O4	3.44C-04	2.530-04	NA	NA	NA	1.99e-04	NA
Barium	NA	NA	NA	2,260-05	2.58e-05	1.900-05	NA	NA	NA	1.49C-0J	NA
Beryllium	NA	NA	NA	1.51e-04	1.720-04	1.27e-04	NA	NA	NA	9.93C-05	NA
Cadmium	I.32C-U2	1.46e-02	6.82e-03	l.Sle-05	2.06o-O5	1,52c-05	6.17e-03	1.49O-02	2.920-02	l,19e-()5	l.lfic-02
Chromium (hexavalent)	NA	NA	NA	8.300-04	9.46e-04	6.97 e-04	NA	NA	NA	5.46e-04	NA
	-							-			
					Measurement Rectptort						
	American	American	Canvas	Ucer	Least	Ixmg-tailed	Mallard	Mann	Marth		Mourning
	Kestrel	Robin	Dick	Mouse	Shrew	Weasel	Duck	Rice Hat	Wren	Mlttk	Dove
Cam pound			(BCF(BCFWflJt)				(BCFw^,j		(BC Pyfjj j) (B CFw<3i) (BCF^h)		
Copper	NA	NA	NA	N A	NA	NA	NA	NA	N A	NA	NA
Total Cyanide	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	N A	NA	NA
Lead	NA	NA	NA	4,53e-OJ	5.16e-05	3.SÜe-ÜS 6.63e-04 V.')]C-05	NA 1.39C-03	NA	NA	2,98e-05	NA
Mercuric Chloride	2.990-03	3.27e-03	1.54e-03	7.SSe-04	S,'JSe-(M			2.09«-[)3	6.57e-03	5.18e-04	2.61e-03
Mediylineroury	4.480-04	4.90e-04	2.30c-O4	l.!8e4)4	l,34e-04		2.08e-04	S.0Se-fl4	9.85=4)4	7.74e-0S	3.a0e-04
Nickel	NA	NA	NA	9.05e-04	1 03c-03	7.60c-04	NA	NA	NA	5,96e-04	NA
Selenium	1.4KMÍ1	l.SSe-01	7.27e-02	3.42e-04	3.90e-04	2.88e-04	6.58 e-02	l.S9e-01	:l.llc-oi	2.25e-04	1.24e-01
Silver	NA	NA	NA	4.53C-04	5.166-04 6.B8C-03	3.SIM4	NA	NA	NA	Z.9ÜC-04	NA
Thallium	NA	NA	NA	6.03d-03		5.<)7e-03	NA	NA	NA	3.97e-03	NA
Zinc	1.09e-03	1.20e-03	5.63e-04	1.3fie-05	1.55C-05	1.14c-05	S.09c-04	l,23e-03	2.4te-03	8.93e4)fi	9.57c-04
Notes:
NA - Indicates insufficient data to determine value
HB - Herb ivorous bird
MM -Herbivorous mamma I
OB - Omnivorous bird
OM - Omnivorous mammal
TP - Terrestrial plant
Values provided were determined as specified in the text of Appendix D, BCF values for values specified in Chapter 2.
were determined based on an equal diet,  BCF values for dioxin and furan congeners determined using HEF
Table D-2
Bioconcentration Factors for Water to Wildlife Measurement Receptors
(Page 4 of 6)
	Measurement Receptors										
Compound	Mushral (BCFi>.(w)	Northern Bobwhlte (BCFw.,).l	Northern Harrier (BCF.-,.,)	Red Fox (BCFW:C.,)	Red-tailed (BCF,,.,,,)	Salt-marsh Harvest Mouje (BC'FW.1UJ	Short-tailed! Spotted Shrew    ' .Sandpiper   StsM Fox (BCFw,0.i) i (BCFW™) , (BCFtt.0M)			Western Meadow l.ark (BCFwo,J	Whitt-fonlcd Mouse (BC'IV,.,,)
Dioxins and I'm uns											
2,3,7,8-TCDD	5.33e-03	3.75e+01	2.06C+01	4.69e-03	2.06e+01	8.60e 03	8.18e-03	5.996101	5.076-03	4.51e+01	X.24e-03
1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD	4.90e-03	3.45e+01	l.90e+0l	4.31e-03	1.90e+01	7.91e-03	7.53e-03	5 51e+0l	4.66e-03	4.156+01	7.5X6-03
1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD	l.65e-03	I.l6e+01	6.39C+00	1.45e-03	6.39e+00	2.67e-03	2.54e-03	1.86e+01	1.57e03	1,400 01	2,55c 03
1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD	6.40e 05	4.50e+00	2.47e+00	5.62e-04	2.47c 100	1.036-0.1	9.82e-04	7.18e+00	6.08c 04	5.41C+00	9.X9C-04
1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD	7.46c-04	5.25e+00	2.88eiOO	6.56e-04	2.88e+00	1.206-03	1.156-03	8.38e+00	7.10e-04	(,.31000	1.15e-03
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD	2.72C-04	I.9U+00	1.05e+00	2.39e-04	l,05e+00	4 39c 01	4.l7e>04	3.056+00	2.596-04	2.306+01)	4.20e-04
neun	fi.40o 05	4,50e-01	2.47e-0l	5.62c-05	2.476-01	1.030-04	9.826-05	7.18C-01	ft.OXc-05	5.410-01	9.896-05
2,3,7,8-TCDF	4.26e-03	3.00e+0l	l.65e+01	3.75C-03	1.65e+01	0.886-03	6.55e-03	4.796101	4.06C-O3	3.616)01	6.596-03
1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF	I.I7S-03	8.25e+00	4.53e+00	1,03c-03	4.53e+00	1.896-03	l.80e-03	l.32e+0l	1.12c-03 8.1le-03	9.916)00	l.Slc-03
2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF	8.530-01	6.00e+01	3.30e+01	7.50e03	3.306+01	1.386-02	1.31 e-02	9.58e+0l		7.21c+0l	1.32C-02
1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF	4.056-04	2.85C+O0 7.12c 100	1.57e+00	3.56e-04	1.57c KID	6.54C-04	6.22c-04	4.55e+00	3.85c-04	3.42clOO	6.26e-04
l,2,3,6,7,8-llxCI)F	l.01e-03		3.92e+00	8.9lc-04	3.92e+00	1.63e-03	1.55e-03	I.14e+0I	9.63e4)4	8.56C+00	l.57e-03
2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF	3.57e-03	2.5IC+01	1.38c 1-01	3.14e-03	1.38C+0I	5.76C-03	5.48e-03	4 010)01	3.406-03	3.026)01	5.526-03
1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF	3.36e-03	2.36e+01	I.30C+01	2.95C-03	l.30e+01	5 42c 03	5.15e-03	3.77 c nil	3.19e-03	2.S4C10I	5.196-03
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF	5.86e 05	4.l2e-01	2.27C-Ü1	5.16C-05	2.27C-01	9.46e-05	9.00e-05	6 58c-OI	5.586-05	4.966-01	9.06O-05
1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF	2.08e-03	l.46e+01	8.04e+00	1.83c-03	8.04C+00	0.00c 100	3.196-03	2.33e+01	1.9 So 03	1.76e+0l	1.21c 03
OCDF	8.53e-05	6.00e01	3.30C-OI	7.50e-O5	3.30e-01	1.38c-04	1..'. le-DI	9.58e-01	8.116-05	7.21e-0l	1 12c 04
Polvnuelear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)											
Benzo(a)pyrene	3.32e-03	2 92c oi	1.60*03	2.92c 03	1.606-03	5.356-03	5.09e>03	4.64e-03	3.16e-03	3.49e-03	5.136-03
Denzo(a)anIhraccnc	l.lSe-03	1 03eO3	5(,6e-04	1 IHrilt	5.66e-04	l.90e-03	1.8le-03 (..Oic-03	1 64C-03	I.12e03	1.246-03	l.82c-03
ncnzo(b)lluotantricnc	3.93C-03	3.46e-03	1.89*43	3.45e-03	1.890-03	6.34e-03		5.49e-03	3.73c-03	4.13e-03	(,.07c-03
Bcnzo(k)lluorairthcne	3.916-03	3.43e-03	1.88e-03	3.44e-03	1.886-03	6.30c-O3	h.OOc-0.3	5.46e-03 1,89e 03 1.27.6-02	3.72e-03	4.10e-03	6.046-03
Chrvscne	1.35e-03	I.19C-03	(,.53e04	1.19c-03	6.53c-04	2.19c 03	2,086-03 l.33e-02 3.126-02		l.29e-03	1.42e-03	2.09e-03
Dibcnz(a ,h)anthracene	8.70c 03	7.66e-03	4.19e-03	7.65e-03	4.196-03	l.40e-02			8.276-03	9.146-03	1.34<M)2
1 ndenof 1,2,3 -cd)pyrene	2.03c-02	l.78e-02	9.76e-03	l.79e-02	9.76e-03	3.28c-02		2.836-02	1.93c 02	2.13c 02	3.146-02
Polvchlorlnated blphenyls (PCBs)											
Aroclor 1016	6.25e-04	5 50e-04	3.01C-04	5.50e-O4	3.016-04	I.OIe-03	9.606-04	8.74e-04	5.95e-04	6.57e-04	9.66C-04
Aroclor 1254	3.98e-03	3.49e-03	l.91e-03	3.50C-03	1.91c-03	6.41e-03	6.10e03	5.546 03	3.78e-03	4.16e-03	6.146-03
Nltroaromatics											
1,3-Dinitrobenzene	7.65e-08	6.73C-08	3.68C-08	6.72e-08	3.68e-08	l.23e-07	l.l7e-07	l.07e-07	!.27e-08	8,036-OX	1.18e-07
2,4-Dhiiliololucnc	2.44e-07	2.14c 07	1.17e-07	2.15e-07	1.176-07	3.94c 07	3.75e-07	3.410-07	2.32c-07	2.566-07	3.7XC-07
Table D-2
liioconcenfration Factors for Water to Wildlife Measurement Receptors
(Page 5 of 6)
					Measurement acceptors						
						Salt-marsh				Western	
		Northern	Northern		Itcd-tuilcd	Harvest	Short-lalled	Spotted		Meadow	White-footed
	Miukrsl	llobwhlte	Harrier	Red Fax	Ha»«	Mouse	Shrew	Sandpiper	.S vi ill Fox	l.ark	Mouse
Compound	(BCFw.0m)	(BCIVcn)	(BCFw^J	(BCIVoi)	(BCFW1DI)	(BCFlrH)l)	(IK t n ,,,, 1	(8CFw(3bJ	(BCFWOM)	<BCF„.0,J	(BCFwW
2,6-Diiiilrotoluenc	l.89e-07	1.676-07	9.166-08	l.67e-07	9,l6e-08	3.06e-07	2.91e-07	2.66e-07	l.K0e-07	2.00e-07	2.930-07
Nitrobenzene	I.6SB-07	!.48e-07	S.OBe-08	1.486-07	H.OKc-OK	2.716-07	2.58e-07	2.35e-07	1.60e-07	1.7(16-07	2.59e-07
Pentachloronitrobenzenc	1.08e-O4	9.47c-05	5.18e-05	9.49C-05	5.I8C-05	1.74e-04	1.666-04	1.506-04	l.03e-04	1.13c 04	1.676-04
Phthalate Esters											
E is(2-elhy 1 hex yl)pht lia lute	3.96e-04	3.48e-04	1.90e-04	3,48e-04	1.90e-04	6.3864)4	6.07 e-04	5.526-04	3.76e-04	4.1 56-04	6.11 e-04
Di(n)octyl phthalate	5.27elO0	4.64e+00	2,S4e+a0	4.64 e+00	2.54^100	8.51eM)0	8.09e+00	7.37e+00	5.0]e+00	S.54eM)0	8.ISe+00
Volatile Organic Compounds											
Acetone	I.4BO-09	t.30c-09	7.12c-10	1.306-09	7.12c-10	2.396-09	2.280-09	2.076-09	1.416-09	l.55e-09	2.290-09
Acrylonilrile	4.39e-09	3.856-09	2.11 e-09	3.866-09	2.1 16-09	7.08e-09	6.73O-09	6.140-09	4.l7e-09	4.626-09	fi.7Ke-09
Chloroform	2.20e-07	l.93e-07	l.OSs-07	1.936 07	l.05e-07	3.55e-07	3.38e-07	3,066-07	2.09c 07	2.30e-07	3.40e-07
Crotonaldchyde	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1,4-Dioxane	1.33e-09	U7e-09	6.4le-10	l.l7e-09	6.41e-l0	2.156-09	2.050-09	l.86c:09	l.27e-09	1.406-09	2.06C-09
Formaldehyde	5.43e09	4,77e-09	2.61 e-09	4.77e 09	2.61 e-09	8.76c{)9	8.33c 09	7.J8C-09	5.16e-09	5.69e-09	8.39C-09
Vinyl chioride	3.45e-08	3.04e-08	!.(.!■.	3,04c 08	L.66c-08	5.58e-08	5.306-08	4.836-08	3.29e08	3.63e^08	5.34e-08
Other Chlorinated Organlcs											
Hexachlorobenzene	7.84e-04	6.906-04	3.78e-04	6.90e-04	3.78e-04	1.27&-03	1.206-01	1.106-01	7.466-04	8.24e-04	1.216-113
1 Icxachlorobutadieiic	1.33e-04	1.17e-04	6.41e-05	l,17e-04	6.4IC-05	2.136-04	2.046-04	1.860-04	l.26e-04	1.406-04	2.0S&04
Hexach lorocycl opentadi one	1.99e-04	t .7 5 e-04	9.586-05	1.75e-04	9.586-05	3.226-04	3.06e-04	2.78e-04	1.906-114	2.O9C-04	3.08e-04
Pontachlorobenzene	3.0le-04	2,66c 04	1.45e-04	2.65c-04	1.45 c 04	4.86e-04	4.63e-04	4.22e-04	2.87e-04	3.17e-04	4/i(ic 04
Pentachiomphenol	2,96e-04	2,file-04	1.436-04	2.61e-Q4	1.436-04	4.786-04	4.55e-04	4.156-04	2.82C-04	3.12C-04	4.58O-04
Pesticides											
4,4-DDE	4.45e-03	3.92e-03	2.14e-03	3.91e-D3	2.146-03	7.ISe-03	6,836-03	S.22e-03	4.23e-03	4.67e-03	6.H76-0.1
Hcptachlor	2.55 e-04	2.24e-04	1.23C-04	2.24e-04	1.236-04	4426-04	3.92e-04	3.566-04	2.43e-04	2.68e-04	.1 946-04
1 lexichlorophene	8.55e-02	7.53e-02	4.l2e-02	7.526-02	4.l2e-02	1.38e-OI	1.316-01	l.20e-()l	8.13c 02	8.98C-02	i.32e-0l
Inorganics											
Aln milium	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Antimony	9.82e-D5	NA	NA	K.63e-05	NA	1.58e-04	l.Sle-04	NA	9.33e-05	NA	1.526-04
Arsenic	l.96e-04	NA	NA	1.736-04	NA	3.176-04	3 016-04	NA	1,87c-(14	NA	3.036-04
Hanum	1.'170-1)5	NA	NA	1.296-05	NA	2.380-05	2.266-05	NA	1.406-05	NA	2.280-05
Beryllium	9.82e 05	NA	NA	8.63c05	NA	1.580-414	1.510-04	NA	9 33C-05	NA	l.52e-04
Cadmium	1.18e-0S	1.166-02	6.35e-03	1,04e-05	6.35e-03	1 90c 05	1.81c 05	1,84c 02	1.126-05	I .=.:■:.- (i ■	1.826-05
Chromium (hexivaient)	5.40e-04	NA	NA	4.75e-04	NA	8.71e-04	8.29c 04	NA	5.13e-04	NA	8.34e-04
Table D-2
Bioconcentration Factors for Water to Wildlife Measurement Receptors
(Page 6 of 6)
	Measurement Receptors										
Compound	Muskrat (BCKw.qm) NA	Northern Hiitjnliilc NA	Northern Harrier (HChVnt,) NA	Itcd Fax (BCFwrM) NA	Red-tailed Hawk . (BCFW.|1M) NA	Satt-mirih Harvest Mouse (UCF1V.„*,)	ShorMallcd Shrew [fiCPiajjiJ NA	Spotted Sandpiper (BOVtaal NA	Sniti Fai NA	We stern Meadow Lark (BCFwnM) NA	----------.....-------- White-footed Mouse [ICrjtbu] NA
Copper						NA					
Total Cyanide	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Lead	■}. ,<Mc-l K	NA	NA	2.59e 05	NA	475e-OS	4.52e-05	NA	2.80e-05	NA	4.55^05
Mercuric chloride	5.L3e-04	2.(>lc-03	1.43e-U3	4.50c-04	l.43e-03	8 25e-04	7,S8c-04	4 16e-03	4.S8C-04	3.l3e03	2.99e-03
Methylmercury	7.66e-05	3.90e-04	2,148-04 NA	ft.73c-Q5 5.18e-04	2,l4e-04	1,24c 04	I.ISo-04	6.23<s-04	7.28e-05	4.69e-04	I.I8C-04
Nickel	5.K9e-04	NA			NA	9.50e-04	9.04e-04	NA	5.60e-04	NA	9.I0e-04
Selenium	2.23e-Q4	l.24e-01	6.76e42	1.96e 04	6~.76e-02	3.o0e^04	3.42e-04	l.9Ce-01	2.l2e04	l.48e-0l	3.44e-(M
Silver	2,94e-04	NA	NA	2.59e-04	NA	4.75e-04	4.52e-04	NA	2.80c 04	NA	4.55e-04
Tl) allium	3.93e-03	NA	NA	3.45c 03	NA	6.34e-03	6.03e-03	NA	3.73e-03	NA	d.U/c-03
Zinc	8.83e-0<>	9.57e-04	5.24E-04	7.77e-06	5.24e-04	1.43e-05	l.36e-05	1.52c-03	8.40e-06	1.14e-03	1.37*45
Notes:
NA - Indicates insufficient data to determine value
NB - Herbivorous bird
HM ■ Herbivorous mammal
OB - OiTti.ivorotJS bird
OM ■ Omnivorous mammal
TP - Terrestrial plant
Values provided were determined as specified in the text of Appendix D. BCF values for emm votes were determined based on an equal diet. BCF values for dioxm and furau congeners determined using BEF values specified in Chapter 2.
TABLE D-3
BIOCONCENTRATION FACTORS FOR SOIL/SEDIMENT TO WILDLIFE MEASUREMENT RECEPTORS
(Page 1 of 6)
Compound Dioxins und Tu raus	Measurement Ree						entors				
	American Kestrel	American Robin (BCF„.)	1   _ , Canvas Deer Back Mouse (BCF*,,) i (BCFWN)		[«Mt Shrew (BCFj.au)	l.miU-tallcd Weasel (BCFMM)	Mallard Duck (BCF«,,)	Marsh Klee tut (BCFj,0M)	...... Marsh Wren (BCF.W	Mlnk	Mourning Dose <BCF,W
2,3,7,8-i'C'DIJ	4.78C-01	4.920+00	6.26C-01	7.8IC-05	7.410-04	1,62e-04	1.090+00	1.71)6-04	6.746)00	1.050-04	2.4le+00
1,2,3,7,8-PsCDD	4.40e-01	4.53e+00	5.7rje-01	7,19e-05	6.816-04	1496-04	l.Ole+00	1.56e-04	6 21)6 100	9 66e-05	2.22e+00
1,2,3,4,7,8-lTxCDD	l.48e-0l	I.53e+00	1.94e-01	2.426-05	2.306-04	5.026-05	3.39e-01	5.266-05	2,O9e+00	3.25c 05	7.486 Ol
1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD	5.74e-02	S.90e-Ol	7.516-02	9.376-06	8.89e-05	l.94e-0S	1.310-01	2.040-05	8,096-01	1.26e-05	2.89e^>2
1,2,3,7 .fiVMIxCDD	6.69e-02	6.89e-0l	8.77e-02	1.09e-05	1.04e-04	2.270-OJ	1 .S3O-0I	2.386-05	9.44c0l	1.47c 05	3.38e-01
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD	2.446-02	2.51e-Ol	3.l9e-02	3.98e-06	3.78e-05	8.26c-06	5.586-02	8.660-06	3.44c 01	5.35e-06	1.236-01
OCDD	5.74e-03	5.90e-02	7.51e-03	9.37e-07	8.S9C-06	1.94e-06	1.316-02	2.046-06	8.096-02	1,26e-06	2.S9C-02
2,3,7,8-TCDF	3.S3e-01	3.946+00	5.01e-01	6.25e-05	5.93e-04	1.306-04	b.756-01	1.36e-04	5.396 100	8.400-05	1.936+00
l,2,3,7,8-PeCDF	l.05e-0l 7.65c-OI	1.08e+00	1.386-01	1.726-05	1.63e-04	3.56e05	2.416-01	3.74S-05	I.48O400	2.3le-05	5.31e-01
2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF		7.87e+00	l.OOe+00	1.250-04	1.! 9c-03	2.590-U4	l,75c+00	2.726-04	1.08e+01	1.68e-04	3.S6C+00
1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF	3.63e-02	3.74e-01	4.76e-02	5.94e-06	5,61c OS	1,230-05	8.310-02	1.29e-05	5.126-01	7.986-06 1 99c 05	I.83C-01
1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF	9,09e-02	9.35e-0l	I.19&01	1.48e-05	1.41e-04	3.O8C-05	2.08c-01	3.23e-05	l.28e!00		4.58e-01
2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF	3,20e-01	3.30e+00	4.19e-01	5.23e-0S	4.966-04	1 .096-114	7.336-01	l.L4e-04	4.526 100	7.113C-05	1.62e+O0
1,2,3,7,8,9-llxCDF	3.0le-01	3.IÜO+00	3,94e-0l 6.89t; 03	4.9 In-05	4,67e-04	1.026-04	6.89e-0l	1.076-04 1.876-06	4.250+00	6,6le 05	1.52e+00
1,2,3,4,6.7,8-HpCDF	5.26e-03	5,416-02		8.59e-07	8.l5e-06	1.78e-06 6.32e-05	1.20O-02		7.42e-02	1.156-06	2.65e-02
1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF	l.86c-0]	1.92e+00	2.44e-0l	3,056-05	2.896-04		4.276-01	6.626-05	2.63e+00	4.09O-05	9.40C-01
OCDF	7.65C-03	7.87B-02	l .ODe-02	l.25e-06	l I9e05	2.59e-06	l.75e-02	2.72e-06	l.OSe-01	l.68e-06	3.86c 02
Polyiiuelcnr Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)											
Ben™{a)pyrcne	3.71e-05	3.818-04	4.85e-05	4.86e-05	4,616-04	1.016-04	8.50e-O5	6.2le-05	5 226-04	6.53c 1)5	1.876-04
Ben™(a)anthracene	l.32e-05	1.35O04	1,726-05	1.736-05	1.64e-04	3.586-05	3.0 Ii;-05	2.2Oe-05	l 856-04	2.32e-05	6.616 05
Benzof b) fluoranthene	4.396-05	4.50e-04	5.74e-05	5.75e-05	5.46e-04	1,190-04	1.01 e-04	7.35C-05	6.18C-04	7.736-05	2.22e-04
Bcnzo(l;)iluoranthene	4 366-05	4.48e-04	5.7le-05	5,73e-05	5.43e-04	1.196-04	LOfle-04	7,300-05	6.l4e-04	7.69.-05	2.206-04
Clirysotie	1.52e-05	1.550-04	1.98e-05	t ,99e-05	1 88s-04	4.126-05	3.476-05	2.546-05	2.1.16-04	2.67e-05	7.64e-05
Dibcnz( a,h) a ntli! acL'iie	9.73C-05	9.98e-04	1.27e-(M	1.276-04	1.216-03 2.82u-03	2.646-04	2.23e-04	1.636-04	1.376-03	1,71 c-04	4.9le-04
Indcnn( 1,2/3-ccllpyrene	2.27c-04	2.32e-03	2.9öc-04	2,98o-Ü4		6.186-04	5.196-04	3.796-04	3,196-03	4.00e-04	1.146 03
Pnlychlorlnatcd Biplicnyls (PCBsl											
Aroclor 1016	6.99e06	7.l7e-05	9.140-06	9.160-06	8.69e05	l.90e-O5 1.21 c-OI	1.6()e-05 l.02e-04	l,17e-05	9.83e-05	1,23e-05	3,53e05
Aroclor 1254	4.43C-05	4.55o04	5.80e-05	5 836-05	5,52e-04			7.426-05	6.246-0-1	7,836-05	2.24c 04
Nit roaro marks											
1,3-Dinitrobcnzene	8.55c 1(1	8.77e-09	1.12S-09	1 126-09	I.O66-08	2,32e-09	1.966-09	1.43C-09	1.206-08	l.5le-09	4.3le-09
2,4-Dmitrotoluenc	2.72e-09	2.79C-08	3.56e-09	3.58e-09	3.40e-OS	7.43e-09	6.246-09	4.566-09	3.836-08	4.816-09	1.370-08
2,6-Diniiroioluenc	2.13E-09	2.18C-0S	2.78C-09	2.78e-09	2.636-08	5.76e-09	4.876-09	3.56e-09	2.99e-08	3.73e-09	1.076-08
TABLE D-3
BIOCONCENTRATION FACTORS FOR SOIL/SEDIMENT TO WILDLIFE MEASUREMENT RECEPTORS
(Page 2 of 6)
Compiiunrf	Measifremcn! Receptor!										
	American Kestrel (BCFS;tn)	American Robin ..1P.CW 1.92e-08	Canvas Back _ÍBCF,.lt„]|__	Deer Mouse (BCFtutd) 2.46e-09	Least Shrew (BCFS BM) 2.33C-0S	Lottj>-tailed Weasel (BCFS011) 5.10e-O9	Mallard Duck (l!(,|,'stjai 4.30e-09	Marsh Itlce Rat (BCFsoiJ 3.14e-09	Marsh Wren 2.64e-08	Mink 3.3le4)9	Muurniiij; Dove (BCFt:fll))_ 9.476-09
Nitrobenzene			2.45e-09								
Penrachloran i trolienzcu e	l.20e-06	l.23e-C5	1.57e-06	1.58e-06	1.50e-05	.1 7iie Of,	2.76e-06	2.01e-06	I.69C-05	2.13E-06	6.076-06
ľht]]ii];iU' Esters											
Bis(2-cl hylhexyljphlha late	4.42e-06	4.53e-05	5.786-06	5.X()c-(l(>	5,5i)e-05	1.206-05 l.60e-01	1 .Die-OS l.35e-0l	7.40e-06 9.86e 02	6.22e-05	7.79e-06	2.23e-05
Di(n)octy] plithalate	5.S9C-02	6.046-01	7.7le-02	7.72e-02	7.32C-01				8.290-01	I.04e-0l	2,970-01
Volutile Organic Compound	s										
Acetone	1.65c-1 1	1.70e-10	2.lrje-l 1	2,l7e-ll	2.06c-10	4,51e-ll	3.796-11	2,776-1 1	,:. 13c-to	2.92e-ll	8.346-11 2.47e-10
Acrylonitrile	4.91e-l 1	S.OSe-10	6.42c-l 1	6.43e-l 1	ť.lOe-10	I,33e-10	1.12e-l0	2.116-U	6.92c-10	8.64C-11	
Chloroform	2.45e-09	2.S!e-08	3.2ŮO-09	3.226-09	3.0ÓO-08	6.68e-09	5.60e-09	4.096-09	3.44c-OK	4,33e-09	1.23e-08
Crotonaldehyde	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1,4-Dioxane	1.49E-I	L .536-10	l.94e-ll	l.9óe-l I	1.86e-10	4.06e-l I	3.416-U	2.49e-l 1	2.09e-10	2.63e-l1	7.506-11
Formaldehyde	ťi.Oúe-1 1	6.2le-10	7.92e-l 1	7.95e-U	7.54e-10	1.656-10	1.39e-10	I.01e-i0 6.476-10	K.52e.lO	i .ah- i o	3.060-10
Vinyl chloride	3.8fie-IO	3.966-09	5.05e-l0	5.06e-l0	4.80e-09	1.05 e-09	8.85e-10		5 -Me 09	6.80e-10	1.956-09
Other Chlorinated Organic*											
llejtachlorohen/ene	8.77e-06	S.99e-05	l.I5e-05	l.t5e-05	1 ,096-04	2.38e-05	2.016-05	1,476-05	1.23c 04	1.54e-05	4.426-05
Hexach 1 orobutad iene	].49e-06	1.530-05	1,95c !)(>	1,94e-06 2.92e-06	l.«4e-U5 2.77e-05	4,02e-06 6.060-06	3.408-06 5.09e-06	2.49c 06	2.100-05	2.616-06	7.506-06
Henách 1 orocycl opentadiene	2.22e06	2.28o-05	2,91e-06					3.72C-06	3.130-05	3.92e-06	1.126-05
Pentaehlorobcracne	3.38eOS	3.46e-05	4.42e-06	4.42e-06	4.19c 05	9.16e-06	7.74o 06	5.656-06	4.750-05	5.93e 06	t .706-05
Pentachtorophenol	3.32e-06	3.41e-05	4.34e-06	4.34e-06	4.12e-05	9de-06	7.61e-06	5.56e-0S	4.676-05	5.84c 06	1.68e-05
Pesticides											
4,4-DDE	4.98C-05	5.10e-04	6.5!e-05	6,52c-05	6.18C-04	I.35C-04	1.146-04	8.336-05	7.00e-04	8.766-05	2 5le-04
Heptachlor	2.856-06	2.92e-()5	3.73e-06	3.74e-06	3.55e-05	7.76e-06	6.536-06	4.77e>0S	4.0 I 6-05	5 113c 1)0	I 44e-05
Hexachlorophene	9.56c 04	9.81e-03	1 25e-03	1.25e-03	1.196-02	2.60c-03	2.196-03	1.608-03	1.356-02	1.68e-03	4 82C-03
Inorganics											
Aluminum	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Antimony	NA	N A	NA	1.44e-06	l.36e-05	2.98e-06	NA	NA	NA	1.93=06	NA
Arsenic	NA	NA	NA	2.RSC-06	2.73C-05	5.97e-06	NA	NA	N A	3.87e-06	NA
Barium	NA	NA	NA	2.166-07	2.056-06	4.486-07	N A	NA	N A	2.90e-O7	NA
Beryllium	NA	NA	NA	1.446-06	1.366-05	2.986-06	NA 3.376-04	N A	NA	l.93e-06	NA
Cadmium	l.47e-04	1.51e-03	1.93e-04	1.7.1c 07	1.646-06	3.586-07		Z.47e04	2.076-0.3	2.32e-07	7.436-04
Chromium (licxavalenf)	NA	NA	NA	7.91c-06	7.506-05	1.64c 05	NA	N A	NA	l.Oóe-05	NA
('oppoi	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Total Cyanide	NA	NA	NA	N A	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
TABLE D-3
BIOCONCENTRATION FACTORS FOR SOIL/SEDIMENT TO WILDLIFE MEASUREMENT RECEPTORS
(Page 3 of 6)
					Measurement Receptors						
Compound U';ul	American Kestrel N A	American Kobln NA	Canvas Back NA	Deer Mouse <BCFS,,M) 4.32e-07	Least Shrew 4.09c-06	I.ong-lalled Weasel (BCFS4>,[) 8.95c-07	Mallard Duck (BCFs^a) NA	Marsh lllee Itst NA	Marsh Wren {BCF^.t NA	Mink (lid's [ 5 SOo-07	Mourning Dove (BCF^,,) NA
Mercuric chloride	3.32c-05	3.42c 04	4.35c 05	7.52C-06	7.10C-05	I.56C-05	7.60e-05	5.57C-05	4.68O-04	l.0le-05	1 .uHc-0-1
Melhylmcrcury	4.98e-06	5.126-05	6.52e-06	l.l2e-06	1.06c-05	2.33C-06	l.l4e-05	8.34e-06	7.02e-05	1 51e-06	2.5U-05
Nickel	NA	NA	NA	8.63e-06	8.l8e-05	l.79e-05	NA	NA	NA	1 I6C-05	NA
Selenium	l.57c-03	1.61C--02	2.050-03	3.27C-U6	3.10e-05	t..77c-(!6	3.60e-03	2.63e-03	2.21e-02	4 39e-06	7.92e-03
Silver	NA	NA	NA	4.32e-06	4.09C-05	S.95e-0(,	NA	NA	NA	5 8O0-O6	NA
Thallium	NA	NA	NA	5.75e-05	5.4r>c-04	1.19e-04	NA	NA	NA	7 73l'-05	NA
Zinc	1.22e-05	1,25e-04	1,59c-05	1.290-07	1.23C-06	2,69e-07	2.79e-05	2,04e-05	1.71e-04	I.74C-07	6.130-05
I
S3
© Notes:
NA - Indicates insufficient data to determine value
UK	- Herhivorous bird
J IM	- Herbivorous mammal
OB	- Omnivorous bird
OM	- Omnivorous mammal
S	- Soil/Sediment
Values provided were determined as specified in the text of Appendix D. BCF values Tor omnivorcs were determined based on an equal diet. BCF values for dioxin and ftimn congeners determined using I3FF values specified in Chapter 2.
table d-3
bioconcen1 ration factors for soil/sediment to wildlife measurement receptors
(Page 4 of 6)
	Measurement Receptor]										
Compound	Muikrat (BCF,,,.,)	Northern Rohwtlltc (BCFS,.R)	Northern Harrier (BCFS1H)	Red Fox (BCF™)	Rcdtallcd Hank (BCF.11M)	Salt-marsh liarveit Mouse (BCF....J	Short-tailed Shrew <bcfm,.,)	——----- Spotted Sandpiper (BCFa(.SI)	-Western Meadow Swift Kos Lark (BCFS0.,) (bcf^j		While-footed Mouse (BCFS ,.,.|
Dioxins and Fnraiis											
2,3,7,8-TCDD	3.48e-05	4,13e+00	3.42e+00	8.19e-05	3,420+00	9.66C-05	7.41e-04	1.43e+01	9.4 le-05 8.666-05	4.78e+0O	1.476-04
1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD	3.200-1)5	3.800+00	3.15e+00	7.53e-05	3.15e+00	8.88c 05 2.99e-05	6.8IC-04	1.31 e+01		4.40e+00	1.35c 04
1.2.3,4,7,8-HxCDD	I.08C-05	1.28c I 00	1 06c 10(1	2.54e-05	1.06e+00		2.30C-04	4.43e+00	2.920-05	1.48C+00	4.55O-05
1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD	4.18e-07	4,950-01	4.1 le-01	9.82c-06	4. lie 111	1,16c 05	8.890-05	1.71e+00	1.1 3c 05	5.74e-01	l,76c-05
1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD	4.87e 06	5.78e0l	4.79e01	I.15C-05	4.79e-01	l.35c-05	1.04e-04	2.00e+00	1.326-05	6.690-01	2.05c 05
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD	l.78e-06	2 I le-01	I.75&01	4 l7e-06	1.75e-0l	4.92c-06	3.78c-05	7.28e-0l	4 800-06	2.44e-0l	7.480-06
OCDD	4.18e-07	4.95e-02	4.11e-02	9.82c 07	4.1 Ic 02	1.16c 06	8.89e 06	1.7 le-01	U3e06	5.74c-02	1.76e-06
2,3,7,8-TCDF	2.79c-05	3.300+00	2.74C+00	6.55c-05	2.74e+00	7.72c-05	5.93c-04	LI4el0l	7.53e-05	3.83C+00	1.176-04
l,2,3,7,8-PeCl)F	7.S6e-06	9.08e-0l	7.53e-01	1,80c-05	7.530-01	2.12e-05	1.63e-04	3.146+00	2,07e-05	1.056+00	3.230-05
2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF	5.57e-05	6.600+00	5.48e+00	1.310-04	5.48O+00	I.55C-04	1.1 9c-03	2.28e+0l	1.5 1 c-04	7.65e+00	2.35c 04
[,2,3,4,7,8-IlxCDF	2,65c-06	3.14C-0I 7.84C-OI	2.60C-0I 6.50e-0l	6.22e-06 1.56e-05	2,60e-01	7.14c 06	5.63c-05	1.096+00	7.150-0 (,	3.636-01	l.l2e-05
1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF	6.62e-06				6.506-01	1.83e-05	L4le-04	2.71e+00	1 79e-05	9.09e-01	2.796-05
2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF	2.33e-05	2.77c 100	2.29e+00	5.48e-05	2.29e+00	6.47e-05	4.960-04	9,56e+00 8.99e+00	6.30c 05	3.20e+00	9.83e 05
1.2,3,7.8,9-HxCDF	2.19e-05	2.600+00	2.166+00	5.16c 05	2.16e+00	6.08e-05	4.67e4)4		S.93e-05	3.0le+00	9.24c 05
1.2,3.4,6,7,8-HpCDF	3.83e-07	4.54e-02	3.776-02	9.00e-07	3.77e-02	1.06C-06	8.15C-06	I.57C-0I	1 (l-lc-06	5.26e-02	l.61c-06
1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF	l.36e-05	l.61e+00	1.33e+00	3.19e-05	1.33e+00	0.006+00	2.896-04	5.57e+00	3.67e-05	1.866+00	5.72e-05
t X 131	5.57e-07	6.60e-02	5.48e-02	I.3U-06	5.48c02	1.55c 06	I.19e OS	2.28c-01	l.Sle-06	7.650-02	2.35c 06
Pulynuclcar aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)											
Benzo(a)pyrcne	2l7e 05	3.19e-04	2.666-04	5.10e-05	2.66e-04	6.01e-05	4.61c 04	1.11 e-03	5.860-05	3.720-04	9.136-05
11 ctKo(a) anthracene	7.69C-06	1.13e-04	9.4 le-05	1.81c 05	9.41e-05	2.13c OS	1.64c-04	3.93C-04	2.08C-O5	1.32C-04	3.24e-05
Hen/o(b) fluorai it Irene	2.57e-05	3.78e-04	3.14e-04	6.03c-05	3 14e-04	7.1 le-05	5.4 6 c-04	1.31 e-03	6.93e 05	4.400-04	1.086-04
Uctizo(k)lluoraiilhctie	2.55c 05	3.75e-04	3.12c 04	6.00e-05	3.12c-04	Í.08C-05	5.4 3 u-04	1.31)0 03	6.90e-05	4.37e-04	1.08e-04
Chrysene	8.85e 06	I.30e04	1.08c 04	.1.08c 05	l.08e04	2.15c 05	1.88e04	4.53e-04	2.39e-05	l.52e-04	3.73e-05
Dihe[iz(a,ll)amhracene	5.68e-05	8 37c 04	6.97c 04	1.340-04	6.97C-04	1.58c-04	1 21c 03	2.916-03	1.540-04 3.59e-04	9.75e-04	2.396-04
lndeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrcne	1.33C-04	1 95e-03	l.62e-03	3.12e-04	1,62e-03	3.68e-04	2.82e-03	6.77e-03		2.27e-03	5.596-04
Polychlorinatcd biphcnyls (PCBs)											
Aroclor 1016	4.08e-06	6.01e-05	S.Ole-05	9.60e-06	5.01e-05	I.I 3c-05	8 690-05	2.09e-04	l.l0e-05	7.0 le-05	1.72e-05
Aroclor 1254	2.60e-05	3.81e-04	3,l7e-04	6.1 le-05	3.17e-04	7.206-05	5.520-04	l.32e-03	7.026-05	4.44C-04	1.09e04
Nitroaroinatics											
1,3-Dimtrobei.zei.c	5.00e-IO	7,35e-09	6.l2e-09	l.l7e-09	6.12e-09	1.396-09	1 066-08	2.556-08	1 35e-09	8.576-09	2l0e-O9
2,4-Di|]itrotoluene	1.600-09	2.34e-08	I.95e08	3.756-09	1.95e-08	4.436-09	3.40e-08	8.146-08	4.326-09	2.73C-08	6.73c 09
TABLE D-3
BIOCONCENTRATION FACTORS FOR SOIL/SEDIMENT TO WILDLIFE MEASUREMENT RECEPTORS
(Page 5 of 6)
					Measurement Receptors						
						Silt-marsh				Western	
		Northern	Northern		Kcd-talled	Harvest	Short-tailed	Spotted		Meadow	While-footed
	Muskrat	Bob white	Harrier	Red Fox	Hawk	Mouse	Shrew	Sandpiper	S»tlt Foi	Lark	Mouse
Čem po und		(BCPMt)	(bow	(BCFI<3M)	<BCFltlll)	(BCFjW	<HCFso„)	(BCFj^J	(BCFMM)	<BCFli)M)	
2,6-Dinitrotoluenc	1.24e-09	l.83e-08	I.52C-08	2.9]c-09	52c OH	3.43e-09	2.63e-08	6.35e-08	3.34e-09	2.l3e-08	5.216-09
Nitrobenzene	1.10e-09	l.ile-08	1.34B-08	2.580-09	1.34c-08	3.04e-09	2.33O-08	5.61e-08	2.960-09	1.88e-08	4.620-09
Pentach loroni [roben ?ene	7.056-07	1.04e-05	8.626-06	1.660-06	8.626-06	1.9Se-06	t.500-05	3.60e-O5	1.9 le-06	1.21C-05	2.9715-06
Phthalate «stcn											
13ts(2-et hylhexyl )phthal ale	2,58e-06	3.S0e-05	3.160-05	6.070-06	3.16C-05	7.17&06	5.500-05	1.320-04	6.98e-06	4.43e-05	l,09e-05
D i(n) octy 1 plit ha 1 a to	3,44e-02	5.07U-01	4.22e-0l	8.096-02	4.22C-01	9.550-02	7.326-01	1.7661-00	9.3le-02	5.91C-0!	1.450-01
Volatile organic compounds											
Acetone	9,680-12	1,42c-10	1.1 Be-tO	2,28c-! i	l.lSe-10	2,69e 1 1	2.060-10	4.94e-l0	2.62e-ll	1.66e--IO	4.08c 1 1
Acrylonitrile	2.87e-ll	4,42e-10	3.5 Le-11	6.740-11	3.5le-10	7.950-1 1	6.1 Oe-10	1.46e-09	7.75c-1 ] 3.S8e-09 NA	4.91E-I0	1.21e-10
Chlorofoini	!.44e-09	2.10e-08	1.756-08	3.386-09	l.75e-08	3.98E-09	3.060-08	7.31e-08		2.45e-08	6.056-09
Crotonaldchyde	NA	NA	NA	NA 2 05c-] 1	NA	NA	NA	NA		NA	NA
1,4-Dioxane	8.72e-12	1 7.8c Í0	1.060-10		l.0Be-10	2.420-11	1.86c-10	4.44e-10	2.36e-l 1	1.49c 10 6.076-10	3.670-11
Formaldehyde	3.550-1 1	5.21e-l0	4.34e-10	8.340-1 1	4.34e-10	9.830-11	7.540-10	1.81 e-09	9.58c 1 1		l.49e-10
Vinyl chlotide	2.26e-10	3.32e-09	2,770-09	5.310-10	2.77e-09	6.26c-10	4.80c 09	1.150-08	C,l0c-10	3.87ei9	9.51e-10
Other clilorinated organic*											
I Icxncli lo robenze no	5.12e-06	7,540-05	6.280-05	l,20e-O5	6.28e05	1.420-05	1.090-04	2.62e-04	l.38e-05	8.79e-05	2.l6e-05
11 cx ach lo t obu (adiene	8.65e-07	1.28e-05	1.066-05	2.04c or. 3.066-06	l.06e-05 l.,'.9o-05	2.400-06	1.846-05	4.44e-05	2.34e-06	l.49e-05	3.65c 06
Hexachlorocyelopcntadiene	1.30e-06	1.916-05	l.59e-05			3.6 le-06	2.77O-05	6.640-05	3.52e-06	2.23C-05	5.49O-0Ů
Pentad iloiobenzenc	1.970-06	2.906-05	2.42e-05	4.63O-06	2.42e-05	5.46e-06	4.l9e-05	l.Olc-04	5.32C-06	3.39e-05	8.30e-06
Pcntaehlorophenol	l.94e-06	2.8ÚC-05	2.380-05	4.55C-06	2.380 05	5.37e-06	4.120-05	9,93e-05	5.23e-06	3.33e-05	8.160-06
Pesticides											
4,4-DDE	2.900-05	4.280-04	3.560-04	6.83e-05	3.560-04	S.06e-05	6.18e-04	1.49e-03	7.8Se-05	4.990-04	1.22C-04
[Icctachlot	1 .G7e-06	2.45e-05	2.040-05	3.92e4>6	2.04e 05	4.620-06	3.55C-05	8.51e-05	4.51e-06	2,86e-05	7.03e-O6
1 iS.--V-1-.-1 ilcii ■.■■ -11= i -■	5.59e-04	8.22e-03	S, 850-03	1.3Ie-03	6,85e-03	l.55e-03	1.19e-02	2.86e-02	1.51 c-03	9.58e-03	2.35e-03
Inorganics											
Aluminum	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Antimony	6.416-07	NA	NA	1.51e-06	NA	1.780-06	1,36e-05	NA	1.736-06	NA	2.70e-06
Arsenic	l.28e-06	NA	NA	3,0lc-0Ď	NA	}.56e-06	273e-05	NA	3.476-06	NA	5.406-06
Barium	9.620-08	NA	NA	2.260 (17	NA	2.67e-07	2.056-06	NA	2.600-07	NA	4.05C-O7
Beryllium	6.41e-07	NA	NA	1.51c-06	NA	1.78e-06	l,36e-05	NA	1.73S-06	NA	2.7(10-06
Cadmium	7.690-08	1.270-03	l.05e-03	I.8le-07	i.050-03	2 I3C-07	1.640-06	4.40 e-03	2.080-07	1.4ÍU: 03	1.240-07
Chromium (hex a vři lent)	3.530-06	NA	NA	8.29C-0Ě	NA	9 78C-06	7.506-05	NA	9.5 le-06	NA	1,49c 05
TABLE D-3
BIOCONCENTRATION FACTORS FOR SOIL/SEDIMENT TO WILDLIFE MEASUREMENT RECEPTORS
(Page 6 of 6)
Compound	Muskrat <BCF„.„„)	Northern Bobnhlte NA	Northern Harrier (BCFS.„,) NA	Red Fox (BCFSC,J NA	Red-tailed limit. (B<"FV.,„) NA	Salt-marsh Harvest Mouse NA	Short-tailed Shrew NA	Sported Sandpiper (BCtW NA	Swill Fox (BCFS<1W) NA	Western Meadow I.ark JBCFmimL NA	White-footed Mouse (BCFtj,in) NA
Copper	NA										
1 olal Cyanide	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Lead	1.92e-07	NA	NA	4.52c 07	NA	5.33e-07	4.09c 06	NA	5.20e-07	NA	8.lle-07
Mercuric chloride	_l.3r.e-0f.	2.87e-04	2.38e-04	7.K8O-06	2.38e-04	9 29e-0C	7.10e-05	9.92c-04	9.03e-O6	3.32e-04	l.41e 05
Methyl mercury	5.00e-07	4.30C-O5	3.56c 05	1 18c (16	3.56e-05	1.39e-06 l.07e-05	1.06c 1)5	1.49e-04	1.35e-06	4.98e-05	2.110-06
Nickel	3.85e-06	NA	NA	o.04e-06	NA		8.18c 05	NA	l.04e05	NA	l.62c-05
Selenium	1.46e-06	1 35e-02	I.l2r02	1.42C-06	l.l2c-02	4.040-06	3.10O-05	4.69e-02	3.93e-06	l.57e-02	6.13e-06
Silver	l.92e-06	NA	NA	4.52e-06	NA	5.33e-06	4.09e-05	NA	5 iOc-06	NA	8.Ho 06
Thallium	2.57e-05	NA	NA	6.03e-05	NA	7.1U-05	5.46e-04	NA	6.93 »4)3 1.56C-07	NA	I.OSe 04
Zinc	5.77e-08	1 05e-04	8.71e-05	1.36e-07	8.71e-05	1.60e-07	1.23e-06	3.63e-04		1.22e-04	2.430-07
Notes:
NA - Indicates insufficient data to determine value
HB - Herbivorous bird
IIM -1 terbivorous mammal
OH - Omnivorous bird
OM - Omnivorous mammal
S - Soil/Sediment
Values provided wore determined as specified in the text of Appendix 1). flCF values for omnivorcs were determined based on an equal diet. liCF values for dioxin and Aim congeners dclcrmined using BEF values specified in Chapter 2.
FOOD-CHAIN MULTIPLIERS
Log K„„ 2.0		2 1.0		Trophic Level of Consumer 3 ;f 1.0	■ ;4 1.0
2.5		1.0		10	1.0
3.0		10		[.0	1.0
3.]		1.0		L.O	1.0
3.2		1.0		i.C	. .0
3.3		1.0		1.1	: o
3.4		1.0		1.1	1.0
3.5		1.0		i.l	1.0
3.6		1.0		1.1	1.0
3.7		1.0		1.1	1.0
3.8		1.0		1.2	1.0
3.9		1.0		1.2	1-1
4.0		1.0		1.3	1.1
4.1		1.0		1.3	1.1
4.2		1.0		1.4	1.1
4.3		1.0		1.5	12
4.4		1.0		1.6	1.2
4.5		10		l.S	1.3
4.6		10		2.0	1.5
4.7		1.0		2.2	1.6
4.8		1.0		2.5	1.9
4.9		1.0		2.8	2.2
5.0		1.0		3.2	2.6
5.1		1.0		3.6	3.2
5.2		1-0		4.2	3 9
5.3		1.0		4.8	4.7
5.4		1.0		5.5	5.8
5.5		1.0		6.3	7.1
5.6		1.0		7.1	¥.5
F-24
FOOD-CHAIN MULTIPLIERS
Log K„H 5.7	' M 1.0	Trophic Level of Consumer 3 8.0	II 10
5.8	1.0	8.8	12
5.9	1.0	9.7	14
6.0	1.0	11	16
6.1	1.0	11	18
6.2	1.0	12	20
6.3	1.0	13	22
6.4	1.0	13	23
6.5	1.0	14	25
6.6	1.0	14	26
6.7	1.0	14	26
6.8	1.0	14	27
6.9	1.0	14	27
7.0	1.0	14	26
7.1	1.0	14	25
7.2	1.0	14	24
7.3	1-0	13	23
7.4	1.0	13	i:
7.5	1.0	13	19
7.6	1.0	12	17
7.7	1.0	11	14
7.8	1.0	10	12
7.9	1.0	9.2	9.8
8.0	1.0	8.2	7.8
8.1	1.0	7.3	6.0
8.2	1.0	6.4	4.5
8.3	1.0	5.5	3.3
8.4	1.0	4.7	2.4
8.5	1.0	3.9	1.7
8.6	1.0	3.3	1.1
F-25
FOOD-CHAIN MULTIPLIERS
Log Kw 8.7	2 1.0	Trophic Level of Consumer 3 2.7	4 0.78
8.8	1.0	2.2	0.52
8.9	1.0	1.8	0.35
9.0	1.0	i.:	0.2:
Source:   U.S. EPA 1995k. "Great Lakes Water Quality Initialive Technical Support Document for the Procedure to Determine BioaccunrolatioL fdctois." EPA-820-B-95-005. Office of Water. Washington D.C. March.
F-26
APPENDIX G
Toxicity Reference Values (TRVs) from Appendix E EPA, 1999b
APPENDIX E
TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
Appendix E presents implementation of the recommended approach (described in Chapter 5) for identifying toxicity reference values (TR Vs) for measurement receptors. Discussion is provided for determining compound-specific TRV values for community and wildhfe measurement receptors.
FoUowing the guidance in Sections E-1.0 through E-l.2, U.S. EPA OSW has identified default TTfTvalues for the measurement receptors of the seven example food webs (listed in Chapter 4} and the compounds commonly identified in ecological risk assessments for combustion facilities (identified in Chapter 2). Section E-l .0 describes the d^tenniriation of TRV values for surface water, sediment, and soil cornmunity measurement receptors in the example food webs. Section E-2.0 describes determination of 77? F values for wildlife measurement receptors in the example food webs. Tables E-l through E-8 present the default TR V values selected, the basis for selection of each value, and the references evaluated in determination of each value.
77?Fvalues for a limited number of compounds are included in this appendix (see Tables E-l through E-3) to facilitate the completion of screening ecological risk assessments. However, it is expected that TRV values for additional compounds and receptors may be required for evaluation on a site specific basis. In such cases, TR V values for these additional compounds could be determined following the same guidance used in determination of the TR F values reported in this appendix. For the detemiination of TR F values for measurement receptors not specifically represented in Sections E-1.0 through E-2.0 (e.g., amphibians and reptiles), an approach consistent to that presented in this appendix could be utilized by applying data applicable to those measurement receptors being evaluated
The default TRVs provided in Tables E-l through E-8 are based on values reported in available scientific literature. Toxicity values identified in secondary reference sources were verified, where possible, by reviewing the primary reference source. As noted in Chapter 5, TRV values may change as additional toxicity research is conducted and the availabihty of toxicity data in the scientific literature increases. As a result, U.S. EPA OSW recommends evaluating the latest toxicity data before completing a risk assessment to ensure that the toxicity data used in the risk assessment is the most current. If more appropriate TR V values can be documented, they should be used presented to the respective peiTnitting authority for approval.
77! Vs were not identified for amphibians and reptiles because of the paucity of toxicological information on these receptors. Additional guidance on determination and use of 77? V values in the screerdng level ecological risk assessment is provided in Chapter 5.
E-1.0   TR Vs FOR COMMUNITY MEASUREMENT RECEPTORS IN SURFACE WATER, SEDIMENT, AND SOIL
TRV values provided in this appendix for community measurement receptors in surface water, sediment, and soil were identified from screening toxicity values developed and/or adopted by federal and/or state regulatory agencies. As discussed in Chapter 5, these screening toxicity values are generally provided in the form of standards, criteria, guidance, or benchmarks. For compounds with no available screening toxicity value, 77? Vs were detennined using toxicity values from available scientific literature. The
eqmlibrium partitioning (EqP) approach was used to compute several sediment TRVs. Uncertainty factors (UFs) were applied to toxicity values, as necessary, to meet the 77? I7 criteria discussed in Chapter 5. The following sections discuss determination of 772F values for community receptors in surface water, sediment, and soil.
Freshwater TRVs Freshwater TRVs should be used for freshwater and estoarine ecosystems with a salinity less than 5 parts per thousand. Freshwater TRVs, based on the dissolved concentration of the compound in surface water, are listed in Table E-l. TRVs were identified using the following hierarchy:
1. Federal chronic ambient water quality criteria (AWQC) calculated for with no final residue value (U.S. EPA 1999; 1996b). Federal AWQC for cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc were multiplied by a chemical-specific conversion factor to determine a TRfbased on dissolved concentration (U.S. EPA 1999; 1996b).
2. Final chronic values (FCV) for COPCs for which their AWQC included a final residue value (U.S. EPA 1996b).
3. If inadequate data (insufficient number of families of aquatic life with toxicity data) were available to compute an AWQC or FCV, U.S. EPA (1999; 1996b) also reported secondary chronic values (SCV) calculated using the Tier II method in the Great Lakes Water Quality Initiative (GLWQI) (reported in 40 CFR Part 122). This method is similar to the procedures for calculating an FCV. It uses statistically-derived "adjustment factors" to address deficiencies in available data. The adjustment factor decreases as the number of representative families increases.
4. If an AWQC, FCV, or GLWQI Tier LI SCV value were not available, toxicity values cited by U.S. EPA (1987) were identified. These toxicity values represent the lowest available values. Further, additional toxicity values available from the AQUIRE database in U.S. EPA's ECOTOXicology Database System (U.S. EPA 1996a) were identified. If collected from a secondary source (such as AQUIRE), original studies were obtained and reviewed for accuracy. The toxicity values reported in Table E-l represent the lowest (most conservative), ecologically relevant, available value.
5. If toxicity data were unavailable, a surrogate TR V from a COPC with a similar structure was identified.
6. If no surrogate was available, a 77? V was not listed. The potential toxicity of a COPC with no 77? V should be addressed as an uncertainty (see Chapter 6)
Standard AQUIRE report summaries on tests were screened for duration, endpoint, effect, and concentration. Studies were also screened for ecologically relevant effects by focusing on studies that evaluated effects on survival, reproduction, and growth. Aspects of endpoint, duration, and test organism in each toxicity study were evaluated to identify the most appropriate study. Several compounds, most notably metals, had a large number of toxicity values based on various endpokts, organisms, and exposure durations. In these instances, best scientific judgment was used to identify the most appropriate toxicity value (see Chapter 5).
G-2
Chronic NOAEL-based values were not adjusted, but rather were carried through unchanged to become the TRV. Toxicity values identified as "less than" a particular concentration were divided by 2 to represent an average value because the true value is unknown, and it occurs between 0 and the noted concentration. UFs discussed in Chapter 5 were applied to toxicity values not meeting TRV criteria.
Saltwater TRVs Saltwater TRVs are applicable to marine water bodies and estuarine systems with a salinity greater than 5 ppt. Saltwater TRVs are listed in Table E-2. Saltwater water 77?Vdevelopment followed the same procedure as described above for freshwater receptors, except no GLWQI Tier II SC Vs were available. In addition, if no saltwater 77?Ffor a surrogate compound was available, the corresponding freshwater TR V was adopted
Freshwater Sediment TRVs Freshwater sediment TRVs are listed in Table E-3. They are applicable to water bodies with a salinity less than 5 ppt. Freshwater sediment 77? Fs were identified from various sets of screening values and ecotoxicity review documents. The lowest available screening values among the following sources were identified:
1. No effect level (NEL) and lowest effect level (LEL) values from "Ontario's Approach to Sediment Assessment and Remediation" (Persaud et al. 1993)
2. Apparent effects threshold (AET) values for the amphipod, Hyallela azteca, reported in "Creation of Freshwater Sediment Quality Database and Preliminary Analysis of Freshwater Apparent Effects Thresholds" (Washington State Department of Ecology 1994)
3. Sediment effect concentrations jointly published by the National Biological Service and the U.S. EPA (IngersoU et al. 1996).
If a screening value was not available in the sources listed above, toxicity studies and other values compiled and reported by Jones, Hull, and Suter (1997) were reviewed to identify possible TRVs. Relevant studies were prioritized based on the criteria listed in Chapter 5, and uncertainty factors were applied, as applicable, based on criteria presented (see Chapter 5).
If a screening or sediment toxicity value was not available for an organic COPC, a freshwater sediment TRV was computed, using the EqP approach (see Chapter 5), from the compounds corresponding freshwater TRVmi Kcc value. The U.S. EPA Office of Water utilizes the EqP approach to develop sediment quality criteria for nonionic (neutral) organic chemicals (U-S. EPA 1993). The EqP approach assumes that the toxicity of a compound in sediment is a function of the concentration in pore water and that to be nontoxic, the pore water must meet the surface water final chronic value. The EqP approach also assumes that the concentration of a compound in sediment pore water depends on the carbon content of the sediment and the compound's organic carbon pairinoning coefficient (U.S. EPA 1993). A ri?Fmay be calculated using the following equation (U.S. EPA 1993):
TRV*ed = Koc ■ he ■ mvs» Equation E-l
where
77? F^ =       Sediment TRV (ug/kg)
G-3
Organic carbon partition coefficient (L/kg)
Fraction of organic carbon in sediment (unitless)—default value = 4% (0.04)
Corresponding surface water 7W(ug/L)
Marine Sediment TRVs Marine sediment TRVs are listed in Table E-4. They are applicable to sediments of marine water bodies and estuarine systems with a salinity greater than 5 ppt. Marine sediment TRVs were developed following the procedures used to identify the freshwater sediment TRVs. Screening values were compiled from the following sources:
1. No observed effect level (NOEL) sediment quality assessment guidelines for State of Florida coastal waters (MacDonald 1993).
2. Marine and estuarine effects range low (ERL) values from "Incidence of Adverse Biological Effects Within Ranges of Chemical Concentrations in Marine and Estuarine Sediments" (Long et al. 1995)
3. ERL values from "The Potential for Biological Effects of Sediment-Sorbed Contaminants Tested in the National Status and Trends Program" (Long and Morgan 1991)
4. Marine sediment quality criteria from "Sediment Management Standards" (Washington State Department of Ecology 1991)
Screening values were adopted directly as TRVs. If a screening value was not available in the sources listed above, toxicity values from a search of the scientific literature and those compiled and reported by Hull and Suter (1994) were reviewed to identify possible TRVs. Original studies were obtained, where possible, and toxicity values were verified. Relevant studies were prioritized based on the criteria listed in Chapter 5, and uncertainty factors were applied, as appropriate, based on criteria (see Chapter 5). If a screening or ecologically relevant sediment toxicity value from the scientific literature were not available for an organic COPC, a marine sediment TRVwas computed, using the EqP approach, from the COPC's corresponding saltwater TR Vand Kx value (see Equation E-l).
Terrestrial Plant TRVs The terrestrial plant TRVs listed in Table E-5 are based on bulk soil exposures. Available terrestrial plant toxicity values from the scientific literature were used to develop presented TRV values. Toxicity values were first identified from the following secondary sources:
1. Studies cited in Toxicological Benchmarks for Screening Potential Contaminants of Concern for Effects on Terrestrial Plants: 1997 Revision (Efroymson, Will, Suter, and Wooten 1997). Available studies were obtained and reviewed for accuracy of toxicity values. UFs were applied depending on study endpoint and available iriforrnation.
2. Toxicity values in the Phytotox database in U.S. E?A\ECOTOXieohgy Database System Available studies were obtained and toxicity values were verified. UFs were applied depending on study endpoint and available information.
3. Toxicity values in U.S. EPA Region 5 Ecological Data Quality Levels (EDQL) Database (PRC 1995). The database contains media-specific EDQLs for the RCRA Appendix LX constituents (40 CFR Part 264). The EDQLs represent conservative media concentrations
foe
TRV^ =
G-4
protective of media receptors and wudlife that might be exposed through food chains based in these media. Available studies were obtained and toxicity values were verified LTs were applied depending on study endpoint and available information.
Original studies were obtained, where possible, and prioritized based on criteria listed in Chapter 5. Uncertainty factors were applied, as appropriate, based on criteria (discussed in Chapter 5) to develop TRV values. For COPCs without toxicity data, the TRV for a surrogate COPC was adopted If an appropriate surrogate TR V was not available, no TRV value was identified. Generally, review of toxicity data available in the scientific literature indicates that limited TRVs are available for organic compounds; while TRVs for metals are available.
Soil Invertebrate TRVs The soil invertebrate TRVs listed in Table E-6 are based on bulk soil exposures. Available soil invertebrate toxicity values from the scientific literature were used to develop TR Vs for these receptors. Soil invertebrate toxicity values were first identified from the following secondary sources:
1. Studies cited in Toxicological Benchmarks for Potential Contaminants of Concern for Effects on Soil and Litter Invertebrates and Heterotrophic Process (Will and Suter II 1995a). Available studies were obtained and toxicity values were verified UFs were applied depending on study endpoint and available information.
2, Scientific literature was searched for toxicity values for outstanding compounds. Relevant studies were obtained, toxicity values were verified and UFs were applied as described.
Original studies were obtained where possible, and prioritized based on criteria listed in Chapter 5. Uncertainty factors were applied, as appropriate, based on criteria to develop TR Vs.. If no toxicity value was available for a COPC, the TR V for a surrogate COPC was adopted
E-2.0   TRVs FOR WILDLIFE MEASUREMENT RECEPTORS
TR lvalues for wildlife measurement receptors are listed in Tables E-7 (irjarnmals) and E-8 (birds). TR Vs were not developed for each avian and mammalian measurement receptor in the seven example food webs because of the paucity of species-specific data. Rather, U.S. EPA OSW focused on identifying a set of avian TR Vs and a set of rriarnmalian TRVs for the classes of compounds listed in Section 2.3. U.S. EPA OSW assumed that, among the literature reviewed for a particular guild the lowest available toxicity value across orders in class Aves and across orders in class Mammalia would provide a conservative estimate of toxicity. Available rnarnmahan and avian toxicity values from the scientific hterature were used to develop TR Vs for these receptors. Aiso, as previously noted, TR V values were not identified for arrrphibians and reptiles because of the paucity of toxicological information on these receptors. Wildlife measurement receptors TR V values were first identified from the following secondary sources:
1. Toxicity values compiled in Toxicological Benchmarks for Wildlife: 1996 Revision (Sample, Opresko, and Suter 1996).
2. Toxicity values listed in the Tenetox database of U.S. EPA's ECOTOXicology Database System (U.S. EPA 1996b) were screened to identify studies potentially meeting the criteria listed in Chapter 5.
G-5
Original studies were compiled, where possible, and reviewed to verity their accuracy based on criteria listed in Chapter 5. In many cases, best scientific judgement was used to screen out studies with poor experimental design (see Chapter 5). Uncertainty factors were applied, as appropriate, to develop 77? Vs based on criteria presented in Chapter 5.
Conversions Some avian and mammalian toxicity data are expressed in terms of compound concentration in the food of the test organism To convert to daily dose, it is necessary to determine the exposure duration and organism body weight. If the study does not report this htformation, the results should not be used to compute a 77? V. If information on exposure duration and organism body weight is available, dietary concentration can be computed to dose using the following generic equation:
DD =
C - IR
BW
Equation E-2
where
DD C
m
BW
COPC dose (mg COPC/kg BW/day) Concentration of COPC in diet (mg COPC/kg food) Food ingestion rate (kg/day) Test organism body weight (kg)
G-6
Efroymson, RA, M.E. Will, GW. Suter II, and A.C. Wooten. 1997. Toxicological Benchmarks for
Screening Contaminants of Potential Concern for Effects on Terrestrial Plants: 1997 Revision. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. 128 pp. ES/ER/TM-85/R3. November.
Ingersoll, CG., P.S. Haverland, EX. Bmnson, T.J. Canfield, F.J. Dwyer, C.E. Henke, N.E. Kemble, D.R. Mount, and R.G. Fox. 1996. "Calculation and Evaluation of Secjirnent Effect Concentrations for the Amphipod Hyallela azteca and the Midge Chironomous riparius." International Association of Great Lakes Research. Volume 22. Pages 602-623.
Jones, D.S., G.W. Suter JJ, and R.N. Hull. 1997. Toxicological Benchmarks for Screening Contaminants of Potential Concern for Effects on Sediment-Associated Biota: 1997 Revision. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge TN. 34 pp. ES/ER/TM-95/R4. November.
Long, E.R., and L.G. Morgan. 1991. The Potential for Biological Effects of Sediment-Sorbed
Contaminants Tested in the National Status and Trends Program. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Technical Memorandum No. 5, OMA52, NOAA National Ocean Service. August.
Long, E.R., D.D. MacDonatd, S.L. Smith, and F.D. Calder. 1995. "Incidence of Adverse Biological Effects Within Ranges of Chemical Concentrations in Marine and Estuarine Sediments. " Environmental Management. Volume 19. Pages 81-97.
MacDonald, D.D. 1993. Development of an Approach to the Assessment of Sediment Quality in Florida Coastal Waters. Florida Department of Emöronmental Regulation. Tallahassee, Florida. January.
Persaud, D., R. Jaaguagi, and A. Hayton. 1993. Guidelines for the Protection and Management of
Aquatic Sediment Quality in Ontario. Ontario Ministry of the Environment. Queen's Printer of Ontario. March.
Sample, B.E., D.M. Opresko, and G.W Suter LI 1996. Toxicological Benchmarks for Wildlife: 1996 Revision. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. 227 pp. ES/ER/TM-86/R3. June,
U.S. EPA. 1987. Quality Criteria for Water—Update #2. EPA 440/5-86-001. Office of Water Regulations and Standards. Washington, D.C. May,
U.S. EPA. 1996a. ECOTOX ECOTOXicology Database System. A User's Guide. Version 1.0. Office of Research and Development. National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory. Mid-Continent Ecology Division. Duluth, MN. March.
G-7
U.S. EPA. 1996b. "Ecotox Thresholds." ECO Update. EPA 540/F-95/038. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. January.
U.S. EPA 1999. National Recommended Water Quality Criteria-Correction. EPA 822-Z-99-001. Office of Water. April.
Washington State Department of Ecology. 1991. Sediment Management Standards. Washington Adrriinistrative Code 173-204.
Wasriington State Department of Ecology. 1994. Creation and Analysis of Freshwater Sediment Quality Values in Washington State. Publication No. 97-32-a. July.
G-8
TABLE El
FRESHWATER TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page 1 of 8)
Compound	Toxicity Value		Uncertainty Factor11	TRV	UeftU'iifi' und Mutt's''
	Duration and Endpoint*	I Concentration			
Polvchtorlnatetldibenzo-p-riioxlns (/;"/!.)					
2,3,7,8-TCDD	Chronic LOEL	0.000038	0.1	0.0000038	Mehrte et a!. (1988), 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxicity value for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) (jtp/l,)					
Total high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs	--	-	-	DUM	Ben?,o(a)pyrene toxicity used as surrogate measure of toxicity. This TRV should be used if assessing the risk of total HMW I'AI is.
Benzo(a}pyreiie	Tier 11 value	0.014	Not applicable	0.014	U.S. EPA (1996). Calculated using Groat Lakes Water Quality Initiative Tier II methodology.
Benzo(a)anfhracene	Tier II SCV	0.027	Not applicable	0.027	Suter and Two (19%), Calculated using Great Lakes Water Quality Initiative Tier II methodology.
Ben zo( b)f 1 uora nt h e n e	--	-	■-	0.027	Toxicity value not available. Benzo(a)anthracene used as surrogate.
Benzo( k) fl uora nthenc	-	--	-	0.027	Toxicity value not available. Benzo(a)anthracene used as surrogate.
Chrysenc	-	-	-	0.027	Toxicity value not available. 13cnzo(a)anthracene used as surrogate.
Dibeni:(a,h)an th raccnc	-	-	--	0.027	Toxicity value not available. Benzo(a)anthraeene used as surrogate.
Indcno( 1,2,3-od)pyrene	-	-	-	0.027	Toxicity value not available. Benzo(a)anthraccnc used as surrogate.
I'olychlorinatcd blphenyls (PCB) {ptg/L)					
Arodor 1016	--	0.19	Not applicable	0,19	Adopted from U.S. EPA (1996) value for Total PCB. Calculated using Great Lakes Water Quality Initiative Tier II methodology.
TABLE E-l
FRESHWATER TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 2 of 8)
	To*lefty Value				
( otupnu ml	Duration and Endpolnt"	Concentration	Uncertainly Factor1,	TRVr	Reference and Notes *
Aroclor 1254	-	0.19	Not applicable	0.19	Adopted from U.S. EPA (1996) value for Total PCB. Calculated using Great Lakes Water Quality Initiative Tier II methodology.
Nilroaromadcs (/ig/l.)					
1,3 - Di li i troben ze ne	Subclirnnic NOEC	260	0.1	26	van tier Schalle (1983). Algal growth test with Selenastnim capricornutum.
2,4-DinitrotoSuene	Chronic LOEL	230	0.1	23	U.S. EPA (1987)
2,6-Dinitrotolucne	Chronic NOEC	60	Not applicable	60	Kuhn et al. (1989). Toxicity value for water flea (Daphnia magna).
Nitrobenzene	Acute LOEL	27,000	0.01°	270	U.S. EPA (1987)
Pentachl oron it robenze ne	LC50	1,000	0.01	10	Hashimoto and Nishiuchi (1981). Toxicity value for common carp (Cyprinus carpio).
Phthalatc esters (fjg/L)					
Bis(2-ethy!hcxyl)nhthalate	Tier II SCV	3.0	Not applicable	3.0	Suter and Tsao (1996). Calculated using Great Lakes Water Quality Initiative Tier 11 methodology.
Di(n)octyl phthalatc	Chronic NOEL	320	Not applicable	320	McCarthy and Whitmore (1985). Toxicity value for water flea (D. magna).
Volatile organic compounds (p&L)					
Acetone	Tier 11 SCV	1,500	Not applicable	1,500	Suter and Tsao (1996). Calculated using Great Lakes Water Quality Initiative Tier II methodology.
Acrylonitrjle	Chronic LOEL	2,600	0.1	260	U.S. EPA (1987)
Chloroform	Tier II SCV	28	Not applicable	28	Suter and Tsao (1996). Calculated using Great Lakes Water Quality Initiative Tier II methodology.
TABLE E-l
FRESHWATER TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page 3 of 8)
Compound	Toxicity Value		Uncertainty Factorb	TIU"	Reference and Notesd
	Duration and Kndpolnl*	< nnci'iitj utiini			
Crotonaldchyde	Acute LC50	3,500	0.01	35	Dawson et al. (1977), Toxicity value for blucgill sunfish {Lepomis macrochirus),
1,4-Dioxane	Acute ECO	6,210,000	0.01	62,100	Bringmann and Kiihn (1982). Toxicity value for water flea (D. magna).
Formaldehyde	Acute LC50	4,960	0.01	49.6	Reardon and i larreli {i 990), No data available for formalehyde. Formalin containing 37 percent formaldehyde used as a surrogate. Endpoint based on formaldehyde concentration.
Vinyl chloride	Subchronic LCI 00	388,000	o.or	3,880	Brown et al. (1977)
Other chlorinated organ tcs (*jg/L)					
Hex acid orobenzene	Proposed chronic criterion	3.68	Not applicable	3.68	U.S. EPA (1987)
I lexachlorobutadiene	Chronic LOEL	9.3	0.1	0.93	U.S. EPA (1987)
Ilexachloroeyclopentadiene	Chronic LOEL	5.2	0.1	0.52	U.S. EPA (1987)
P entach torobenze ne	Tier II value	0.47	Not applicable	0.47	U.S. EPA (1996). Calculated using Great Lakes Water Quality Initiative Tier II methodology.
Pentachlorophenol	Chronic criterion	15	Not applicable	IS	U.S. EPA (1999). Value expressed as a function of pll and calculated as follows: TRV °= exp( 1.005(pH)-5.134). A pll of 7.8 is assumed to calculate the displayed value.
Pesticides (íjs")					
4,4'-DDE	Acute LOEL	1,050	0.01c	10.5	U.S. EPA (1987)
Heptachlor	Chronic criterion	0.0038	Not applicable	OO038	U.S. EPA (1987)
TABLE E-l
FRESHWATER TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page 4 of 8)
Com pnund	ToxIcily Value		Uncertainty factor"	TRV«	Reference and Notes d
	Duration und Endpoint*	Concentration			
Ilexacfilorophene	Subchronic NOEC	8.8	0,1	0.88	Call et al. (1989). Toxicity value for fathead minnow (P. promelas).
Inorganics (mg/L)'					
Aluminum	FCV	0.087	Not applicable	0.087	U.S. EPA (1988)
Antimony	Proposed chronic criterion	0.03	Not applicable	0.03	U.S. EPA (1987)
Arsenic (trivalent)	Chronic criterion	0.15	Not applicable	0.15	U.S. EPA (1999)
Barium	Tier II SCV	0.004	Not applicable	0.004	Suter and Tsao (1996). Calculated using Great Lakes Water Quality Initiative Tier 11 methodology.
Beryllium	Tier II SCV	0.00066	Not applicable	0.00066	Suter and Tsao (1996). Calculated using Great Lakes Water Quality Initiative Tier II methodology.
Cadmium	Chronic criterion	O.0022 (dissolved)	Not applicable	0,0022	US. Kl'A, (1999). Value expressed as a function of water hardness and calculated as follows: TRV = exp(m,.[ln(hardncss)]+bt) where m£ " 0.7852 and bc = -2.715. Criterion was converted to dissolved concentration using the following conversion factor: 1.101672-[(ln hardness)(0.041838]. A assumed hardness of 100 mg/L and a conversion from nig/L to yg/L were used to calculate the displayed value.
Chromium (hcxavalcnt)	Citron ic criterion	0.011	Not applicable	0.011	U.S. EPA (1999).
( 'oppcl	Chronic criterion	0.009 (dissolved)	Not applicable	0.009	U.S. EPA (1999). Value expressed as a function of water hardness and calculated as follows: TRV - exp(m([In(hardness)]-1 bc) where mc = 0.8545 and bc = -1.702. Criterion was converted to dissolved concentration using a conversion factor of 0.960. A assumed hardness of 100 mg/L and a conversion from mg/L to ^g/L were used to calculate the displayed value.
TABLE E-l
FRESHWATER TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page 5 of8)
Compound	Toxicity Value		Uncertainty Factor*	TRV	Reference and Notes d
	Duration and Endpolm"	Cum end atlon			
Total Cyanide	Chronic criterion	0.0052	Not applicable	0.0052	U.S. EPA (1999). This value is expressed as mg free cyanide (as CN)/L.
Lead	Chronic criterion	0,0025 (dissolved)	Not applicable	0,0025	U.S. EPA (1999). Value expressed as a Amotion of water hardness and calculated as follows: TRV = exp(mjln(hartiness)] i bc) where me = 1,273 and bt = -4.705. Criterion was converted to dissolved concentration using the following conversion factor: 1.46203-[{ln hardness)(0.I45712]. A assumed hardness of 100 mg/L and a conversion from mg/L to wg/L were used to calculate the displayed value.
Mercuric chloride	Chronic criterion	0,00077	Not applicable	0.00077	U.S. EPA (1999). This value was from data for inorganic mercury (11).
Methyl mercury	Tier II SCV	0.0000028	Not applicable	0.0000028	Suter and Tsao (1996). Calculated using Great Lakes Water Quality Initiative Tier 11 methodology.
Nickei	Chronic criterion	0.052 (dissolved)	Not applicable	0.052	U.S. EPA (1999), Value expressed as a function of water hardness and calculated as follows: TRV = exp(mc[ln(hardncss)]+bc) where m, = 0.8460 and bt = 0,0584, Criterion was converted to dissolved concentration using a conversion factor of 0.997, A assumed hardness of i 00 mg/L and a conversion from mg/L to t^g/L were used to calculate the displayed value.
Selenium	Chronic criterion	0.005	Not applicable	U.005	U.S. EPA (1999)
Silver	Proposed chronic criterion	0.00012	Not applicable	0.00012	U.S. EPA (1987)
Thallium	Chronic LOEL	0.04	0.1	0.004	U.S. EPA (1987)
TABLE E-l
FRESHWATER TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page 6 of 8)
Compound	Toxicity Value		Uncertainty Factor*	TRV	RcTero lice and Notes d
	Duration and Kndpoinl*	Concentration			
Zinc	('.ironic criterion	0.118 (dissolved)	Not applicable	0.118	U.S. EPA (1999). Value expressed as a function of water hardness and calculated as follows; TRV = exp(mc[ln(hardness)]+bc) where rrlt = 0.8473 and b, = 0.884. Criterion was converted to dissolved concentration using a conversion factor of 0.986. A assumed hardness of 100 mg/L and a conversion from mg/L to /ig/L were used to calculate the displayed value.
Notes:
a The duration of exposure is defined as chronic if it represents about 10 percent or more of the test animals lifetime expectancy. Acute exposures represent single exposures or multiple
exposures occurring within a short time. For evaluating exposure duration, the following general guidelines were used. For invertebrates and other lower trophic level aquatic biota: (1) chronic duration lasted for 7 or more days, (2) subchronic duration lasted from 3 to 6 days, and (3) acute duration lasted 2 days or less. For fish: (1) chronic duration lasted for more than 90 days, (2) subchronic duration lasted from 14 to 90 days, and (3) acute duration lasted less than 2 weeks.
b Uncertainty factors are used to extrapolate a toxicity value to a chronic NOAEL TRV. See Chapter 5 (Section 5.4) of the SLIiRAP for a discussion of the use of uncertainty factors.
c TRV was calculated by multiplying the toxicity value with the uncertainty factor.
d The references refer to the source of the toxicity value. Complete reference citations are provided below.
e Best scientific judgment used to identify uncertainty factor. Sec Chapter 5 (Section 5.4.1.2} for a discussion the use of best scientific judgement. Factors evaluated include test
duration, ecological relevance of endpoint, experimental design, and availability of toxicity data, f TRVs for metals are based on the dissolved metal concentration. According to U.S. EPA (1993) policy, concentrations of dissolved metal more closely approximate the bioavailablc
fraction of metal in the water column.
ECO = Effective concentration for zero percent of the test organisms,
FCV = Final Chronic Value
HMW = High molecular weight
LC50 = Lethal concentration for 50 percent of the test organisms.
LC100 = Lethal concentration for 100 percent of the test organisms.
LOEL = Lowest Observed Effect Level
NOEC = No Observed Effect Concentration
NOEL = No Observed Effect Level
SCV = Secondary Chronic Value
TRV = Toxicity Reference Value
TABLE E-l
FRESHWATER TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 7 of 8)
REFERENCES
Bringmami, V.O. and R. Kiihn. 1982. "Results of Foxic Action of Water Pollutants on Daphnia magna Straus Tested by an Improved Standardized Procedure," Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch, 15. Nr.I. S, 1-6.
Brown, E.R., T. Sinclair, L. Keith, P. Beamer, J J, Hazdra, V. Nair, andO, Callaghan. 1977. "Chemical Pollutants in Relation to Diseases in Fish." Annals NewYork Academy ofSciences. Volume 298. Pages 535-546.
Call, D.J. S.H. Poirier, C,A. Lindbcrg, S.L. Harting, TP. Mnrkee, L.T. Brooke, N. Zarvan, and C.E. Northeott. 1989, "Toxicity of Selected Uncoupling and Acetylcholincsterasc-lnhibiting
Pesticides to the Fathead Minnow (Pimephalesprometas)." Pesticides in Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA. Pages 317-336.
Dawson, G.W., A.L. Jennings, D. Drozdowski, and E. Rider. 1977. "The Acute Toxicity of 47 Industrial Chemicals to Fresh and Saltwater Fishes." Journal of Hazardous Materials. Volume 1. Pages 303-318.
Hashimoto, Y,, and Y. Nishiuchi. 1981. "Establishment of Bioassay Methods for the Evaluation of Acute Toxicity of Pesticides to Aquatic Organisms." Journal of Pesticide Science. Volume 6. Pages 257-264. (Japanese, with English abstract).
Kuhn, R., M. Pattard, K.-D. Pernak, and A. Winter, 1989. "Results of the Harmful Effects of Water Pollutants to Daphnia magna in the 21 Day Reproduction Test." Water Research. Volume 23. Pages 501-510.
McCarthy, J.F., and D.K. Whitmore. 1985, "Chronic Toxicity of Di-n-butyl and Di-n-octyl Phthalatc to Daphnia magna and the Fathead Minnow." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Volume 4. Pages 167-179
Mchrle, P.M., D.R. Buckler, E.E. Little, L.M. Smith, J.D. Petty, P.H. Peterman, D.L. Stalling, G.M. DeGraeve, J.J. Coyle, and W.J. Adams. 1988. "Toxicity and Bioconcentration of 2,3,7,8-Tetraehlorodibenzodioxin and 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran in Rainbow Trout." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Volume 7. Pages 47-62.
Reardon, I.S., and R.M. Harrell. 1990. "Acute Toxicity of Formalin and Copper Sulfate to Striped Bass Fingerlings Held in Varying Salinities." Aquaculture. Volume 87. Pages 255-270.
Sutcr II, G.W., and C.L. Tsao. 1996, Toxicological Benchmarks for Screening Potential Contaminants of Concern for Effects on Aquatic Biota. LS/ER/TM-96/R2. Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Oak Ridge, Tennessee. June.
U.S. EPA. 1988. Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Aluminum—1988. EPA 440/5-86-008. Office of Water Regulations and Standards. Washington, D.C. August.
U.S;,EPA. 1987. Quality Criteria for Water^Update #2. EPA 440/5-86-001. Office of Water Regulations and Standards. Washington, D.C May.
TABLE E-l
FRESHWATER TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 8 of 8)
U.S. EPA. 1993. Office of Water Policy and Technical Guidance on Interpretation and Implementation of Aquatic Life Metals Criteria. Memorandum from Martha G. Protho to Water Management       Division Directors and Environmental Service Directors, Regions 1 through 10. October !.
U.S. EPA. 1996. "Ecotox Thresholds." ECO Update. EPA 540/F-95/038. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. January.
U.S. EPA. 1999. National Recommended Water Quality Criteria-Correction. EPA 822-Z-99.001. Office of Water. April.
van tier Schalic, W.I I. 1983. The Acute and Chronic Toxicity of 3,5-Dinitroaniline, 1,3-Dinit/obenzene, and 1,3,5-Triniirobenzene to Freshwater Aquatic Organisms. Technical Report 8305. U.S. Army Medical Bioengineering Research and Development Laboratory. Fort Dctrick, Frederick, Maryland. 53 p.
TABLE E-2
MARINE/ESTUARINE SURFACE WATER TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page 1 of 8)
Compound	Toiletry Value		Uncertain! y Factor1	Toxicity Reference Value'	Reference and Notes4
	Duration and I'.n dpoiul*	Concentration			
Poly c hlorl na t e d d 1 un zo-p-dlox Ins 0*8"-)					
2,3,7,8-TCDD	LOEC	0.000038	0.1	0.0000038	No saltwater data were available, therefore, corresponding freshwater toxicity value was used (rainbow trout, Oncorkynchus mykiss) from Mehrte et al. (1988). 2,3,4,5-TCDD toxicity value used.
Polynuclcar arematlc hydrocarbons (PAH) <jtg/t*)					
Total high molecular weight (IIMW) PAHs	Acute LC50	>50	0.01°	0.5	Rossi and Ncff (1978) evaluated toxicity of three IIMW (three or more aromatic rings) PAlIs to the polychaete, Neanthes arenaceodentata. LC50 of each HMW PAH exceeded 50 /zg/L. This TRV should be used if assessing the risk of total IIMW PAHs.
Benzo(a)pyrene	Acute LC50	>50	0.01°	0.5	Rossi and Neff (1978), Toxicity value for polychaete (N. arcnaceodentata).
B enzo(a)anth race ne	Acute LC50	>50	0.01c	0.5	Toxicity value not available. TRV for benzo(a)pyrene used as surrogate.
13 e n zo(b) fl u oranthenc	Acute LC5Ü	>50	0.01 °	0.5	Toxicity value not available. TRV for benzo(a)pyrcne used as surrogate.
B c 11 zo( k) fluoranthen e	Acute LC50	>50	!!.()['"	0.5	Toxicity value not available. TRV for benzo(a)pyrene used as surrogate.
Clirysene	Acute LC50	>50	0.0 lc	0.5	Rossi and Ncff (1978), Toxicity of several PAHs was cvaluted, LC50 of each individual HMW PAII exceeded 50 ptg/L,
Dibc nz(a, h)an 1 hracene	Acute LC50	>S0	0.01c	0.5	Rossi and Neff (1978). Toxicity of several PAHs was cvaluted. LC50 of individual IIMW PAHs exceeded 50 /zg/L.
Indeno( 1,2,3-cd)pyTcnc	Acute LC50	>50	0.01"	0.5	Toxicity value not available. TRV for bcnzo(a)pyrenc used as surrogate.
Polychlorinafed blphenyls (PCB) (/ig/L)					
Aroclor 1016	-	0.03	Not applicable	0.03	U.S. EPA (1987) chronic criterion for ambient water quality.
TABLE E-2
MARINE/ESTUARINE SURFACE WATER TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page 2 of 8)
J Compound	Toxicity Value		Uncertain! y Factor"	Toxicity Reference Value*	Reference and Notes d
	Duration and Endpolnf	Concentration			
Aroclor 1254	--	0.03	Not applicable	0.03	U.S. EPA (1987) chronic criterion for ambient water quality.
Nitroaroitialics (wg/l,)					
1,3-Dinitrobenzene	-	--	--	66.8	Toxicity data not available. TRV for nitrobenzene used as surrogate.
2,4-Dinitrotolucne	Chronic criterion	370	Not applicable	370	U.S. EPA (1987)
2,6-Dinitrotoluene	--	-	--	370	Toxicity data not available. TRV for 2,4-dinitrotaluene used as surrogate.
Nitrobenzene	Acute criterion	6,680	0.01	66.8	U.S. EPA (1987)
Pe n tach loroni trobcn zc ne	Acute LC50	1,000	0.01	10	No toxicity value or surrogate TRV available, therefore, corresponding freshwater toxicity value (common carp, Cyprimts carpio) from Hashimoto and Nishiuchi (1981) adopted.
I'll Ilia laic esters U'v.fl.)					
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phtlialate	Acute LC50	>170	0.01	1.7	Adams et al, (1995). Toxicity value for shsepshcad minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus).
Di(n)octyl phthalate	NOI'I.	320	Not applicable	320	No toxicity value or surrogate TRV available, therefore, corresponding freshwater toxicity value used (water flea, D. magna) from McCarthy and Whitmore{!985).
Volatile organic compounds Oiß/L)					
Acetone	Acute LC50	2,100,000	0.01	21.000	Price et al. (1974), Toxicity value for brine shrimp (Artemia sp.).
Acrylonitrile	Acute LC50	10,000	0.01	100	Portmann and Wilson (1971). Toxicity value for common shrimp (Crangon crangon).
TABLE E-2
MARJNE/ESTUARINE SURFACE WATER TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page 3 of 8)
Com pound	Toxicity Valte		Uncertain) y Factor*	Toxicity Reference Value1	Reference and Notes d
	Duration and End point'	Concentration			
Chloroform	Acute LC 50	18,000	0.01	180	Anderson and Luster (1980). Toxicity value for Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnari)
Crown aldehyde	Acute LC50	1,300	0.01	13	Dawson et a). (1977). Toxicity value for inland silverside (Menidia beryllina).
1,4-Dioxane	Acute LC50	6,700,000	0.01	67,000	Dawson el al. (1977). Toxicity value for inland silverside (M. beryllina).
Formaldehyde	Acute LC50	4,960	0.01	49.6	No toxicity value or surrogate TRV available for (bis constituent, therefore, corresponding freshwater toxicity value used (Striped bass, Morone saxalllis) from Reardoii and Harell (1990). No data available for formadchydc. Formalin containing 37 percent formaldehyde used as surrogate. TRV expressed on formaldehyde basis.
Vinyl chloride	Subcbronic LCI00	388,000	0.01e	3,880	No toxicity value of surrogate TRV available, therefore, corresponding freshwater toxicity value used (Northern pike, Esox lucius) from Brown et al, (1977).
Other chlorinated organic* (/jg/L)					
Hex achlorobc n zenc	Acute EC50	=»1,000	0.01	10	Zaroogian (19BI). Toxicity value for American oyster [Crassostrea virginica).
t kxachloroluilndicnc	Acute LOEL	32	0.01e	0.32	U.S. EPA (1987)
He xaeh 1 orocyclüpentadi ene	Acute LOEL	7.0	0.01°	0.07	U.S. EPA (1987)
Pe nt achlorob c n ŕXiie	Subchronic NOEC	18	0.1	1.8	Hansen and Cripe (1991). Toxicity value for aheepshcad minnow (Cyphnodon variegatus).
Pentachloropheiio!	Chronic criterion	7,9	Not applicable	7.9	U.S. EPA (1987)
Pesticides fag/I.)					
TABLE E-2
MARINE/ESTUARINE SURFACE WATER TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page 4 of 8)
< (impound	Toxicity Value		Uncertainl y Factor"	Toxicity Reference Value'	Reference and Notes "
	Duration and Endpoint*	Concentration			
4,4'-DDE	Acute LOEL	14	0,01°	0.14	U.S. EPA (1987)
Heptachtor	Chronic criterion	00036	Not applicable	0.0036	U.S. EPA (1987)
Hexnchlorophene	Acute LC50	3.3	0.01	0.033	Calleja et al. (1994). Toxicity value for brine shrimp {Anemia salina).
Inorganic? (mg/L)					
Aluminum	Acute LTSO	0.271	0.01	0.00271	Study examined influence of pi I and temperature on acute (48-hour) toxicity (as lime to mortality) of aluminum to smoltifying Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Endpoint concentration based on sum of inorganic and organic aluminum for exposure at pH 6.5 (Poleo and Muniz 1993).
Antimony	Proposed chronic criterion	0.5	Not applicable	0.5	U.S. EPA (1987)
Arsenic (trivalent)	Chronic criterion	0.036	Not app] ieablc	0.036	U.S. EPA (1987)
Barium	Subchronic LC50	>500.	O.OT	5.0	U.S. EPA (1978)
Beryllium	Tier il SCV	0.00066	Not applicable	0.00066	No toxicity value or surrogate TRV available, therefore, corresponding freshwater TRV adopted. Suter and Tsao (1996); value calculated using Great Lakes Water Quality Initiative Tier H methodology.
Cadmium	Chronic criterion	0.0093	Not applicable	0.0093	U.S. EPA (1987)
Chromium (hexavalent)	Chronic criterion	0.05	Not applicable	0.05	U.S. EPA (1987)
Copper	Chronic criterion	0.0031	Not applicable	0.0031	U.S. EPA 1999. When the concentration of dissolved organic carbon is elevated, copper is substantially less toxic and use of a water effects ratio maybe appropriate.
TABLE E-2
MARINE/ESTUARINE SURFACE WATER TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page 5 of 8)
Compound	Toxicity Value		Uncertalnt v i'Tietor1'	Toxicity Reference Value*	Hefcrence and Notes6
	Duration and Knttpoint'	Concentration			
Total Cyanide	Chronic criterion	0.001	Not applicable	0.001	U.S. EPA (1987)
Lead	Chronic criterion	0.0081	Not applicable	0.0081	U.S. EPA (1999)
Mercuric chloride	Chronic criterion	0,00094	Not applicable	0,00094	U.S. EPA(1999). This value was from data for inorganic mercury (II).
Methyl mercury	Sirbchronic NOAEL	0.030	0.1	0.003	Sharp and Neff (1982). Toxicity value for munimichog {Fitnduhis heteroclitus).
Nickel	Chronic criterion	0.0082	Not applicable	0.0082	U.S. EPA (1999)
Selenium	Chronic criterion	0.071	Not applicable	0.071	U.S. EPA (1987)
Silver	Clironic criterion/ proposed criterion	0.0023	Not applicable	0.0023	U.S. EPA (1987)
Thallium	Acute LOEL	2.13	0.01"	0.02	U.S. EPA (1987)
Zinc	Chronic criterion	0.081	1.0	0.081	U.S. EPA (1999)
TABLE E-2
MARINE/ESTUARINE SURFACE WATER TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page 6 of 8)
Notes:
a The duration of exposure is defined as chronic if it represents about 10 percent or more of the test animals lifetime expectancy. Acute exposures represent single exposures or multiple
exposures occurring within a short time. For evaluating exposure duration, the following genera! guidelines were used. For invertebrates and other lower trophic level aquatic biota: (1) chronic duration lasted for 7 or more days, (2) subchronic duration lasted from 3 to 6 days, and (3) acute duration lasted 2 days or less. For fish: (1) chronic duration lasted for more than 90 days, (2) subchronic duration lasted from 14 to 90 days, and (3) acute duration lasted less than 2 weeks.
b Uncertainty factors are used to extrapolate a toxicity value to a chronic NOAEL TRV. See Chapter 5 (Section 5.4) of the SLERAP for a discussion of the use of uncertainty factors.
c TRV was calculated by multiplying the toxicity value with the uncertainty factor.
d The references refer to the source of the toxicity value. Complete reference citations are provided at the cud of this appendix.
e Best scientific judgment used to identify uncertainty factor. See Chapter 5 (Section 5.4,1.2) for a discussion of the use of best scientific judgement. Factors evaluated include test
duration, ecological relevance of endpoint, experimental design, and availability of toxicity data.
EC50 = Effective concentration for 50 percent of the test organisms.
FCV = Final Chronic Values
HMV = High molecular weight
LC50 = l-ethal concentration for 50 percent of the test organisms,
LCI 00 = Lethal concentration for 100 percent of the test organisms.
LOEC = Lowest Observed Effect Concentration
LOEL = Lowest Observed Effect Level
LT50 = Lethal threshold concentration for 50 percent of the test organisms.
NOAEL = No Observed Adverse Effect Level
NOEL = No Observed Effect Level
SCV = Secondary Chronic Value
TRV - Toxicity Reference Value
TABLE E-2
MARINE/ESTUARINE SURFACE WATER TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page 7 of 8)
REFERENCES
Adams, W.J., O.K. Biddingcr, K.A. Robillard, and J. W. Gorsuch. 1995, "A Summary of the Acute Toxicity of 14 Phthaiatc Esters to Representative Aquatic Organisms." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Volume 14. Pages 1569-1574.
Brown, E.R., T. Sinclair, L. Keith, P, Bcamcr, J.J. JIazdra, V. Nair, and O, Calfaghan, 1977. "Chemical Pollutants in Relation to Diseases in Fish,"
Annals NewYork Academy of Sciences. Volume 298. Pages 535-546. Calleja, M.C, G. Persoonc, and P, Geladi. 1994. "Comparative Acute Toxicity of the First 50 Multicentre Evaluation of m Vitro Cytotoxicity Chemicals to Aquatic Non-Vertebrates," archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Volume 26. Pages 69-78.
Dawson, G.W., A.L. Jennings, D. Drccdowski, and E, Rider. 1977, "The Acute Toxicity of 47 Industrial Chemicals to Fresh and Saltwater Fishes." Journal of Hazardous Materials, Volume 1. Pages 303-318.
Hansen, D.J., and G.M. Cripe. 1991. "Interlaboratory Comparison of the Early Life-Stage Toxicity Test Using Shecpshead Minnows (Cyprinodon variegates)". Aquatic Toxicology and Risk Assessment. Vol. 14, ASTM STP 1124, Philadelphia, PA. Pages 354-375, As cited in AQUtRE 1997
Hashimoto, Y., and Y. Nishiuchi. 1981. "Establishment of Bioassay Methods for the Evaluation of Acute Toxicity of Pesticides to Aquatic Organisms." Journal of Pesticide Science. Volume 6, Pages 257-264. (Japanese, with English abstract).
McCarthy, J.F., and D.K. Whitmore. 1985, "Chronic Toxicity of Di-n-butyl and Di-n-ocryl Phtlialatc to Dapknta magna and the Fathead Minnow." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Volume 4. Pages 167-179.
Mehrle, P.M., D.R. Buckler, E.E. Little, L.M. Smith, J.D. Petty, P. 11. Peterman, D.L. Stalling, G.M. DeGraeve, J.J, Coyle, and W.J. Adams, 1988, "Toxicity and Bioconcentration of 2,3,7,8-Tctrachlorodibcnzodioxin and 2,3,7,8-Tetracbloiodibcnj:ofuran in Rainbow Trout," Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Volume 7. Pages 47-62,
Poleo, A.B.S., and I,P. Muniz. 1993. "The Effect of Aluminum in Soft Water at Low pll and Different Temperatures on Mortality, Ventilation Frequency, and Water Balance in Smokifying Atlantic Salmon (Salmo sa iar)." Environmental Biology of Fishes. Volume 36. Pages 193-203,
Port I mint], J.I.!., and K.W. Wilson.  I 971. i'he Toxicity of140 Substances to the Brown Shrimp and Other Murine Animals.  Shellfish Information I .eaflcl No. 22 (Second Edition). Ministry of Agric, Fish. Food, Fish. Lab. Burnham-on-Crouch, Essex, and Fish Exp. Station Conway, North Wales: 12 P. As cited in AQUIRE 1997.
Price, K.S., G,T, Waggy, and R.A. Conway. 1974, "Brine Shrimp Bioassay and Seawater BOD of Petrochemicals." Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation. Volume 46. Pages 63-77.
Reardori, I.S., and R.M. Harreil. 1990. "Acute Toxicity of Formalin and Copper Sulfate to Striped Bass Fingerlings Held in Varying Salinities." Aquaculture, Volume 87. Pages 255-270,
TABLE E-2
MARINE/ESTUARINE SURFACE WATER TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page 8 of 8)
Rossi, S.S., and J.M. Ncff. 1978. "Toxicity of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons to the Polychaete Neanthcs arenaceadcntala." Marine Pollution Bulletin. Volume 9 Pages 220-223.
Sharp, J.R and J.M. Nef'f 19X2. " I'hc Toxicity of Mercuric Chloride and Methyl Mercuric Chloride to Funduhm httrmclitus- ümhryiw in Relation to Exposure Conditions." Ijn'i ronmental Biology of Fishes. Volume 7. Pages 277-284.
Suter 11, G. W., and C.L. Tsao. 1996, Toxicologlcal Benchmarks for Screening Potential Contaminants of Concern for Effects on Aquatic Biota, ES/ER/TM-96/R2, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. June,
U.S. EPA. 1988. Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Alwninum-1988. EPA 440/5-86-008. Office of Water Regulations and Standards. Washington, D.C. August.
U.S. EPA. 1987, Quality Critehafor Water—Update tl7. EPA 440/5-86-001. Office of Water Regulations and Standards. Washington, D,C. May.
U.S. EPA. 1996. "Ecotox Thresholds." ECO Update. EPA 540/F-95/038. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. January.
U.S. EPA. 1999. National Recommended Water Quality Criteria-Correction. EPA 822-Z-99-001. Office of Water. April.
Zaroogian, GM. 1981. fnterlaboratory Comparison—Acute Toxicity Tests Using the 48 Hour Oyster Embryo-Larval Assay. U.S. EPA, Narragansett, Rhode Island. 17 pages. As cited in U.S. EPA 1997,
TABLE E-3
FRESHWATER SEDIMENT TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page 1 of 7)
Compound	freshwater THV "	K„ Value"	Bed Sediment TRV (dry weight)	Reference and Notes'
ľolychlnr!naleddlbcnzo-p-dloiins Oig/kg)				
2,3,7,8-TCDD	0.0000038	2,691,535	0 41	TRV was calculated using equilibrium partitioning (EqP) approach (EPA 1993), assuming a fractional organic content of 0.04,
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) (,iglkg)				
Total high molecular weight (HMW) PAH	Not applicable	Not applicable	170	TRV is ERL value computed by Ingersoll ct al. (1996) based on 28-day amphipod {HyalclSa azteca) toxicity tests. This TRV may be used if risk of total IIMW PAIIs is assessed.
Benzo(a)pyrcne	Not applicable	Not applicable	84	TRV is an ERL value calculated by Ingersoll ct al. (1996) based on 28-day H. azteca toxicity tests.
Benzo(a)anthraceiic	Not applicable	Not applicable	19	TRV is an ERL value calculated by Ingersoll et al. (1996) based on 28-day H. azteca toxicity tests.
B en zo(b) fl u oraii thene	Not applicable	Not applicable	37	TRV is an ERL value calculated by Ingersoll et al. (1996) based on 28-day H. azteca toxicity tesis.
Bcnzo(k)flijorantliciic	Not applicable	Not applicable	37	TRV is an ERL value calculated by Ingersoll et al. (1996) based on 28-day H, azteca toxicity tests.
Chrysene	Not applicable	Not applicable	30	TRV is an ERL value calculated by Ingersoll et al. (1996) based on 28-day H. azteca toxicity tests.
Di b e nz(a, li) an th ra cene	Not applicable	Not applicable	10	TRV is an ERL value calculated by Ingersoll ct al. (1996) based on 28-day H. azteca toxicity tests
Indenof 1,2,3 - cd)pyrcne	Not applicable	Not applicable	30	TRV is an ERL value calculated by bigcrsoll et al, (1996) based on 28-day H. azteca toxicity tests.
TABLE E-3
FRESFIWATER SEDIMENT TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page 2 of 7)
Com ti on tul	Freshwater TftV *	K„ Valueb	Bed Sediment TRV (dry weight)	Reference and Notes '
Polychlorlnated bJphenyls (PCR) fyjg/kg)				
Aroclor 1016	Not applicable	Not applicable	50	TRV is an ERL value for Total PCB calculated by Ingersoll et al. (1996) based mi 28-day//. a2teca toxicity tests.
Aroclor 1254	Not applicable	Not applicable	50	TRV is an ERL value for Total PCB calculated by Ingersoll et al. (1996) based on 28-day H. azteca toxicity tests.
Nilroaromnllcs («g/kg)				
1,3-Dinitrobenzene	26	20.6	21.4	TRV was calculated using EqP approach (EPA 1993), assuming a fractional organic content of 0.04. d
2,4 -D i n í troíol ne n e	23	51	46.9	TRV was calculated using EqP approach (EPA 1993), assuming a fractional organic content of 0.04. A
2,6-Dinitrotoluene	60	41.5	100.6	TRV was calculated using EqP approach (liPA 1993), assuming a fractional organic content of 0.04. d
Nitrobenzene	270	119	1285.2	TRV was calculated using EqP approach (EPA 1993), assuming a fractional organic content of 0,04. &
P e mach 1 orori i trob en zone	10	5,890	2356	TRV was calculated using EqP approach (EPA 1993), assuming a fractional organic content of 0.04. d
P ht hal ate esters (/jg/kg)				
B i s (2-erliy 1 hexyl )phthal ate	3	111,000	1.33x lO"*	TRV was calculated using EqP approach (EPA 1993), assuming a fractional organic content of 0.04, d
Di(n)octy[ phthalatc	320	9.03 x 10 8	1.I6X 10 10	TRV was calculated using EqP approach (EPA 1993), assuming a fractional organic content of 0,04.d
TABLE E-3
FRESHWATER SEDIMENT TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page 3 of 7)
1 Compound	Freshwater TRV«	KK Value"	Bed Sediment TRV (dry weight)	Reference and Notes '
Volatile or panic compounds (wgy'kg)				
Acetone	1,500	0.951	57.1	TRV was calculated using EqP approach (UFA 1993), assuming a fractional organic content of 0.04. d
Acrylonitrile	260	2.22	23.1	TRV was calculated using EqP approach (EPA 1993), assuming a fractional organic content of 0.04. d
Chloroform	28	53.0	59.4	TRV was calculated using EqP approach (EPA 1993), assuming a fractional organic content of 0.04. J
Crotonaldcliyde	35	Not available	Not calculated	No TRV was calculated becatise no Koc or K,„ values were identified for this constituent.
1,4-Dioxaue	62,100	0.876	2176.0	TRV was calculated using Eqr1 approach (EPA 1993), assuming a fractional organic content of 0.04. d
Formaldehyde	49.6	2.62	5.2	TRV was calculated using EqP approach (EPA 1993), assuming a fractional organic content of 0.04, d
Vinyl chloride	3,880	11.1	1722.7	TRV was calculated using EqP approach (EPA 1993), assuming a fractional organic content of 0.04. *
Other chlorinated organics (MR/kg)				
I Ie x a eh 1 orobenzene	Not applicable	Not applicable	20	TRV is an LEI, value (Persaud et al. 1993).
I lexach lorobut a d ie ne	0.93	6,940	258.2	TRV was calculated using EqP approach (EPA 1993), assuming a fractional organic content of 0.04. J
Hexach 1 orocyclopentadi enc	0.52	9,510	197.8	TRV was calculated using EqP approach (EPA 1993), assuming a fractional organic content of 0.04. J
TABLE E-3
FRESHWATER SEDIMENT TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page 4 of7)
Compound	Freshwater TRV 1	KK Value"	Bet! Sediment TRV {dry weight)	Reference and Notes'
Pentach 1 orob enzene	0.47	32,148	604.4	TRV was calculated using EqF approach (EPA 1993), assuming a fractional organic content of 0.04. A
Pentach 1 orophenol	Not applicable	Not applicable	7,000	TRV is an AET value for H. azteca (Washington State Department of Ecology 1994),
Pesticides (ng/ke)				
4,4'-DDE	Not applicable	Not applicable	5	TRV is an LEL value (Persaud ct al. 1993). p,p'-DDE used as a surrogate.
Hepta chlor	Not applicable	Not applicable	0.3	TRV is an NEL value (Persaud et al. 1993). The NEL was selected because no LEL was available.
Hexachlorophene	0.88	1,800,000	63,360	TRV was calculated using EqP approach (EPA 1993), assuming a fractional organic content of 0.04. a
Inorganics (mg/kg)				
Aluminum	Not applicable	Not applicable	14,000	TRV is an ERL value calculated by Ingersoll et al. (1996) based on 28-day H. azteca toxicity tests.
Antimony	Not applicable	Not applicable	64,0	TRV is an AET for H. azteca (Washington State Department of Ecology 1994).
Arsenic	Not applicable	Not applicable	6.0	TRV is an LEL value (Persaud et al. 1993).
Barium	Not applicable	Not applicable	20	TRV is a U.S. EPA Region 5 guideline value for classification of sediments for determining the suitability of dredged sediments for open water disposal, as cited in Hull and Suter II (1994).
Beryllium	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not available	Regulatory or toxicity value not available.
Cadmium	Not applicable	Not applicable	0.6	TRV is an LEL value (Persaud et al. 1993).
TABLE E-3
FRESHWATER SEDIMENT TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
{Page 5 of 7)
Compound	Freshwater TRV ■	K„ Vatueb	Bed Sediment TRV (dry weight)	Itefercnce and Notes '
Chromium (total)	Not applicable	Not applicable	26	TRV is an LEL value (Persaud et a!. 1993).
Copper	Not applicable	Not applicable	16	TRV is an LEL value (Persaud et a!. 1993).
Total Cyanide	Not applicable	Not applicable	0.1	TRV is a U.S. EPA Region 5 guideline value for classification of sediments for determining the suitability of dredged sediments for open water disposal, as cited in Hull and Suter 11 (1994).
Lead	Not applicable	Not applicable	31	TRV is an LEL value (Persaud et al. 1993).
Mercuric chloride	Not applicable	Not applicable	0.2	No toxicity data available for divalent inorganic mercury. Total mercury used as surrogate for divalent inorganic mercury. TRV is an LEL value (Persaud etal. 1993).
Methyl mercury	Not applicable	Not applicable	0.2	No toxicity data available for methyl mercury. Total mercury used as surrogate for methyl mercury. TRV is an LKL value (Persaud et at. 1993).
Nickel	Not applicable	Not applicable	16	TRV is an LEL value (Persaud et al. 1993).
Selenium	Not applicable	Not applicable	0.1	TRV is an AET for H, azteca (Washington Slate Department of Ecology 1994).
Silver	Not applicable	Not applicable	4.5	TRV is an AET for //. azteca (Washington State Department of Ecology 1994).
Thallium	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not available	Regulatory value or toxicity value not available,
Zinc	Not applicable	Not applicable	110	TRVisanERLvaluecalculatedbyIngersolletal.(l996)basedon28-day H. azteca toxicity tests.
TABLE E-3
FRESHWATER SEDIMENT TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page 6 of 7)
Notes:
a Toxicity reference values are in units of micrograms per kilogram (ifg/kg) and milligrams per kilograms (mg/kg) for organic and inorganic constituents, respectively,
b Values arc in units of liters per kilogram (L/kg).      = Organic carbon normalized sorption coefficient. References anil equations used to calculate     values are provided in
Appendix A.
c The references refer to the study from which the TRV was identified. Complete reference citations are provided below,
d Freshwater sediment TRV calculated with the following equation:
O Freshwater sediment TRV = Freshwater TRV (Table E-l) * Kw
° whei'
K\,c "■ organic carbon partition coefficient, and
f„ bl= fraction of organic carbon in bed sediment, assumed to be 4 percent = 0.04.
K^c values discussed in Appendix A,
AET = Apparent Effects Threshold
ERL = Effects Range-Low
EqP = Equilibrium Partitioning
IIMV = High molecular wciglit
LEL = Lowest Effect Level
NEL = No Effect Level
TRV = Toxicity Reference Value
TABLE E-3
FRESHWATER SEDIMENT TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page 7 of 7)
REFERENCES
Default TRVs for sediments in freshwater habitats were identified from the three sets of freshwater toxicity values presented below. While some compound-specific freshwater sediment toxicity information is available in the scientific literature, available toxicity values were not used because of the compexity in understanding the role of naturally-occurring sediment features (such as grain size, ammonia, sulfide, soil type, and organic carbon content) in toxicity to benthic invertebrates. Among these sets of value, the lowest available toxicity value for a particular compound was adopted as the TRV. In many cases, a default TRV was calculated from the corresponding freshwater TRV using EPA's equilibrium partitioning approach, assuming a 4 percent organic carbon content
Hull, R.N, and G. W. Suter H, 1994, Toxicologies! Bench/narks for Screening Contaminants of Potential Concern for Effects on Sediment-Associated Biota: 1994 Revision. ES/ER/TM-95/R], Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Oak Ridge, Tennessee. June.
Ingcrsoll, C.G., P.S. Haverland, E.L. Bnmson, T.J Canfield, F.J. Dwyer, C.E. Henke, N.E. Kemble, D.R. Mount, and R.G, Fox. 1996. "Calculation and Evaluation of Sediment Effect Concentrations for the Amphipod Hyallela azteca and the Midge Chironomous riparius." International Association of Great Lakes Research, Volume 22. Pages 602-623.
Pcrsnud, D., R. Jaaguagi, and A. Hayton. 1993. Guidelines for the Protection and Management of Aquatic Sediment Quality in Ontario. Ontario Ministry of the Environment. Queen's Printer of Ontario. March.
U.S. EPA. 1993. Technical Basis for Deriving Sediment Quality Criteria for Nnnwnic Organic Contaminants for the Protection of Benthic Organisms by Using Equilibrium Partitioning. Office of Water, EPA-822-R-93-0I1. September.
Washington State Department of Ecology. 1991. Sediment Management Standards, Washington Administrative Code 173-204.
Washington State Department of Ecology. 1994. Creation and Analysis of Freshwater Sediment Quality Values in Washington State. Publication No. 97-32-a. July.
TABLE E-4
MARINE/ESTUARINE SEDIMENT TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page 1 of 8)
Co in p u u n d	Mai Ine/Esťiiai ine Surface Water trv	K„ Yaiueb	Bed Sediment TRV (dry weight)	Reference and Notes'
P love hfor i n atedd ib enzrj- p- d í oxin s If j g/kg)				
2,3,7,8-TCDD	0.0000038	2,691,535	0.41	TRV was calculated using EqP approach (EPA 1993), assuming a fractional organic content of 0.04. A
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons iľ A11) big/kti				
Total high molecular weight (IIMW) PAH	Not applicable	Not applicable	870	Recommended NOEL for Florida Department of Environmental Regulation (DER) (MacDonaid 1993). This TRV may be used in risk of total HMW PAHs is assessed.
Bcnzo(a)pyrene	Not applicable	Not applicable	230	Recommended NOEL for Florida DER (MacDonaid !993).
Bcivzo(a)anthracene	Not applicable	Not applicable	160	Recommended NOEL for Florida DER (MacDonaid 1993).
Be n zo( b) fluora nt hene	0.5	836,000	418,000	TRV was calculated using EqP approach (EPA 1993), assuming a fractional organic content of 0.04.
Benzo(k)fl uoranthene	Not applicable	Not appl icable	240	TRV is a LEL value from Persaud et al. (1993).
Chrysene	Not applicable	Not appl icable	220	Recommended NOEL for Florida DER (MacDonaid 1993).
Di be nz(a, h)anthracene	Not applicable	Not applicable	31	Recommended NOIiL for Florida DER (MacDonaid 1993).
lndeno( 1,2,3-cd)pyrene	Not applicable	Not applicable	1,360	TRV was computed from OC-based marine sediment quality criterion from Washington State Department of Ecology (1991) and fractional organic carbon content of 0,04, as follows: TRV - 34 mg/kg * 0.04 * 1000 ^g/mg.
TABLE E-4
MARINE/ESTLARINE SEDIMENT TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page 2 of 8)
Compound	Marlnc/Estuarlne Surface Water TRV"	K„ Value1	Bed Sediment TRV (dry weight)	Hefercnce and Notes'
Polychloi Inateil hipliniyls (pci1) (pg/kg)				
Aroclor 1016	Not applicable	Not applicable	22.7	TRV is an ERL value for Total PCB from Long et al, (1995).
Aroclor 1254	Not applicable	Not applicable	22.7	TRV is an ERL value for Total PCB from Long et al. (1995).
Nitroaromatics Qiglkg)				
1,3-Dinitrobcnzcne	66.8	20.6	55.0	TRV was calculated using EqP approach (EPA 1993), assuming a fractional organic content of 0.04. J
2,4-DinitrotoIuene	370	51	754.8	TRV was calculated using EqP approach (EPA 1993), assuming a fractional organic content of 0.04. d
2,6-Dinitrotoluene	370	41.9	620.1	TRV was calculated using EqP approach (EPA 1993), assuming a fractional organic content of 0.04. J
Nitrobenzene	66.8	119	318.0	TRV was calculated using EqP approach (EPA 1993), assuming a fractional organic content of 0.04.
P c n tachl oron i trob e n zene	10	5,890	2356	TRV was calculated using EqP approach (EPA 1993), assuming a fractional organic content of 0.04. a
TABLE E-4
MARINE/ESTUARINE SEDIMENT TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page 3 of 8)
Compound	Marhie/Kstuat im' Surface Water TRV*	K„ Value"	Bed Sediment TRV (dry weight)	Reference und Notes '
Plil h n late esteri (^jg/kg)				
B is (2 -ethy 1 hexy 1) ph tha 1 ate	Not applicable	Not applicable	470	TRV was calculated using OC-based marine sediment quality criterion from Washington State Department of Ecology (1991) and fractional organic carbon content of 0.04, as follows; TRV = 47 mg/kg * 0.04 * 1000 Kg/mg.
Di(ti)oclyl phthalate	Not applicable	Not applicable ............	580	TRV was calculated using OC-based marine sediment quality criterion from Washington State Department of Ecology (1991) and fractional organic carbon content of 0.04, as follows; TRV - 58 mg/kg * 0.04 ♦ 1000 jig/mg.
Volatile organic compounds (jig/kg)				
Acetone	21,000	0.951	798.8	TRV was calculated using KqP approach (EPA 1993), assuming a fractional organic content of 0.04. i
Actylonittile	100	2.22	8.88	TRV was calculated using EqP approach (EPA 1993), assuming a fractional organic content of 0.04.11
Chloroform	ISO	53.0	3B1.6	TRV was calculated using EqP approach (EPA 1993), assuming a fractional organic content of 0.04. ^
Crotonaldchyde	13	Not available	Not computed	No TRV was calculated becattse no K„ or K„w value was identified.
1,4-Dioxane	67,000	0.876	2348	TRV was calculated using EqP approach (EPA 1993), assuming a fractional organic content of 0.04, d
Formaldehyde	49.6	2.62	5.2	TRV was calculated using EqP approach (EPA 1993), assuming a fractional organic content of 0.Ü4. 11
TABLE E-4
MARINE/ESTUARINE SEDIMENT TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page 4 of 8)
Compound	Marine/Kstuarlne Surface Water TRV	K« Valueb	Bed Sediment TRV (dry weight)	Reference and Notes *
Vinyl chloride	3,880	11.1	1722.7	TRV was calculated using EqP approach (EPA 1993), assuming a fractional organic content of 0.04. d
Other chlorinated org antes (//g/kg)				
He xachlorob e nxe ne	Not applicable	Not applicable	15.2	TRV was calculated using OC-based marine sediment quality criterion from Washington State Department of Ecology (1991) and a fractional OC content of 0.04, as follows: TRV = 0.38 mg/kß * 0.04 * 1000 /ig/mg.
Hexachlorobutadieoc	Not applicable	Not applicable	156	TRV was calculated using OC-hased marine sediment quality criterion from Washington State Department of Ecology (1991) and a fractional OC content of'0.04, as follows: TRV = 3,9 ing/kg * 0.04 * 1000 /ig/mg.
Hexach 1 orocyc lopentad i enc	0.07	9,510	26.6	TRV was calculated using EqP approach (EPA 1993), assuming a fractional organic content of 0.04. *
Pentachlorobenzene	1.8	32,148	2315	TRV was calculated using EqP approach (EPA 1993), assuming a fractional organic content of 0.04. d
Pentachlorophenol	Not applicable	Not applicable	360	TRV is marine sediment quality criterion from Washington State Department of Ecology (1991).
Pesticides (^g/kg)				
4,4-DDE	Not applicable	Not applicable	1.7	Recommended NOEL for p,p'-DDE for Florida DER (MacDonald 1993).
Heptaehlor	0.0036	9,530	1.37	TRV was calculated using EqP approach (EPA 1993), assuming a fractional organic content of 0.04. d
Hexach lorophene	0.033	1,800,000	2376	TRV was calculated using EqP approach (EPA 1993), assuming a fractional organic content of 0.04, d
TABLE E-4
MARINE/ESTUARINE SEDIMENT TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page 5 of 8)
Compound	Marine/Estuarlne Surface Water TRV*	K„ Value"	Bed Sediment TRV (dry weight)	Reference and Notes 1
Inorganics (mg/kg)				
Aluminum	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not available	Screening or toxicity value not available.
Antimony	Not applicable	Not applicable	2	TRV is an ERL value (Long and Morgan 1991).
Arsenic	Not applicable	Not applicable	6	TRV is an LEL value for Province of Ontario (Persaud et al. 1993).
Barium	Not applicable	Not applicable	20	TRV is a U.S. EPA Region 5 guideline value for classification of sediments for determining the suitability of dredged material for open water disposal, as cited in Hull and Suter 11(1994).
Beryllium	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not available	Screening or toxicity value not available.
Cadmium	Not applicable	Not applicable	1.0	Recommended NOEL for Florida DER (MacDonald 1993).
Chromium (hexavalent)	Not applicable	Not applicable	8.1	TRV is an ERL value for total chromium (Long et al. 1995).
Copper	Not applicable	Not applicable	28	Recommended NOEL for Florida DER (MacDonald 1993).
Total Cyanide	Not applicable	Not applicable	0. 1	TRV is a U.S. EPA Region V guideline value for classification of sediments for determining the suitability of dredged material for open water disposal, as cited in Hull and Sulci II (1994).
TABLE E-4
MARINE/ESTUARINE SEDIMENT TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page 6 of 8)
Compound	Marlne/Estiiarine Surface Water TRV"	K„ Value1,	Bed Sediment TRV (dry weight)	Reference and Notes f
Lead	Not applicable	Not applicable	21.0	Recommended NOEL for Florida DER (MacDonald 1993).
Mercuric chloride	Not applicable	Not applicable	0.1	No toxicity data available for divalent inorganic mercury. Total mercury is used as surrogate. Recommended NOEL for Florida DER (MacDonald 1993).
Methyl mercury	Not applicable	Not applicable	0.1	No toxicity data available for methyl mercury. Total mercury is used as surrogate. Recommended NOEL for Florida DER (MacDonald 1993).
Nickel	Not applicable	Not applicable	20.9	TRV is an ERL value (Long et al. 1995).
Selenium	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not Available	Screening or toxicity value not available.
Silver	Not applicable	Not applicable	0.5	Recommended NOEL for Florida DER (MacDonald 1993).
Thallium	Not appliable	Not applicable	Not available	Screening or toxicity value not available.
Zinc	Not applicable	Not applicable	68	Recommended NOEL for Florida DER (MacDonald 1993).
TAHLE E-4
MARINE/ESTUARINE SEDIMENT TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page 7 of 8)
Notes:
a Sediment TRVs are in units of micrograms per kilogram (^g/kg) and milligrams per kilograms (trig/kg) for organic and inorganic constituents, respectively,
b Values are in units of liters per kilogram (L/kg). K,,. = Organic carbon normalized sorption coefficient.  References and equations used to calculate values are provided in Appendix A.
c The references refer to the study or studies from which the endpoint and concentrations were identified. Complete reference citations are provided below,
(1 Sediment TRV calculated with the following equation:
Sediment TRV = Marine/estuarine surface water TRV (Table E-2) * Koc * f0
where,
i^j Koc = organic carbon partition coefficient, and
00 f«:,t>!= fraction of organic carbon in bed sediment, assumed to be 1 percent = 0.01.
values are discussed in Appendix A.
EqP = Equilibrium Partitioning
ERL = Effects Range-Low
I1MW = High molecular weight
LEL = Lowest Effect Level
NOEL = No Observed Effect Level
TRV - Toxicity Reference Value
TABLE E-4
MARINE/ESTUARINE SEDIMENT TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page 8 of 8)
REFERENCES
Default TRVs for sediments in marine and estuarine habitats were identified from several sets of toxicity values (standards, benchmarks, and guidelines) presented below. While some compound-specific marine/estuarine sediment toxicity information is available in the scientific literature, available toxicity values were not used because of the compexity in understanding the role of naturally-occurring sediment features (such as grain size, ammonia, sulfide, soil type, and organic carbon content) in toxicity to benfhic invertebrates. Among these sets of value, the lowest available toxicity value for a particular compound was adopted as the TRV. In many cases, a default TRV was calculated from the corresponding freshwater TRV using EPA's equilibrium partitioning approach, assuming a 4 percent organic carbon content.
1-Iul 1, R.N. and G. W. Suter H, 1994. lexicological Benchmarks for Screening Contaminants of Potential Concern for Effects on Sediment-Associated Biota: 1994 Revision. ES/ER/TM-95/R1. Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Oak Ridge, Tennessee. June.
Long, E.R., and L.G. Morgan. 1991. The Potential for Biological Effects of Sediment-Sorbed Contaminants Tested in the National Slatm and Trends Program. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Technical Memorandum No. 5, OMA52, NOAA National Ocean Service. August.
Long, K.R., D.D. MacDonald, S.L. Smith, and F.D. Calder. 1995. "Incidence of Adverse Biological Effects Within Ranges of Chemical Concentrations in Marine and Estuarine Sediments. " Environmental Management. Volume 19. Pages8L97.
MacDonald, D.D. 1993. Development of an Approach to the Assessment of Sediment Quality in Florida Coastal Waters. Florida Department of Environmental Regulation. Tallahassee, Florida. January.
Persaud, D., R. Jaaguagi, and A, Ilayton. i993. Guidelines for the Protection and Management of Aquatic Sediment Quality in Ontario. Ontario Ministry of the Etiviromneiil. Queen's Printer of Ontario. March.
U. S. EPA. 1993. Technical Basis for Deriving Sediment Quality Criteria for Nonionic Organic Contaminants for the Protection ofBenthic Organisms by Using Equilibrium Partitioning. Office of Water. EPA-822-R-93-011. September.
Washington State Department of Ecology. 1991. Sediment Management Standards. Washington Administrative Code 173-204
TABLE E-5
TERRESTRIAL PLANT TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page lot 15)
Compound	Basis for TRV				TRV1	Reference and Notesd
	Duration and Endpolnt*	Test Organism	Concentration	Uncertainty Factor b		
Polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (//(j/kR)						
2,3,7,8-TCDD	~	-	-	~	—	Toxicity value not identified.
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) (vglkg)						
Total high molecular weight (HMW) PAH	Chronic NOAEL	Wheat	1,200	Not applicable	1,200	Benzo(a)pyrene toxicity used as representative toxicity of all HMW PAHs, This TRV may be used to characterize risk of total HMW PAHs to terrestrial plants.
Benzo(a)pyrene	Chronic NOAEL	Wheat	1,200	Not applicable	1,200	Sims and Overcash (1983)
Benzo(a)anthracene	Not available	-	~	-	1,200	Toxicity value not available. Bcnzo(a)pyrene used as surrogate.
Ben zo(b) fluoran th en e	Chronic NOAEL	Wheat	1,200	Not applicable	1,200	Sims and Overcash (1983).
Benzo(k)fluoranthene	Not available	--	~	-	1,200	Toxicity value not available. I3enzo(a)pyrene used as surrogate.
Chrysene	Not available	-	~	-	1,200	Toxicity value not available. Benzo(a)pyrcnc used as surrogate.
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene	Not available	-	--	--	1,200	Toxicity value not available. Benzo(a)pyrene used as surrogate.
TABLE E-5
TERRESTRIAL PLANT TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 2 of 15)
Compound	Basis for TRV				TRVC	Reference and Notesd
	Duration and Endpoint'	Test Organism	Concentration	Uncertainty Factor b		
Incieno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene	Not available	-	--	--	1,200	Toxicity value not available. Benzo(a)pyrene used as surrogate.
Polychiorlnnted biphcnyls (PCB) (ftg/k&)						
Aroclor 1016	-	-	-	--	10,000	No toxicity value available. Aroclor 1254 TRV adopted as surrogate.
Aroclor 1254	Chronic NOAEL	Soybean shoot weight	10,000	Not applicable	10,000	Value for toxicity of Aroclor 1254 (Weber andMrozek 1979).
Nitroaromalies (/zg/kß)						
1,3-Dinitrobenzene	-	--	--	--	--	Toxicity value not available.
2,4-Dinitrotoluene	--	--	-	-	-	Toxicity value not available.
2,6-Dinitrotoluene		--	-	--	--	Toxicity value net available.
Nitrobenzene	-	--	--	--	--	Toxicity value not available.
Pent ach 1 oron i t robenzen e	--	-	-	-	--	Toxicity value not available,
Phthalatc esters Og/kg)						
B i s(2 -eth yl h exy l)phfh al at e	--	--	--	--	-	Toxicity value not available.
Di(n)octyl phthalate	-	--	-	--	-	Toxicity value not available.
Volatile organic compounds C'^g/kg)						
TABLE E-5
TERRESTRIAL PLANT TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 3 of 15)
Compound	Basis for TRV				TRVC	Reference and Notesd
	Duration and Endpoint *	Test Organism	Concentration	Uncertainty Factor b		
Acetone	--	--	-	~	—	Toxicity value not available.
Acrylonitrile	--	--	-	--	--	Toxicity value not available.
Chloroform	--	--	-		--	Toxicity value not available.
Crotonaldehyde	--	--	-	--	-	Toxicity value not available.
1,4-Dioxane	-		-	--	-	Toxicity value not available.
Formaldehyde	--	-	-	-		Toxicity value not available.
Vinyl chloride	-	--	-	-	-	Toxicity value not available.
Other chlorinated organics (ii^kg)						
Hcxachlorobenzenc	-	-	-	--	-	Toxicity value not available.
Hexachlorobutadiene	-	--	--	--	-	Toxicity value not available.
E lexach 1 orocycl opcntadiene	Acute EC50	Lettuce growth	10,000	0.01	100	Hulzebos et al. (1993)
Pentachlorobcnzenc	-	--	-	--	--	Toxicity value not available.
Pentachlorophenol	Chronic LOAEL	Rice	17,300	0.1	1,730	Nagasawa et al. (1981)
Pesticides (>g/kg)						
4,4'-DDE	--	--	--	■-	-	Toxicity value not available.
TABLE E-S
TERRESTRIAL PLANT TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 4 of 15)
Compound	Basis for TRV				TRVr	Reference and Notesd
	Duration and Endpoint *	Test Organism	Concentration	Uncertainty Factor b		
........ Heptachlor	Chronic NOAEL	Carrot	1,000	Not applicable	1,000	Ahrensand Kring(1968)
Hexachlorophene	-	-	--	-	-	Toxicity value not available.
Inorganics (mg/kg)						
Aluminum	Subchronic NOAEL	White clover seedling cstablishmen t	50	0.1e	5	Mackayet al. (1990)
Antimony	Not specified	Not specified	5	0.1c	0.5	Kabata-Pendias and Pendias (1992)
Arsenic	Chronic LOAEL	Corn yield (weight)	10	0.1	1	Woolson et al. (1971)
Barium	Chronic LOAEL	Barley shoot growth	500	0.01'	5	Chaudry et al. (1977)
Beryllium	Not specified	Not specified	10	0.01c	0.1	Kabata-Pendias and Pendias (1992)
Cadmium	Chronic LOAEL	Spruce seedling growth	2	0.1c	0.2	Burton etal. (1984)
Chromium (hcxavalent)	Subchronic EC50	Lettuce growth	1.8	0.01	0.018	Adema and Hazen (1989)
Copper	Chronic LOAEL	Barley	10	0.1	1.0	To i von em and Hofs tra (1979)
TABLE E-5
TERRESTRIAL PLANT TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 5 of 15)
Compound	Basis for TRY				TRVC	Reference and Notes"
	Duration and Endpoiiit"	Test Organism	Concentration	Uncertainty Factor h		
Cyanide, total	-	--	--	-	--	Toxicity value not available.
Lead	Chronic LOAEL	Senna	46	0.1	4.6	Krishnayya and Bedi (1986)
Mercuric chloride	Acute NOEC	Barley	34.9	0.01"	0.349	Panda et al. (1992)
Methyl mercury	~	--	--	--	--	Toxicity value not available.
Nickel	Chronic NOAEL	Bush bean shoot growth	25	Not applicable	25	Wallace etal. (1977)
Selenium	Subchronic NOAEL	Alfalfa shoot weight	0.5	0.1	0.05	Wan etal. (1988)
Silver	Not specified	Not specified	2	0.01°	0.02	Kabata-Pendias and Pendias (1992)
Thallium	Not specified	Not specified	1	0.0 le	0.01	Kabata-Pendias and Pendias (1992)
Zinc	Chronic LOAEL	Spring barley	9	0,1	0.9	Davis, Beckett, and Wollan (1978)
TABLE E-5
TERRESTRIAL PLANT TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 6 of 15)
Notes:
a To evaluate exposure duration, the following general guidelines were used: Chronic duration represents exposures occurring about 10 or more days, including exposure during
a critical life stage, such as germination and shoot development. Subchronic duration generally lasts 2 days through several days, however a sensitive life stage is not exposed. Acute duration generally includes exposures occurring 0 to 2 days.
b Uncertainty factors are used to extrapolate a toxicity value to a chronic NOAEL TRV. See Chapter 5 (Section 5.4) of the SLERAP for a discussion on the use of uncertainty
factors.
c TRV was calculated by multiplying the toxicity value with the uncertainty factor.
<p     d The references refer to the source of the toxicity value. Complete reference citations are provided below.
*~     c Best scientific judgment was used to identify uncertainty factor. See Chapter 5 (Section 5.4.1.2) for a discussion on the use of best scientific judgement. Factors evaluated
include test duration, ecological relevance of endpoint, and experimental design.
EC50 = Effective concentration for 50 percent of the test organisms.
HWC = High molecular weight
LOAEL - Lowest Observed Adverse Effects Level
NOAEL = No Observed Adverse Effects Level
NOKC = No Observed Effects Concentration
TRV = Toxicity Reference Value
TABLE E-5
TERRESTRIAL PLANT TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 7 of 15)
REFERENCES
Efroymson, Will, Suter II, and Woolen (1997) provides a comprehensive review of ecologically-relevant terrestrial plant toxicity information. This source was reviewed to identify studies to develop TRVs for terrestrial plant. Based on the information presented, one or more references were obtained and reviewed to identify compound-specific toxicity values. For some compounds, the available information identified a single study meeting the requirements for a TRV, as discussed in Chapter 5 (Section 5.4) of the SLERAP. In most cases, each reference was obtained and reviewed to identify a single toxicity value to develop a TRV for each compound. In a few cases where a primary study could not be obtained, a toxicity value is based on a secondary source. As noted below, additional compendia were reviewed to identify toxicity studies to review. For compounds not discussed in Efroymson, Will, Suter II, and Wooten (1997), the scientific literature was searched, and relevant studies were obtained and reviewed. The references reviewed are listed below. The study selected
cp     for the TRV is highlighted in bold.
-p-
Benzo(a)pyrene
Sims R.C. and Overcasli M.R. 1983. "Fate of Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds (PNAs) in Soil-Plant Systems." Residue Reviews. Volume 88.
Benzo (kjßuoran th ene
Sims R.C. and Overcash M.R. 1983. "Fate of Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds (PNAs) in Soil-Plant Systems." Residue Reviews. Volume 88.
Arnclor 1254
Weber, J.B., and E. Mrozek, Jr. 1979. "Polychlorinated Biplienyls: Phytotoxicity, Absorption, and Translocation by Plants, and Inactivation by Activated Carbon." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Volume 23. Pages 412-417. As cited in Will and Suter II (1995b).
Weber, J. B. and E. Mrozek, Jr. 1979. "Polychlorinated Biphcnyls: Phytotoxicity, Absorption and Translocation by Plants, and Inactivation by Activated Carbon". Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Volume 23. Pages 412-17.
Nitroaromatics
McFarlane, C. M., T. Pflccger, and J. Fletcher. 1990. "Effect, Uptake and Disposition of Nitrobenzene in Several Terrestrial Plants." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Volume 9. Pages 513-520.
TABLE E-5
TERRESTRIAL PLANT TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 8 of 15)
Hexachlorocyclopenladiene
Hulzebos, E.M., D.M.M. At!etna, E.M. Dirveit-van Breeman, L, Hciizeti, W.A. van Dis, H.A. Herbold, J .A. Ilockstia, R. Baerselman, ami C.A.M. van Cestel. 1993. "Phototoxicity Studies with Latuca saliva in soil and soil nutrient solution." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Volume 12. Pages 1079-1094.
Pentachlorophenol
Nagasawa, S., and others. 1981. "Concentration of PCP Inhibiting the Development of Roots at the Early Growth Stage of Rice and the Difference of Susceptibilities in V* Varieties." Bull. Fac. Agnail. Shimane Univ. Volume 15. Pages 101-108. As cited in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1989. Pentachlorophenol Hazards to Fish,
Wildlife, and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review. April.
van Gestel, C. A. M., D. M. M. Adcma, and E, M. Dirven-van Breemen. 1996. "Phytotoxicity of Some Chloroanilines and Chlorophenols, in Relation to Bioavailability in Soil." Water, Air and Soil Pollution. Volume 88. Pages 119-132.
Heptachlor
Ahrens, J.F., and J.B. Kring. 1968. "Reduction of Residues of Heptachlor and Cltlordane in Carrots with Soil Applications of Activated Carbon." Journal of Economic Entomology. Volume 61. Pages 1540-1543.
Aluminum
Mackay, A.D., J.R. Caradus, and M.W. Pritchard. 1990. "Variation for Aluminum Tolerance in White Clover." Plant and Soil. Volume 123. Pages 101-105.
Godbold, D. L., and C. Kettncr. 1991, "Use of Root Elongation Studies to Determine Aluminum and Lead Toxicity in Picea abies Seedlings." Journal Plant Physiology. Volume 138. Pages 231-235.
Gorransson, A. and T. D. Eldhuset. 1991." Effects of Aluminum on Growth and Nutrient Uptake of Small Picea abies ami Pinus sylvestris Plants." Trees. Volume 5. Page 136-42.
Llugany, M., C. Poschenricder, and J. Barcclo. 1995. "Monitoring of Aluminum-Induced Inhibition of Root Elongation in Four Maize Cultivars Differing in Tolerance to Aluminum and Proton Toxicity." Physiologia Plantation. Volume 93. Pages 265-271
Wheeler, D. M. and J. M. Follet. 1991. "Effect of Aluminum on Onions, Asparagus and Squash." Journal Plant Nutrients. Volume 14(9). Page 897-912.
TABLE E-5
TERRESTRIAL PLANT TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 9 of J 5)
Antimony
Kabata-rendias, A., and 11. Pendias. 1992, Trace Elements in Soils and Plants. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, Florida.
Arsenic
Woolsoii, E.A., J.H. Axley, and P.C. Kearney. 1971. "Correlation Between Available Soil Arsenic, Estimated by Six Methods, and Response of Corn %ea mays L.)." Proceedings of Soil Science Society of America. Volume 35, Pages 101-105.
Deuel, L. E, and A. R. Swoboda. 1972. "Arsenic Toxicity to Cotton and Soybeans." Journal of Environmental Quality. Volume 1. Page 317-20,
Fargasova, A. 1994. "Effect of Pb, Cd, Hg, As, and Cr on Germination and Root Growth of Sinapis alba seeds." Bulletin Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Volume 52. Page 452-4S6.
Roschart, R. G., and J. Y. Lee. 1973, "The Effect of Arsenic Trioxide on the Growth of White Spruce Seedlings." Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. Volume 2. Page 439-443. Barium
Chaitdhry, P.M., A. Wallace, and R.T. Mueller. 1977. "Barium Toxicity in Plants." Communities in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. Volume 8. Pages 795-797. Beryllium
Kabata-Pcndias, A., and II. Pendias. 1992. Trace Elements in Soils and Plants. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, Florida.
Romney, E. M. and J. D. Childress. 1965. "Kffects of Beryllium in Plants and Soil." Soil Science. Volume 100(2). Pages 210-17.
Romncy, E. M„ J. D. Childress, and G. V. Alexander, 1962. "Beryllium and the Growth of Bush Beans." Science. Volume 185. Pages 786-87.
Cadmium
TABLE E-S
TERRESTRIAL PLANT TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 10 of 15)
Button, K.W., E. Morgan, and A. Roig. 1984, "The Influence of Heavy Metals Upon the Growth of Sitka-Spruce in South Wales Forests. II. Greenhouse Experiments." Plant and Soil Volume 78. Pages 271-282.
Al-Attar, A. F., M. II. Martin, and G. Nicklcss. 1988. "Uptake and Toxicity of Cadmium, Mercury and Thallium ioLolium perenne Seedlings." Chemosphere. Volume 17. Page 1219-1225.
Carlson, R. W., F. A. Bazzaz, and G. L. Rolfe, 1975. "The Effects of Heavy Metals on Plants, II. Net Photosynthesis and Transpiration of Whole Corn and Sunflower Plants Treated with Pb, Cd, Ni, and Tl." Environ. Res. Volume 10, Pages 113-120.
Fargasova, A. 1994. "Effect of Pb, Cd, Hg, As, and Cr on Germination and Root Growth of Sinapis alba Seeds." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Volume 52. Page 452-456.
Godbold, D, L,, and A. Huttermann. 1985." Effect of Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury on Root Elongation of Picea abies (Karst.) Seedlings and the Significance of These Metals to Forest Die-Back." Environmental Pollution. Volume 38, Pages 375-381.
Jalil, A., F. Selles, and J. M. Clarke. 1994. "Growth and Cadmium Accumulation in Two Durum Wheat Cultivars." Communities in Soil Science and Plant Analysis.  Volume 25 (15&16). Pages 2597-2611.
John, M. K. , C, Van Laerhovcn, and II.H. Chuali. 1972. "Factors Affecting Plant Uptake and Phytotoxicity of Cadmium Added to Soils." Environmental Science Technology. Volume 6(12). Pages 1005-1009.
Khan, D. H. and B. Frankland. 1983. "Effects of Cadmium and Lead on Radish Plants with Particular Reference to Movement of Metals Through Soil Profile and Plant." Plant Soil. Volume 70. Pages 335-345.
Knmmerova, M., and R. Brandejsova. 1994. Project TOCOEN. "The Fate of Selected Pollutants in the Environment. Part XIX, The Pliytotoxicity of Organic and Inorganic
Pollutants-Cadmium, The Effect of Cadmium on the Growth of Germinating Maize Plants." Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry. Volume 42. Pages 115-132.
Miles, L. J. and G. R. Parker. 1979. "The Effect of Soil-Added Cadmium on Several Plant Species." Journal of Environmental Quality. Volume 8(2). Pages 229-232.
Rascio, N., F. D. Vecchia, M. Ferretti, L. Merlo, and R. Ghisi. 1993. "Some Effects of Cadmium on Maize Plants." Archives of Environmental Contammination and Toxicology. Volume 25. Pages 244-249,
Reber, II. H. 1989. "Threshold Levels of Cadmium for Soil Respiration and Growth of Spring Wheat {Triticttm aestivum L), and Difficulties with Their Determination." Biology and Fertility of Soils. Volume 7. Pages 152-157.
TABLE E-5
TERRESTRIAL PLANT TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 11 of 15)
Rehab, F. I,, and A, Wallace. 1978. "Excess Trace Metal Effects an Cotton: 6. Nickel and Cadmium in Yo!o Loam Soil." Communities in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. Volume 9(8). Pages 779-784.
Rehab, F. I., and A. Wallace. 1978. "Excess Trace Metal Effects on Cotton: 5. Nickel and Cadmium in Solution Culture." Communities in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. Volume 9(8). Pages 771-778.
Strickland, R. C, W. R. Clianey, and R. J. Umorcaux. 1979. "Organic Matter Influences Phytotoxicity of Cadmium to Soybeans." Plant Soil Volume 53(3). Pages 393-402.
0 Chromium
1
°     Adema, D.M.M., and L. Henzcu. 1989, "A Comparison of Plant Tuxlclties of Some Industrial Chemicals in Soil Culture and Soilless Culture." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. Volume 18. Pages 219-229,
Fargasova, A. 1994. "Effect of Pb, Cd, I !g, As, and Cr on Germination and Root Growth of Sinapis alba Seeds." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Volume 52. Pages 452-456.
McGrath, S. P. 1982. "The Uptake and Translocation of Tri- and Ilexa-Valent Chromium and Effects on the Growth of Oat in Flowing Nutrient Solution." New Phytotogy. Volume 92. Pages 381-390.
Smith, S. P. J. Peterson, and K.. II. M. Kwan. 1989. "Chromium Accumulation, Transport and Toxicity in Plants." Toxicology and Environmental Chemistry. Volume 24. Pages 241-251.
Turner, M. A, and R. II. Rust. 1971. "Effects of Chromium on Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Soybeans." Soil Science. Soc. Am. Proc. Volume 35. Pages 755-58.
Wallace, A., G, V. Alexander, and F. M. Chaudhry. 1977 "Phytotoxicity of Cobalt, Vanadittm, Titanium, Silver, and Chromium." Communities in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. Volume 8(9). Pages 751-56.
Copper
Toivonem, P.M.A., and G. Hofstra. 1979. "The Interaction of Copper and Sulfur Dioxide in Plant Injury." Canadian Journal of Plant Sciences. Volume 59. Pages 475-479.
Gupta, D. B. and S. Mukherji. 1977. "Effects of Toxic Concentrations of Copper on Growth and Metabolism of Rice Seedlings." Z. Pflanzenphysiol. Bd. Volume 82. Pages 95-106.
TABLE E-S
TERRESTRIAL PLANT TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 12 of 15)
Healc, E .L., and D .P. Ormrod. 1982. "Effects of Nickel and Copper on Acer rubrum, Cornus stolonifera, Lonicera tatarica, and Pinns resinosa." Canadian Journal of Botany. Volume 60. Pages 2674-2681.
Mocquot, B., J. Vangronsveld, H. Clijsters, and M. Mench, 1996. "Copper Toxicity in Young Maize (Zea mays L.) Plants: Effects on Growth, Mineral and Chlorophyll Contents, and Enzyme Activities." Plant and Soil. Volume 182. Pages 287-300.
Mukherji, S,, and b. Das Gupta. 1972. "Characterization of Copper Toxicity in Lettuce Seedlings," Physiol. Plant. Volume 27. Pages 126-129.
Wallace, A., G. V. Alexander, and F, M. Chaudhry, 1977. "Phytotoxicity and Some Interactions of the Essential Trace Metals Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Zinc, Copper, and Boron." Communities in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. Voilume 8(9). Pages 741-50.
Lead
Krishnayya, N.S.R., and S.J. Bcdi. 1986. "Effect of Automobile Lead Polln linn in Cassis tora L. and Cassia occidentals L." Environmental Pollution. Volume 40A. Pages 221-226. As cited in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1988. Lead Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates; A Synoptic Review. April. Page 56.
Carlson, R. W., F. A. Bazzaz, and G. L. Rolfe. 1975. "The Effects of Heavy Metals on Plants. II. Net Photosynthesis and Transpiration of Whole Corn and Sunflower Plants Treated With Pb, Cd,Ni, and Tl." Environ. Res. Volume 10. Pages 113-120.
Fargasova, A. 1994. "Effect of Pb, Cd, Hg, As, and Cr on Germination and Root Growth of Sinapis alba Seeds." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Volume 52. Pages 452-456.
Godbold, D. L., and C. Kettner. 1991. "Use of Root Elongation Studies to Determine Aluminum and Lead Toxicity in Picea abies Seedlings." Journal of Plant Physiology. Volume 138. Pages 231-235.
Hooper, M. C. 1937. "An Investigation of the Effect of Lead on Plants." Annals of Applications of Biology. Volume 24. Pages 690-695.
Khan, D. H. and b. Frankland. 1983, "Effects of Cadmium and Lead on Radish Plants with Particular Reference to Movement of Metals Through Soil Profile and Plant." Plant Soil. Volume 70. Pages 335-345.
Liu, D., W. Jiang, W, Wang, F. Zhao, and C. Lu, 1994. "Effects of Lead on Root Growth, Cell Division, and Nucleolus of Allium cepa." Environmental Pollution. Volume 86, Pages 14.
Rolfe, G. L, and F. A. Bazzaz. 1975." Effect of Lead Contamination on Transpiration and Photosynthesis of Loblolly Pine and Autumn Olive." Forest Science. Volume 21(1). Pages 33-35.
TABLE E-5
TERRESTRIAL PLANT TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 13 of 15)
Mercuric chloride
Panda, K.K., M. Lenka, and B.B. Panda. 1992. "Monitoring and Assessment nf Mercury Pollution in the Vicinity of a Clileralkali Plant. Ill Plant Bioavailability.
Tissue-Concentration and Genotoxicity of Mercury from Agricultural Soil Contaminated with Solid Waste Assessed in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)." Environmental Pollution. Volume 76. Pages 33-42.
Al-Attar, A. F., M. H. Martin, and G. Nickless. 1988. "Uptake and Toxicity of Cadmium, Mercury and Thallium XaLolium perenne Seedlings," Chemosphere. Volume 17. Pages 1219-1225.
Fargasova, A. 1994. "Effect of Pb, Cd, lig, As, and Cr on Germination and Root Growth of Sinapis alba Seeds." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Volume
0 52. Pages 452-456.
1
ro   Godbold, D. L., and A. Huttermann. 1985. "Effect of Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury on Root Elongation oiPicea abies (Katst.) Seedlings and the Significance of These Metals to Forest Die-Back." Environmental Pollution. Volume 38. Pages 375 381.
Mukhiya, Y. K., K. C. Gupta, N. Shrotriya, J. K. Joshi, and V. P. Singh. 1983. "Comparative Responses of the Action of Different Mercury Compounds on Barley." international Journal of Environmental Studies Volume 20. Pages 323-327.
Suszcynsky, E. M., and J. R. Sliann. 1995. "Phylotoxicity and Accumulation of Mercury in Tobacco Subjected to Different Exposure Routes." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Volume 14(1). Pages 61-67.
Nickel
Wallace, A., R.M. Romney, J.W. Cha, S.lvl. Soufi, and K.M. Cltaudry. J977. "Nickel Phototoxicity in Relationship to Soil pH Manipulation and Chelating Agents." Comimm. Soil Sei. Plant Anal. Volumes. Pages 757-764.
Carlson, R. W., F. A. Bazzaz, and G. L. Rolfe. 1975. "The Effects of Heavy Metals on Plants. 11. Net Photosynthesis and Transpiration of Whole Corn and Sunflower Plants Treated with Pb, Cd, Ni, and Tl." Environ. Res. Volume 10. Pages 113-120.
Heale, E .L., and D ,P. Ormrod. 1982. "liffccts of Nickel and Copper on Acer rubrum, Cornus stolonifera, Lonicera tatarica, and Pinus resinosa." Canadian Journal of Botany. Volume 60. Pages 2674-2681.
Khalid, B, Y. and J. Tinsley. 1980. "Some Effects of Nickel Toxicity on Rye Grass." Plant Soil. Volume 55. Pages 139-44.
TABLE E-5
TERRESTRIAL PLANT TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 14 of 15)
Rehab, F. L, and A, Wallace. 1978. "Excess Trace Metal Effects on Cotton: 6. Nickel and Cadmium in Yolo Loam Soil." Communities in Soil Science and Plan! Analysis. Volume 9(8). Pages 779-784.
Rehab, F, I., and A. Wallace. 1978. "Excess Trace Metal Effects on Cotton: 5. Nickel and Cadmium in Solution Culture." Communities in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. Volume 9(8). Pages 771-778.
Wallace, A., R. M. Romney, J. W. Cha, S. M. Soufi, and F. M. Chaudhry. 1977. "Nickel Phytotoxieity in Relationship to Soil pH Manipulation and Chelating Agents," Communities in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. Volume 8(9). Pages 757-64.
•j1 Selenium
Wan, H.F., R.L. Mikkelsen, and A.L. Page. J988. "Selenium Uptake by Some Agricultural Crops from Central California Soils." Journal of Environmental Quality. Volume 17. Pages 269-272,
Banuelos, G. S., II. A. Ajwa, L. Wn, X. Guo, S. Akohoue, and S. Zambrzuski. 1997. "Selenium-Induced Growth Reduction inBrassica Land Races Considered for Phytoremediation." Ecotoxicotogy and Environmental Safety Volume 36. Pages 282-287
Broyer, T. C, C. M Johnson, and R. P. Huston. 1972." Selenium and Nutrition of Astragalus. I. Effects of Selenite or Selenate Supply on Growth and Selenium Content". Plant Soil. Volume 36. Page 635-649.
Singh, M., and N. Singh. 1978. "Selenium Toxicity in Plants and its Detoxication by Phosphorus." Soil Science. Volume 126. Pages 255-262,
Silver
Kabata-PcnrJias, A., and H. Pendias. 1992. Trace Elements in Soils and Plants. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, Florida.
Cooper. C. F,, and W. C. Jolly. 1970, "Ecological Effects of Silver Iodide and Other Weather Modification Agents; A Review." Water Resour. Res. Volume 6. Pages 88-98.
Wallace, A., G. V. Alexander, and F. M. Chaudhry. 1977. "Phytotoxicily of Cobalt, Vanadium, Titanium, Silver, and Chromium." Communities in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. Volume 8(9). Pages 751 -56.
Thallium
TABLE E-5
TERRESTRIAL PLANT TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page IS of 15)
Kabata-Pendias, A., and 1L FenrJias. 1992. Trace Elements in Soils and Plants. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, Florida.
Al-Attar, A. F., M. II. Martin, and G. Nicklcss. 1988. "Uptake and Toxicity of Cadmium, Mercury and Thallium toLotium pereime Seedlings." Chemosphere. Volume 17. Pages 1219-1225.
Carlson, R. W., F. A. Bazzaz, andG. L. Rolfe. 1975. "The Effects of Heavy Metals on Plants, n, Net Photosynthesis and Transpiration of Whole Corn and Sunflower Plants Treated with Pb, Cd, Ni, and Ti." Environ. Res. Volume 10. Pages 113-120.
0 Zf/te
1
Davis, R.D., P.H.T. Beckett, and E. VVolhin. 1978. "Critical Levels of Twenty Potentially Toxic Elemenets in Voutig Spring Barley." Plant and Soil. Volume 49. Pages 395-408.
Godbold, D. L., and A. Huttermann. 1985. "Effect of Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury on Root Elongation of Picea abies (Karst.) Seedlings and the Significance of These Metals to Forest Die-Back." Environmental Pollution. Volume 38. Pages 375-381.
Lata, K. and B. Veer, 1990. "Phytotoxicity of Zn Amended Soil to Spinacia and Coriandrum." Acta But. Indica. Volume 18. Pages 194-198.
Wallace, A., G. V, Alexander, and F. M. Chaudhry. 1977. "Phytotoxicity and Some Interactions of the Essential Trace Metals ton, Manganese, Molybdenum, Zinc, Copper, and Boron." Communities in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. Volume 8(9). Pages 741-50.
TABLE E-6
SOIL INVERTEBRATE TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page 1 of 12)
Compound	TRV				TRV	Reference and Notes d
	Duration and Kndpnlnt"	Test Species	Concentration	Uncertalnt y Factor b		
Polychlorlnateddlbenzo-p-dioxlns (/ig/kg)						
2,3,7,8-TCDD	Chronic (85-day); no mortality reported at 5,000 jug/kg	Earthworm (AHoiobophoia caljginosa)	5,000	0.1'	500	Toxicity value for 2,3,7,8-TCDD (Reinecke and Nash 1984). U F applied to con centra ti on be cause m orta 1 ity only endpoint available and data not subjected to statistical analysis,
I'olynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) (Kg/kg)						
Total HMW PAH	Not available	-	~	~	25,000	Ben;!o(a) pyrene used as surrogate for HMW PAH compounds.
Benzo(a)pyrenc	Chronic (28-day) NOAEL for growth	Wood louse (Porcellio scabet)	25,000	Not applicable	25,000	van Straalen and Verweij (1991)
B enzo(a)anthi acetie	Not available	-	-	-	25,000	Toxicity value not available. TRV for bciizo(a)pyrene used as surrogate,
B enzo(b) 11 uo tanthen e	Not available	-	-	~	25,000	Toxicity value not available. TRV for bcn/.o(a)pyrene used as surrogate.
Ben zo(k) fluoran then e	Not available	~	-	-	25,000	Toxicity value not available. TRV for benzo(a)pyrene used as surrogate.
Chrysene	Not available	~	-	-	25,000	Toxicity value not available. TRV for benzo(a)pyrene used as surrogate.
Di ben z(a ,h )a ntli racene	Not available	-	-	-	25,000	Toxicity value not available. TRV for benzo(a)pyrene used as surrogate.
Indeno{ 1,2,3 -cd)pyrene	Not available	-	-	~	25,000	Toxicity value not available. TRV for benzo(a)pyrene used as surrogate.
TABLE E-6
SOIL INVERTEBRATE TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 2 of 12)
	TRV					
Compound	Duration and Endpolnt *	Test Species	Concentration	Uncertalnt y Factor''	TRVC	Reference and Notes A
Polychlorinated blphenyls (PCB) f>g/kg)						
Aroclor 1016	Acute median LC50	Harth worm (Eisenia foetida)	251,000	0.01	2,510	Rhett et al, (1989).
Aroclor 1254	Acute median LC50	Earthworm (Eisenia foetidä)	251,000	0.01	2,510	Rliett et al. (1989).
Nitroaromatics inn/kg)						
1,3 -Dinitrobenzene	--	-	-	-	2,260	Toxicity value not available. Nitrobenzene used as surrogate.
2,4-Dinitrotoluene	--	-		-	~	Toxicity value not available.
2,6-Dinitrotoluene	--		-	-	-	Toxicity value not available.
Nitrobenzene	Subchronic (14-day) LC50	Earthworm (species uncertain)	226,000	o.or	2,260	Ncuhauser etal. (1986).
Pcntach 1 oron it robcnzene	-	-	-	-		Toxicity value not available.
Phthalate esters (/ig/kg)						
Bis(2-ethylhcxyl)phthalate	-	-	-	-	-	Toxicity value not available.
Di(n)octyl phthalate	-	-	-	-	-	Toxicity value not available.
Volatile organic compounds (jig/kg)						
Acetone	~	-	-	~	-	Toxicity value not available.
Acrylonitrile	~	-	-	-	-	Toxicity value not available.
TABLE E-6
SOIL INVERTEBRATE TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 3 of 12)
Cum {toil utt	TRV				TRV	Reference and Notes d
	Duration and Kndpolnt"	Test Species	Concentration	Uncertain! y Factor b		
Chloroform	-	-		-	-	Toxicity value not available.
Croton aldehyde	-	-	-	-	-	Toxicity value not available.
1,4-Dioxane	-	-	-	-	-	Toxicity value not available.
Formaldehyde	--	-	~	-	-	Toxicity value not available.
Vinyl chloride	-	-	~	~	~	Toxicity value not available.
Other chlorinated organic* (wg/kR)						
Hexacliioi obcnzenc	-■	-	-	-	-	Toxicity value not available.
H c x achlorobutad tene	--	~	-	~	-	Toxicity value not available.
Hex achlorocyclopen 1 ad ic ne	--	~	-	~	-	Toxicity value not available.
Pctttachlorobcnzene	LCSO of unspecified duration	Earthworm (species uncertain)	115,000	0.0 le	1,150	van Gestel ct a!. (1991)
Pentaclilorophenol	Chronic (21-day) NOAEL for hatching success	Earthworm (Efsenla andret)	10,000	Not applicable	10,000	van Gestel et al. (1988)
Pesticides Oj ft/kg)						
4,4'-DDE	-	-	--	-	-	Toxicity value not available.
Ileptachlor	~	-	-	-	-	Toxicity value not available.
Hexacblorophene	-	~	~	~	~	Toxicity value nol available.
Inorganics (mg/kg)						
TABLE E-6
SOIL INVERTEBRATE TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page 4 of 12)
Compound	TRV				TRVC	Reference and Notes d
	Duration and Endpofnt"	Test Species	Concentration	[Jneertaint y Factor b		
Aluminum	--	-	-	~	~	Toxicity value not available,
Antimony	--		-	-	-	Toxicity value not available.
Arsenic	Chronic (56-day); reduced cocoon production reported at single concentration tested	Earthworm (Eisenia fetida)	25	0.0 lc	0.25	Fischer and Koszorus (1992)
liar mm	-	-	~	~	--	Toxicity value not available,
Beryllium	-	-	~	-		Toxicity value not available.
Cadmium	Chronic (4-mouth) NOAEL for cocoon production	Earthworm (Dendrobaena rubidd)	10	Not applicable	10	Ucngtsson and et al. (1986)
Chromium (hexavalent)	Chronic (60-day); survival reduced 25 percent at lowest tested concentration	Earthworm (Oclochaetus paitoni)	2	0.1°	0.2	Abbasi and Som (1983)
Copper	Chronic (56-day) NOAEL for cocoon production	Earthworm (Eisenia fetida)	32.0	Not applicable	32.0	Spurgeon et al. (1994)
Cyanide, total	~	-	-	-	-	Toxicity value not available.
Lead	Chronic (4-month) NOAEL for cocoon production	Earthworm {Dendrobaena rubida)	!00	Not applicable	100	Bengtsson et al. 1986
TABLE E-6
SOIL INVERTEBRATE TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page 5 of 12)
Compound	TRY				TI1VC	Reference and Notes d
	Duration and Endpoint*	Test Species	Concentration	Uncertain! y Factor k		
Mercuric chloride	Not available	-	-	~	2.5	Toxicity value not available. TRV for methyl mercury used as a surrogate.
Methyl mercury	Chronic (12-week) NOAEL for segment regeneration and survival	Earthworm (Eisenia foetida)	2.5	Not applicable	2.5	Beyer ct al. (1985). Wet weight NOAEL of 1 mg/kg converted to corresponding dry weight NOAEL based on 60 percent moisture content. Uncertainty factor of 0.1 used because segment regeneration may not be a sensitive endpoint.
Nickel	Chronic (20-week) NOAEL for cocoon production	Earthworm {Eisen ia foetida)	100	Not applicable	100	Maleckiet a). (1982)
Selenium	Chronic; reduced cocoon production at single tested concentration	Earthworm {Eisenia foetida)	77	0.1°	7.7	Fischer and Koszoms (1992)
Silver	--	-	-	-	-	Toxicity value not available.
Thallium	--	-	-	-	-	Toxicity value not available.
Zinc	Chronic (S6-day) NOW for cocoon production	Earthworm (Eisenia fetida)	199	Not applicable	199	Spurgeon et ai. (1994)
TABLE E-6
SOIL INVERTEBRATE TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page6ofl2)
n i
O
Notes:
a - duration, the following general guidelines were used: Chronic duration represents exposures occurring about 10 or more days, including exposure during a critical life stage
encompassing a sensitive endpoint. Subclironic duration generally lasts 2 days through several days, however a sensitive life stage is not exposed. Acute duration generally includes exposures from 0 to 2 days.
b Uncertainty factors are used to extrapolate a toxicity value to a chronic NOAELTRV. See Chapter 5 (Section 5.4) of the SLERAP for a discussion on the use of uncertainty factors,
c TRV was calculated by multiplying the toxicity value with the uncertainty factor.
d The references refer to the source of the toxicity value. Complete reference citations arc provided below.
e Best scientific judgment used to identify uncertainty factor. See Chapter 5 (Section 5.4.1.2) for a discussion on the use of best scientific judgement. Factors evaluated include test
duration, ecological relevance of measured effect, experimental design, and availability of toxicity data.
BMW « High molecular weight
LC50 = Concentration lethal to 50 percent of the test organisms.
NOAEL = No Observed Adverse Effects Level
NOEC - No Observed Effects Level
UF = Uncertainty Factor
TRV ■ Toxicity Reference Value
TABLE E-6
SOIL INVERTEBRATE TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page 7 of 12)
REFERENCES
Efroymson, Will, and Suter II (1997) provides a comprehensive review of ecologically-relevant soil invertebrate toxicity information, This source was reviewed to identify studies to develop TRVs for invertebrates. Effects of compounds on microbial communities were not considered. Based on the information presented, one or more references were obtained and reviewed to identify compound-specific toxicity values. For some compounds, the available information identified a single study meeting the requirements for a TRV, as discussed in Section 5.4. In most cases, each reference was obtained and reviewed to identify a single toxicity value to develop a TRV for each compound. In a few cases where a primary study could not be obtained, a toxicity value is based on a secondary source. As noted below, additional compendia were reviewed to identify toxicity studies to review. For compounds not discussed in Efroymson, Will, and Suter II (1997), the scientific literature was searched, and relevant studies were obtained and reviewed. The references reviewed are lisled below. The study selected for the TRV is highlighted in bold.
q Poly chlorinated dibenzo(p)dioxins I
OS
i—      Rcinecke, A.J., and R.G. Nash. 1984. "Toxicity of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and Short-Term Bioaccumulation by Earthworms (Oligochaeta)." Soil Biology Biochenmuy. Volume 16. Pages 45-49. As cited in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1986. Dioxin Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review. Biological Report 85 (1.8). May.
Benzo(a)pyrene
van Straallen, N.M., and R.A. Verwcij. 1991. "Effects of Benzo(a)pyrene on Food Assimilation and Growth Efficiency in Porcellio scaher (Isopoda)." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Volume 46. Pages 134-140.
van Brummelen, T.C., and S.C. Stuijfzand. 1993. "Effects of benzo(a)pyrene on survival, growth and energy reserves in terrestrial isopods Oniscus asellus and Porcellio scaher."Science of the Total Environment. Supplement. Pages 921-930.
van Straalen, N.M., and R.A. Verweij. 1991. "Effects of benzo(a)pyrene on food assimilation and growth efficiency in Porcellio scaher (Isopoda)." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Volume 46. Pages 134-140.
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Rhett, G., and others. 1989. "Rate and Effects of PCB Accumulation on Eisenia foetida." U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Waterways Experiment Station. Vicksburg, Mississippi. September 21.
Nitrobenzene
TABLE E-6
SOIL INVERTEBRATE TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 8 of 12)
Neuhniiscr, E.F., P.R. Durkin, M.R. Malecki, and M. Anatra. 1986. "Comparative Toxicity of Ten Organic Chemicals to Pour Earthworm Species." Comparitive Biochemistry and Physiology. Volume 83C. Pages 197-200.
Pen tach lorobenzene
van Gestel, C.A.M., W.-C. Ma, and C.E. Smit. 1991. "Development of QSARs in Terrestrial Ecotnxicnlogy: Earthworm Toxicity and Sol! Sorption of Chlorophenols, Chlorobenzenes, and Dichloroaniline," The Science of the Total Environment. Volume 109/110. Pages 589-604.
PentacMorophenol
van Gestel, C.A.M. and W.-C. Ma. 1988. "Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Chlorophenols in Earthworms, in Relation to Bioavailability in Soil." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. Volume 15. Pages 289-297.
Fitzgerald, D. G., K. A. Warner, R. P. Lanno, and D. G. Dixon. 1996. "Assessing the Effects of Modifying Factors on Pentachlorophenol Toxicity to Earthworms: Applications of Body Residues." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Volume 15. Pages 2299-2304.
Hcimbach, F. 1992. "Effects of Pesticides on Earthworm Populations: Comparison of Results from Laboratory and Field Tests." In Ecotoxicology of Earthworms. P.W. Greig-Smith et al. (eds). Intercept Ltd., U.K. Pages 100-106.
Kammenga, J.E., C.A.M. van Gestel, and J. Bakker. 1994. "Patterns of Sensitivity to Cadmium and Pentachlorophenol (among nematode species from different taxonomic and ecological groups)." Archives of Environmental Contamination Toxicology. Volume 27. Pages 88-94.
van Gestel, C.A.M., W.A. van Dis, E.M. Dirvcn-van Brccmcn, P.M. Sparenburg, and R. Baerselman. 1991. "Influence of Cadmium, Copper, and Pentachlorophenol on Growth and Sexual Development of Eisenia andrei (Oligochaeta; Annelida)," Biology and Fertilityof Soils. Volume 12. Pages 117-121.
Arsenic
Fischer, E., and L. Koszorus. 1992. "Sublethal Effects, Accumulation Capacities, and Elimination Rates of As, Hg, and Se in the Manure Worm Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae)." Pedobiologia. Volume 36. Pages 172-178.
Fischer, F„, and L. Koszorus. 1992. "Sublethal Effects, Accumulation Capacities and Elimination Rates of As, llg and Se in the Manure Worm, Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae)." Pedobiologia. Volume 36. Pages 172-178.
Cadmium
TABLE E-6
SOIL INVERTEBRATE TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 9 of 12)
Bengtsson, G., T. Gunnarsson, and S. Rundgren. 1986. "Effects of Metal Pollution on the Earthworm Dendrobaena rttbida (Sav.) in Acidified Soils." Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. Volume 28. Pages 361-383.
Crommcntuijr, T., J. Brils, and N.M. van Strauler. 1993. "Influence of Cadmium on Life-History Characteristics otFolsomia Candida (Willem) in an Artificial Soil Substrate." Kcotoxicalogy Environmental Safely. Volume 26. Pages 216-227.
Russell, L.K., J.I. De Haven, and R.P. Botts. 1981. "Toxic effects of Cadmium on the Garden Snail (Helix aspersa)." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Volume 26, Pages 634-640.
Spurgcon, D.J., S.P. Hopkin, and D.T. Jones. 1994. "Effects of Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc on Growth, Reproduction, and Survival of the Earthworm Eisenia fetida (Savigny): Assessing the Environmental Impact of Point-source Metal Contamination in Terrestrial Ecosystems." Environmental Pollution. Volume 84. Pages 123-130.
van (iestel, C.A.M., W.A. van Dis, E.M. Dirven-van Breemen, P.M. Sparcnburg, and R. Baersclman. 1991. "Influence of Cadmium, Copper, and Pentachlorophenol on Growth and Sexual development of Eisenia andrei (Oligochaeta; Annelida)." Biology and Fertility of Soils. Volume 12. Pages 117-121.
van Gestel, C.A.M., E.M. Dirven-van Breemen, and R. Baerselman. 1993. "Accumulation and Elimination of Cadmium, Chromium and Zinc and Effects on Growth and Reproduction in Eisenia andrei (Oligochaeta; Annelida)." Science of the Total Environment. Supplement.   Pages 585-597.
Chromium (Hexavalent)
Abbasi, S.A. and R, Soni, 1983. "Stress-Induced Enhancement of Reproduction in Earthworm, Octochaetus pattoni, Exposed to Chromium (VI) and Mercury (II)—Implications in Environmental Management." International Journal of Environmental Studies. Volume 22. Pages 43-47.
Molnar, L,, E. Fischer, and M. Kallay. 1989, "laboratory Studies on the Effect, Uptake and Distribution of Chromium in Eisenia foetida (Annelida, Oligochaeta)." Zool. Am. Volume 223(1/2). Pages 57-66.
Soni, R., and S.A. Abbasi. 1981. "Mortality and Reproduction inEcarthworms Pheretima posthuma Exposed to Chromium (VI)." International Journal of Environmental Studies. Volume 17. Pages 147-149.
Copper
Spurgeon, D.J., S.P. Hopkin, and D.T. Jones. 1994. "Effects of Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc on Growth, Reproduction, and Survival of the Earthworm Eisenia fetida (Savigny): Assessing the Environmental Impact of Point Source Metal Contamination in Terrestrial Ecosystems." Environmenal Pollution. Volume 84. Pages 123-130.
TABLE E-6
SOIL INVERTEBRATE TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 10 of 12)
Korthals, G. W., A. D. Alexiev, T. M. Lexmond, J. E. Kammenga, and T. Bongers. 1996. "Long-term Effects of Copper and pll on the Nematode Community in an Agroecosystein." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Volume 15. Pages 979-985
Ma, W.-C. 1984. "Sublethal Toxic Effects of Copper on Growth, Reproduction and Litter Breakdown Activity in the Earthworm Lumbricus tubellus, with Observations on the Influence of Temperature and Soil pH." Environmental Pollution, Series A. Volume 33. Pages 207-219.
Ma, W.-C. 1988. "Toxicity of Copper to I.iunbi icid Earthworms in Sandy Agricultural Soils Amended with Cu-enriched Organic Waste Materials." Ecology Bulletin. Volume 39, Pages 53-56.
Marigomez, J.A., E. Angulo, and V. Saez, 1986. "Feeding and Growth Responses to Copper, Zinc, Mercury, and Lead in the Terrestrial Gastropod Arioit (iter (Linne)." Journal of Molluscan Studies. Volume 52. Pages 68-78.
Streit, B. 1984. "Effects of High Copper Concentrations on Soil Invertebrates (Earthworms and Orihatid Mites): Experimental Results and a Model." Oecologia. Volume 64. Pages 381-388.
Streit, B, and A. Jaggy. 1983. "Effect of Soil Type on Copper Toxicity and Copper Uptake in Octoiaaium cyaneum (Lumbricidae)." In: New Trends in Soil Biology, Ph. Lebrun et al. (eds). Pages 569-575. Ottignies-Louvain-Ia-Neuve,
van Gestel, C.A.M., W.A. van Dis, E.M. Dirven-van Breemen, P.M. Sparcnhurg, and R. Bacrselman. 1991. "Influence of Cadmium, Copper, and Pentachlorophenol on Growth and Sexual Development of Eisenia andrei (Oligochaeta; Annelida)." Biology and Fertility of Soils. Volume 12. Pages 117-121.
van Rltee, J, A. 1975. "Copper Contamination Effects on Earthworms by Disposal of Pig Waste in Pastures." Progress in Soil Zoology. Volume 1975. Pages 451-457. Lead
Bengtsson, C, 1. Gunnarsson, and S. Rundgren. 1986. "Effects of Metal Pollution on the Earthworm Dendrobaena rubida (Sav.) In Acidified Soils." Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. Volume 28. Pages 361-383.
Beyer, W.N., and A. Anderson. 1985. "Toxicity to Woodlice of Zinc and Lead Oxides Added to Soil Litter." Ambio. Volume 14(3). Pages 173-174.
Marigomez, J. A., E. Angulo, and V. Saez. 1986. "Feeding and Growth Responses to Copper, Zinc, Mercury, and Lead in the Terrestrial Gastropod At ion ater (Linne)." Journal of Molluscan Studies. Volume 52. Pages 68-78.
Spurgeon, D.J., S.P. Hopkin, and D.T. Jones. 1994. "Effects of Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc on Growth, Reproduction, and Survival of the Earthworm Eisenia fetida (Savigny): Assessing the Environmental Impact of Point-source Metal Contamination in Terrestrial Ecosystems." Environmental Pollution. Volume 84, Pages 123-130.
Mercuric chloride
TABLE E-6
SOIL INVERTEBRATE TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 11 of 12)
Abbasi, S.A., and R. Soni. 1983. "Stress-induced Enhancement of Reproduction in Earthworm Octochaetus pattern! Exposed to Chromium (VI) and Mercury (II) - Implications in Environmental Management." International Journal of Environmental Studies. Volume 22. Pages 43-47.
Fischer, E., and L. Koszorus. 1992. "Sublethal Effects, Accumulation Capacities and Elimination Rates of As, Hg and Se in the Manure Worm, Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta, Lumbriddae)." Pedoblologia. Volume 36. Pages 172-178,
Marigomez, J.A., E. Angulo, and V. Saez. 1986. "Feeding and Growth Responses to Copper, Zinc, Mercury, and Lead in the Terrestrial Gastropod Arion ater (Linne)." Journal of Molluscan Studies. Volume 52. Pages 68-78.
Methyl mercury
Beyer, W.N., E. Cromartle, and G.B. Moment. 198S. "Accumulation of Methyl Mercury In the Earthworm, Eisenia foetida, and Its Effects on Regeneration." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Volume 35. Pages 157-162.
Beyer, W.N., E. Cromartie, and G.B. Moment. 1985. "Accumulation of Methylmercury in the Earthworm Eisenia foetida, and its Effect on Regeneration." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination Toxicology. Volume 35. Pages 157-162.
Nickel
Malccld, M.K., E.F. Neu ha us er, and R.C. Loehr. 1982. "The Effect of Metals on the Growth and Reproduction of Eisenia foetida (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae)." Pedoblologia. Volume 24. Pages 129-137.
Selenium
Malccld, M.R., E.F. Neuhauser, and R.C. Loehr. 1982. "The Effect of Metals on the Growth and Reproduction of Eisenia foetida (Oligochaeta, Lumbriddae)." Pedoblologia. Volume 24. Pages 129-137.
Fischer, E., and L. Koszorus. 1992, "Sublethal Effects, Accumulation Capacities and Elimination Rates of As, Ilg and Se in the Manure Worm, Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae)." Pedoblologia. Volume 36, Pages 172-178.
Zinc
Beyer, W.N., and A. Anderson. 1985. "Toxicity to Woodlice of Zinc and Lead Oxides Added to Soil hitter" Ambio. Volume 14. Pages 173-174.
TABLE E-6
SOIL INVERTEBRATE TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page 12 of 12)
Beyer, W.N., G. W. Miller, and E.J. Cromartte. 1984. "Contamination of the O, Soil Horizon by Zinc Smelting and its Effect on Woodlouse Survival," Journal of Environmental Quality. Volume 13. Pages 247-251,
Marigomez, J.A., E. Angulo, and V. Saez. 1986. "Feeding and Growth Responses to Copper, Zinc, Mercury, and Lead in the Terrestrial Gastropod Arion ater (Linnc)." Journal of Molluscan Studies. Volume 52. Pages 68-78.
Spurgeon, D.J., S,P. Hopkin, and D.T. Jones. 1994. "Effects of Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc on Growth, Reproduction, and Survival of the Earthworm Eiseni a fetida (Savigny); Assessing the Environmental Impact of Point Source Metal Contamination in Terrestrial Ecosystems." Environmental Pollution. Volume 84. Pages 123-t 30.
van Gestel, C.A.M., E.M. Dirven-van Breemen, and R. Baerselman. 1993. "Accumulation and Elimination of Cadmium, Chromium and Zinc and Effects on Growth and Reproduction in Eisenia q andrei (Oligochacta; Annelida)." Science of the Total Environment (Supplement./ Pages 585-597.
I
TABLE E-7
MAMMAL TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page 1 of 15)
	Basis for Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)				TRV	Reference and Notes1
Com pound	Duration and Endpoint *	Test Organism	Dose*	Uncertainty Factor*		
Polychlorinateddlbenzo-p-dloxins f>g/k£ BW-day)						
2,3,7,8-TCDD	Chronic (multi generational) NO A EL for reproduction	Rat	0.001	Not applicable	0.001	Murray et al. (1979). TRV based on toxicity of 2,3,7,8-TCDD.
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) t>g/hg BW-day)						
Total high molecular weight (HMW) PAH		--		--	10O	TRV based on benzn(a)pyrenc toxicity. This TRV should be assessing the risk of Total HM W PAH.
Benzo(a)pyrcnc	Acute (10 days) LOAEL (reproductive effects)	Mouse	10,000	0.01	100	Mackenzie and Angcvine (1981)
B en zo(a) anthracene	Single dose LOAEL (gastrointestinal effects)	Mouse	16,666	0.01	167	Bock and King (1959)
B en ko (b )fl uoranthe ne	-	--	--	-	-	Toxicity value not available.
Benzo( k) fluoranthen e	-	--	-	--	-	Toxicity value not available.
Chrysene	-	-	-	-	-	Toxicity value not available.
D i bcnz(a, h )a n t ti racene	Subchronic (15 days) LOAEL (reduced growth rate)	Rat	200	o.or	2	Haddowet al. (1937)
Indeno( 1,2,3-cd)pyrene	-	-	-	-	--	Toxicity value not available.
TABLE E-7
MAMMAL TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 2 of 15)
Compound	Basis for Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)				TRV	Reference and Notes 6
	Duration and Endpoint'	Test Organism	Dose*	Uncertainty Factor1		
Polychlor Inated Biphenyls (PCB) Og/kg BW-day)						
Aroclor 1016	Subchronic (14.5 weeks) LOAEL (mortality)	Mink	20.6	0.01	0.206	Aulerich et al. (1985). TRV based on toxicity of 3,4,5-hcxachlorobiphenyl.
Aroclor 1254	Subchronic (14.5 weeks) LOAEL (mortality)	Mink	20.6	0.01	0.206	Aulerich et al. (1985). TRV based on toxicity of 3,4,5-hexachlorobiphenyl.
Nttrr, a remarks (Mg/kg BW-day)						
1,3-Dinitrobenzene	Chronic (16 weeks) NO A EL	Rat	1,05 1	1.0	1,051	Cody et al, (1981)
2,4-Dimtrotoluene	Chronic (24 months) NOAEL	Dog	700	1.0	700	Ellis etal. (1979)
2,6-Dinitrotolucne	Single dose LOAEL (mortality)	Dog	4,000	0.01	400	Lee etal. (1976)
Nitrobenzene	-	-	•-	..	--	Toxicity value not available.
Pe ntach 1 oron itrobc n zene	Chronic (2 years) NOAEL	Mouse	458.333	1.0	458,333	National Toxicology Program (1987)
Ph Hi Hlaď esters (fig/kg BW-day)						
B is(2-ethylh cxyl) phth at ate	Chronic (2 years) NOAEL	Rat	60,000	1.1)	60,000	Carpenter ct al. (1953)
Di(n)ncryl phthalate	Chronic (105 days) NOAEL	Mouse	7,500,000	1.0	7,500,000	Heindel etal. (1989)
Volatile organic compounds t^g/kg BW-day)						
Acetone	Subchronic (90 days) NOAEL	Albino Rat, male	100,000	0,1	10,000	U.S. EPA (1986)
Acrylonitrile	Chronic (2 years) LOAEL (lesions and other organ effects)	Rat	4,600	0.1	460	Quast etal. (1980)
Chloroform	Chronic (80 weeks) NOAEL	Mouse	60,000	1.0	60,000	Roe et al.(l979)
TABLE E-7
MAMMAL TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 3 of 15)
Compound	Basis for Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)				TRV	Reference and Notes *
	Duration and Endpoint *	Test Organism	Dose*	Uncertainty Factor1		
Crotonaldehyde	Acute (4-hour) LD50	Rat	8,000	0.01	80	Rinehart (1967)
1,4-Dioxane	Chronic (23 months) LOAEL (lung tumors)	Guinea Pig	1,069,767	0.1	106,777	Hoch-Ligeti and Argus (1970)
Formaldehyde	Acute (single dose ) LOAEL (mortality)	Rat	230,000	0.01	2,300	Tsuchiyaet al. (1975)
Vinyl chloride	Chronic (2 years) NOAEL	Rat	1,700	0.1	170	Feron et al. (1981)
Other chlorinated organlcs (riß/hg BW-day)						
He xa chl oroben zene	Chronic (>247 days) NOAEL	Rat	1,600	1.0	1,600	Grant et al. (1977)
Hexachlorobutadiene	Chronic (2 years) NOAEL	Rat	200	1.0	200	Kociba et al. (1977)
Hexachlorocyclopcntadiene	Subchronic (13 weeks) NOAEL	Rat	38,000	0.1	3,800	Abdo etal. (1984)
Pentachlorobenzene	Chronic (180 days) NOAEL	Rat	7,250	1.0	7,250	Linder et al. (1980)
Pcntachlorophenol	Subchronic (62 days) NOAEL	Rat	3,000	0.1	300	Schwetzet al. (1978)
Pesticides (/ig/kg BW-day)						
4,4'-DDE	Subchronic (5 weeks) NOAEL	Rat	10,000	0.1	1,000	Kornburstet al. (1986)
Heptachlor	Subchronic (60 days) LOAEL (mortality)	Rat	250	0.01	2.5	Green (1970)
Hexachlorophene	Acute LD50	Rat	560,000	0.01	5Ď00	Meister (1994)
Inorganics (mg/kg BW-day)						
Aluminum	Chronic (>1 year) LOAEL (growth)	Rat	19.3	0.1	1.93	Ondreicka et al. (1966)
TABLE E-7
MAMMAL TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 4 of 15)
Compound	Basis for Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)				TRV	Reference and Notes d
	Duration and Endpoint'	Test Organism	Dose"	Uncertainty Factor*		
Antimony	Chronic (4 years) LOAEL (mortality)	Rat	0.66	0,1	0.066	Schroedoret al. (1970)
Arsenic	Chronic (2 years) NOAEL	Dog	1.25	1.0	1.25	Byron etal. (1967)
Barium	Chronic (16 months) NOAEL	Rat	0.51	1.0	0.51	Perry et al. (1983)
Beryllium	Chronic (>1 year) NOAEL	Rat	0,66	1.0	0.66	Schroeder and Mitchncr (1975)
Cadmium	Chronic (>I50 days) LOAEL (reproduction)	Mouse	2.52	0.01	0.0252	Schroeder and Mitchncr (1971}
Chromium (hexavalent)	Chronic (1 year) NOAEL	Rat	3.5	1.0	3.5	MacKenzie et al. (1958)
Copper	Chronic (357 days) NOAEL	Mink	12.0	1.0	12,0	Aulerich et al. (1982)
Total Cyanide	Chronic (2 years) NOAEL	Rat	24	1.0	24	Howard and Hanzal (1955)
Lead	Chronic (>I50 days) LOAEL (mortality)	Mouse	3.75	0.01	0.0375	Schroeder and Mitcimer (1971)
Mercuric chloride	Chronic (6 months) NOAEL (reproduction)	Mink	1.01	1.0	1.01	Aulerich etal. (1974)
Methyl mercury	Sub-chronic (93 days) NOAEL	Rat	0.032	1.0	0.032	Verscbuuren et al. (1976)
Nickel	Chronic (2 years) NOAEL	Rat	50	1.0	50	Ambrose et al. (1976)
Selenium	Chronic (>I50 days) LOAEL (mortality)	Mouse	0.76	0.1	0.076	Schroeder and Mitchner (1971)
Silver	Chronic (125 days) LOAEL (hypoactivity)	Mouse	3.75	0.1	0.375	Rungby and Dan seller (1984) 1
TABLE E-7
MAMMAL TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Pagc5ofl5)
Compound	Basis for Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)				TRV	Reference and Notesd
	Duration and Endpoint'	Test Organism	Dose'	Uncertainty Factor'		
Thallium	Subclironic (60 days) LOAEL (testicular function)	Rat	1.31	0.01h	0.0131	Formigli et al. (1986)
Zinc	Subclironic (13 weeks) NOAEL	Mouse	KM	0.1	10.4	Maitactal. (1981)
Notes:
a The duration of exposure is defined as chronic if it represents about 10 percent or more of the test animal's lifetime expectancy. Acute exposures represent single exposure or multiple
exposures occurring within about two weeks or less. Subchronic exposures are defined as multiple exposures occurring for less than 10 percent of the test animal's lifetime expectancy but more that 2 weeks.
b Reported values, which were dose in food or diet, were converted to dose based on body weight and intake rate using Opresko, Sample, and Suler 1996.
c Uncertainty factors are used to extrapolate a toxicity value to a chronic NOAEL TRV. See Chapter 5 (Section 5,4) for a discussion on the use of uncertainty factors. The TRV was
calculated by multiplying the toxicity value by the uncertainty factor, d The references refer to the study or studies from which the endpoint and doses were identified. Complete reference citations arc provided at the end of this table,
c Best scientific judgement used to identify uncertainty factor. See Chapter 5 (Section 5.4.1.2) for a discussion of the use of best scientific judgement. Factors evaluated include test
duration, ecological relevance of endpoint, experimental design, and availability of toxicity data.
HMW    = High molecular weight
LD50    = Lethal dose to 50 percent of the test organisms.
LOAEL - Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level
NOAEL - No Observed Adverse Effect Level
TRV     = Toxicity Reference Value
TABLE E-7
MAMMAL TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 6 of 15)
REFERENCES
Sample, Opresko, and Suter II (1996) provides a comprehensive review of ecologically-relevant mammal toxicity information. This source was reviewed to identify studies to develop TRVs for mammals. Based on the information presented, one or more references were obtained and reviewed to identify compound-specific toxicity values. For some compounds, the available information identified a single study meeting the requirements for a TRV, as discussed in Section 5.4. In most cases, each reference was obtained and reviewed to identify a single toxicity value to develop a TRV for each compound, hi a few cases where a primary study could not be obtained, a toxicity value is based on a secondary source. As noted below, additional compendia were reviewed to identify toxicity studies to review. For compounds not discussed in Sample, Opresko, and Suter (I (1996), the scientific literature was searched, and relevant studies were obtained and reviewed. The references reviewed are listed below. The study selected for the TRV is highlighted in bold.
Pa lych lorina ted dibenzo (p)dioxins
Murray, F.J., F.A. Smith, K.D. Nitschke, C.G. Humiston, R.J. Kociba, and B.A.Schwelr, 1979, "Three-Generation Reproduction Study of Rats Given 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodlbenzn-p-rtioxin (TCDD) in the Diet," Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Volume SO. Pages 241-252.
U.S. EPA. 1993. Interim Report on Data and Methods for Assessment oj'2J,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzop-dioxui Risks to Aquatic Life and Associated Wildlife. EPA/600/R-93/055. Officeof Research and Development. Washington, D.C. March. This report identified the four studies listed below.
Aulericli, R.J., R.K. Ringer, and S. lwamoto. 1973. "Reproductive Failure and Mortality in Mink Fed on Great Lakes Fish." Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. Volume 19. Pages 365-376.
Aulerich, R.J., S.J. Bursian, and A.C. Napolitano. 1988. "Biological Effects of Epidermal Growth Factor and 2,3,7,8-Tetrac!i!oradibcnzo-p-dioxin on Developmental Parameters of Neonatal Mink." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Volume 17, Pages 27-31.
Aulerich, R.J., S,J. Bursian, W.J, Breslin, B.A, Olson, and R.K. Ringer. 1985. "Toxicological Manifestations of 2,4,5,2',4',5'-, 2,3,6,2',3',fi'-, and 3,4,5,3',4',5'-Hcxachlorobiphenyl and Aroclor 1254 in Mink." Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Volume 15. Pages 63-79.
Hochstein, J.R , R.J. Aulerich, and S.J. Bursain. 1988. "Acute Toxicity of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin to Mink," Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Volume 17. Pages 33-37.
Benzo(a)pyrene
iVlacKenzic, K.M., and D.M. Angeviue. 1981. "Infcrtility in Mice Exposed in Utero to Benzo(a)pyrene." Biotogy of Reproductioit. Volume 24. Pages 183-191.
TABLE E-7
MAMMAL TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 7 of 15)
Benzo(a)anthracene
Bock, F.G. and D.W. King. 1959. "A Study of the Sensitivity of the Mouse Forestomach Toward Certain Polycyclic Hydrocarbons." Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Volume 23. Page 833-839.
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene
Haddow, A., CM. Scott, and J.I). Scott. 1937. "The Influence of Certain Carcinogenic and Other Hydrocarbons on Body Growth in the Rat." Proceeding H. Soc. London. Series B. Volume 122. Pages 477-507. As cited in IARC Monographs, 1983.
0
1
Poly chlorinated biphenyls
Aulcrich, R.J., S.J, Bursian, W.J. Breslin, B.A.Olson, and R.K. Ringer. 1985. "Toxicological Manifestations of 2,4,5-, 2',4,,5'-, 2,3,6-, 2',3',6'- and 3,4,5-, 3',4',5'- Hexachlorobi phenyl and Aroclor 1254 in Mink." Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Volume 15. Pages 63-79.
Aulcrich, R. J. and R. K. Ringer. 1977. "Current Status of PCB Toxicity, Including Reproduction in Mink." Archives of Environmental Containation and Toxicology. Volume 6. Page 279.
ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). 1989. Toxicological profile for Selected PCBs (Aroclor-1260. -1254, -1248, -1242, -1232. -1221, and-1016). ATSDRArP-88/21.
Barsotti, D. A., R. J. Marlarand J. R. Allen. 1976. "Reproductive Dysfunction in Rhesus Monkeys Exposed to Low Llcvels of Polychlorinatcd Biphenyls (Aroclor 1248)." Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Volume 14. Pages 99-103.
Bleavins, M. R., R. J. Aulerich, and R. K. Ringer. 1980. "Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Aroclors 1016 and 1242): Effect on Survival and Reproduction in Mink and Ferrets." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 9. Pages 627-635.
Collins, W. T., and C. C. Capen. 1980. "Fine structural lesions and hormonal alterations in thyroid glands of perinatal rats exposed in utero and by milk to polychlorinatcd biphenyls." American Journal of Pathology. Volume 99. Pages 125-142.
Lindcr, R. E., T. B. Gaines, and R. D. Kimbrough. 1974, "The effect of PCB on rat reproduction." Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Volume 63. Pages 63- 67.
Linzey, A. V. 1987. "Effects of chronic polychlorinated biphenyls exposure on reproductive success of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus)." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Volume 16. Pages 455-460.
TABLE E-7
MAMMAL TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page 8 of 15)
McCoy, G, M. F. Finlay, A. Rhone, K, James, and G. P. Cobb. 1995. "Chronic Polychlorinated Biphenyls Exposure on Three Generations of Oldfield Mice {Permyscus polionottts): Effects on Reproduction, Growth, and Body Residues. Archives of. Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Volume 28. Pages 431-435.
Mcrsoti, M, II,, and R. L. Kirkpatrick, 1976. "Reproductive Performance of Captive White-Footed Mice Fed a Polychlorinated Biphenyl." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology: Volume 16. Pages 392-398.
Ringer, R. K., R. J. Aulcrich, and M, R, Blcavins. 1981. "Biological Effects of PCBs and PBBs on Mink and Ferrets: a Review." In:Hatogenated Hydrocarbons: Health and Ecological Effects. M.A.Q. Khan, ed. Permagon Press, Elmsford, NY. Pages 329-343.
Sanders, O.T., and R.L, Kirkpatrick. 1975. "Effects of a Polychlorinated Biphenyl on Sleeping Times, Plasma Corticosteroids, and Testicular Activity of White-Footed Mice," Environmental Physiology and Biochemistry. Volume 5. Pages 308-313,
Villcneuve, D.C., D.L. Grant, K. Khera, D.J. Klegg, H. Baer.and W.E.J. Phillips. 1971. "The Fctotoxicity of a Polychlorinated Biphenyl Mixture (Aroclor 1254) in the Rabbit and in the Rat," Environmental Physiology. Volume!. Pages 67-71.
Cody, I.E., S. Withemp, L. Hastings, K. Stemmer, and R.T. Christian. 1981. "1,3-Dlnitrobenzene: Toxic Effects in Vivo and in Vitro." Journal ofToxicology and Environmental Health. Volume 7. Pages 829-847.
Ellis, H.V.III, J.II. Hagensen, J.R. Hodgson, J.L. Minor, C-B. Hong, ICR. Ellis, J.D, Girvin, D.O. Helton, B.L. Hertidon, and C-C. Lee. 1979. "Mammalian Toxicity of Munitions Compounds. Phase HI: Effects of Lifetime Exposure. Parti: 2,4-Dlnltrotoluene." Final Report No. 7. Midwest Research Institute, Kansas City, Missouri. Contract No. DAIMD 17-74-C-4073, ODC No. ADA077692.
Lee, C.C., U.V. EIHs HI, J.J. Kowalski, J.R. Hodgsen, R.D. Short, J.C. Uhandari, T.W. Red dig, and J.L. Minor. 1976. "Mammalian Toxicity of Munitions Compounds. Phase II: Effects of Multiple Doses. Part HI: 2,6-Dinitrotolucne. Progress Report No. 4." Midwest Research Institute. Project No. 3900-B. Contract No. DAMÜ-17-74-C-4073. As cited in ATSDR Toxkological Profile for 2,4- Dinitrotoluene and 2,6-Dinitrotoluene. December 1989.
Pentach I oron i t robenze ne
1,3-Din itrobenzen e
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2,6-Dinitrotolttene
TABLE E-7
MAMMAL TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 9 of 15)
National Toxicology Program. 1987. "Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Pentachloronitrobenzene in B6C3K, Mice." Report No. 325. National Institutes of Health Publication No. 87-2581.
Bis(2)ethylhexylphthalate
Carpenter, CP., C.S. Weil, H.F. Smyth, Jr. 1953. "Chronic Oral Toxicity of Di(2-cthylhcxyl)plithalate for Rats, Guinea Pigs, and Dogs." Drinker, P. (cd.). Archives of Industrial Hygeine and Occupational Medicine. Volume 8. Pages 219-226.
Lamb, J. C, IV, R. E. Chapin, J. Tcague, A. D. Lawton, and J. R. Reel. 1987. Reproductive effects of four phthalic acid esters in the mouscToAr/co/. Appl. Pharmacol. 88: 255-269 Di(n)octyt phthalate
Hcindcl, J,J., D.K. Gulati, R.C. Mounce, S.R. Russell, and J.C. Lamb IV. 1989. "Reproductive Toxicity of Three Phthalic Acid Esters in a Continuous Breeding Protocol." Fundamental and Applied Toxicology. Volume 12. Pages 508-18.
Acetone
U.S. EPA. 1986. "Ninety-Day Gavage Study in Albino Rats Using Acetone." Office of Solid Waste. Washington, DC. As cited in IRIS Database. January 1995.
Aaylonitrile
Quast J.F. and others. 1980. A Two-Year Toxicity and Oncogenicity Study With Acrylonitrilc Incorporated in the Drinking Water of Rats. Toxicol. Res. Lab., Health Environ. Res., Dow Chemical Co. As cited in EPA (1980) Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Acrylonitrile.
Chloroform
Roe, F.J.C., A.K. Palmer, A.N. Worden, and N.J. Van Abbe. 1979. "Safety Evaluation of Toothpaste Containing Chloroform. 1. Long-Term Studies in Mice." Journal of Environmental Pathology and Toxicology. Volume 2. Pages 799-819.
Crotonaldehyde
TABLE E-7
MAMMAL TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 10 of 15)
Ri n eh art, W.E. 1967. "The Effect on Rats of Single Exposures to Crotonaldehyde Vapor." American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. Volume 28. Pages 561-566.
1,4-Dioxane
Hoch-Ligeti, C. and M.K, Argus, 1970. "Effects of Carcinogens on the Lung of Guinea Pigs." In: Proceedings of Biology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Conference.
Morphology of Experimental Respiratory Carcinogenesis. (Eds) P. Netteshcir, M.G. Ilnniia, Jr., and J. VV. licatherasc, Jr. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. December.
Formaldehyde
Tsuchiya, K., Y. Hayasfii, M. Onodera, and T. Hasegawa. 1975. "Toxicity of Formaldehyde in Experimental Animals - Concentrations of the Chemical in the Elution from Dishes of
Formaldehyde Resin in Some Vegetables." Kelo Journal of Medicine. Volume 24. Page 19-37. Hurni, II. and II. Ohder. 1973. Reproduction study with formaldehyde and hexamethylenetetramine in Beagle dogs. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 11: 459-462.
Vinyl chloride
Feron, V. J., C.F.M. Hendriksen, A.J. Speek, H.P. Til, and B.J. Spit. 1981. "Lifespan Oral Toxicity Study of Vinyl Chloride in Rats." Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. Volume 19. Pages 317-333.
Quasi, J. F., C. G, Huntiston, C. E. Wade, et al. 1983. A chronic toxicity and oncogenicity study in rats and subchronic toxicity in dogs on ingested vinylidenc chloride.Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 3:55-62.
Hexachlorobenzene
Grant, D.L., W.E.J. Phillips, G.V. Hatina. 1977. "Effect of Hexachlorobenzene on Reproduction in the Rat." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Volume 5. Pages 207-216.
Bleavins, M. R., R. 3. Aulerich, and R. K. Ringer. 1984. Effects of chronic dietary hexachlorobenzene exposure on the reproductive performance and survivability of mink and European ferrets. Arch. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 13: 357-365.
Hexachlorbutadiene
TABLE E-7
MAMMAL TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 11 of 15)
Kociba, R.J., Keyes, D.O., Jersey, G.C., Ballard, J.J., Dittenber, D.A., Quast, J.F., Wade, C.E., Humiston, C.G., and Schwerz, U.A. 1977. Results of a Two Year Chronic Toxicity Study With Hexachlorobutadiene in Rats." American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. Volume 38. Pages 589-602.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Abdo, K.M,, C.A. Montgomery, W.M. Kluwe, D.R. Farnell, and J.D. Prejean. 1984. "Toxicity of Hexachlorocyclopentadiene: Suhchronic (13-Week) Administration by Gavage to F344 Rats and B6C3F, Mice." Journal of Applied Toxicology- Volume 4. Pages 75-81.
Pentachlorobenzene
Linder, R., T. Scotri, J. Goldstein, and K. McElroy. 1980. "Acute and Suhclirnnic Toxicity of Pentachlorobenzene." Journal of Environmental Pathology and Toxicology. Volume 4. Pages 183-196.
Pentacklorophenol
Schweiz, B.A., J.F. Quast, P.A. Keeler, C.G. Humiston, and R.J. Kociba. 1978. "Results of Two-Year Toxicity and Reproduction Studies on Pentachlorophenol in Rats." In: Pentachlorophenoi; Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Environmental Toxicology. Rao, K.R. (ed). Pages 301-31)9. Plenum Press, New York.
4,4-DDE
Kornbrust, IV, It. Gillts, B. Collins, T. Goehl, B. Gupta, and B. Schweiz. 1986. "Effects of 1,l-l)lchlin'o-2,2-lils(p-ch)oriii)heiiyl)elliylciu: (DDE) on Lactation in Rats." Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Volume 17. Pages 23-36.
Heptachlor
Green, V. A. 1970. "Effects of Pesticides on Rat and Chick Embryo." Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Conference on Trace Substances in Environmental Health. University of Missouri Press. Columbia, Missouri.
Crum, J. A., S, J. Bursian, R. J. Aulerich, P. Polin, and W. E. Braselton. 1993. The reproductive effects of dietary heptachlor in mink (Mitsiela vison). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 24: 156-164.
Hexach lorophene
TABLE E-7
MAMMAL TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 12ofl5)
Meister, RJ. (ed.) 1994. Farm Chemicals Handbook'94. Meister Publishing Company, Willoughby, Ohio. Volume 80. Page C189.
Aluminum
Schroeder, H.A., and M, Mitchener. 1975. "Life-Term Studies in Rats: Effects of Aluminum, Barium, Beryllium, and Tungsten." Journal of Nutrition. Volume 105. Pages 421-427. Ondreicka, R., E. Ginter, and J. Korius. 1966. Chronic toxicity of aluminum in rats and mice and its effects on phosphorus metabolism. Brit   Indust. Med. 23: 305-313.
n
Antimony
oo
Schroeder, H.A., M. Mltcbner, and A.P. Nasor. 1970. "Zirconium, Niobium, Antimony, Vanadium and Lead in Rats: Life Term Studies." Journal of Nutrition. Volume 100. Pages 59-68.
Arsenic (trivalent)
Byron, W.R., G.W. Blerbowcr, J.B. Urouwer, and W.H. Hansen. 1967. "Pathological Changes in Rats and Dogs from Two-Year feeding of Sodium Arsenite or Sodium Arsenate." Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Volume 10. Pages 132-147.
Baxley, M. N., R. D. Hood, G. C. Vedel, W. P. Harrison, and G. M. Szczech, 1981, Prenatal toxicity of orally administered sodium arsenite in mice.Btill. Environ C'ontam. Toxicol. 26: 749-756.
Blakely, B. R., C. S. Sisodia, and T. K. Mukkur. 1980. The effect of methyl mercury, retrcthyl lead, and sodium arsenite on the humoral immune response in mice. Toxicol. Appl Pharmacol. 52; 245-254.
Harrison, J. W., E. W. Packman, and D.D. Abbott. 1958. Acute oral toxicity and chemical and physical properties of arsenic trioxides. Arch. Ind. Health. 17: 118-123. Neiger, R. D. andG. D. Osweiler. 1989. Effect of subacute low level dietary sodium arsenite on Aog^.Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 13:439 451. Robertson, I.D., W. E. Harms, and P. J. Ketterer. 1984. Accidental arsenical toxicity to cattle. Ausi. Vet. J. 61: 366-367.
Schroeder, H. A. and J. J. Balassa, 1967. Arsenic, germanium, tin, and vanadium in mice: effects on growth, survival and tissue levels, J. Nulr. 92: 245-252.
Schroeder, H. A., M. Kanisawa, D. V. Frost, and M. Mitchener. 1968a. Germanium, tin, and arsenic in rats; effects on growth, survival and tissue levels. J. Nuir. 96: 37-45
-; -J
TABLE E-7
MAMMAL TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 13 of 15)
Barium
Perry, I I..M .,!]■., S, J. Kopp, M.W. Erlanger, and E.F. Perry. 1983. "Cardiovascular Effects of Chronic Barium Ingestion." Proceedings of lite 17th Annual Conference on Trace Substances in Environmental Health. University of Missouri Press. Columbia, Missouri.
Borzelleca, J. P., L. W. Condie, Jr., and J. L. Egle, Jr. 198B. Short-term tonicity (onc-and ten-day gavage) of barium chloride in male and female rats. J. American College of Toxicology. 7: 675-685. Beiyllium
Sc liiin der, II.A., and M. Mitchener. 1975. "Life-Term Studies in Rats: Effects of Aluminum, Barium, Beryllium, and Tungsten." Journal of Nutrition. Volume 105. Pages 421-427.
Cadmium
Schroeder, H.A., and M. Mitclmer. 1971. "Toxic Effects of Trace Elements on Reproduction of Mice and Rats." Archives of Environmental Health. Volume 23. Pages 102-106.
Baranski, B., I. Stetkiewisc, K. Sitarek, and W. Szymczak. 1983. "Effects of Oral, Subclironic Cadmium Administration on fertility, Prenatal and Postnatal Progeny Development in Rats." Archives of Toxicology. Volume 54. Pages 297 through 302.
Machemer, L., and D. Lorke. 1981. "Embryotoxic Effect of Cadmium on Rats Upon Oral Administration."  'Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Volume 58. Pages 438-443.
Sutuu, S„ K. Yamamoto, H. Sendota, K. Tomomatsu, Y. Shimizu, and M. Sugiyama. 1980a. "Toxicity, Fertility, Teratogenicity, and Dominant Lethal Tests in Rats Administered Cadmium Subehronically. I. Toxicity studies." Ecotoxicotogy and Environmental Safety. Volume 4. Pages 39-50.
Sutou, S., K. Yamamoto, H. Sendota, and M. Sugiyama, 1980b. "Toxicity, Fertility, Teratogenicity, and Dominant 1-etlial Tests in Rats Administered Cadmium Subehronically, [I, Fertility, Teratogenicity, and Dominant Lethal Tests." Ecotoxicoiogy and Environmental Safety. Volume 4. Page 51-56.
Webster, W. S. 1978. Cadmium-induced fetal growth retardation in the mouse. Arch. Environ. Health. 33:36-43.
Wills, J. H., G. E. Groblewski, and F. Coulston. 1981. Chronic and mulligeneration toxicities of small concentrations of cadmium in the diet rats. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 5: 452-464.
Chromium
TABLE E-7
MAMMAL TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES {Page 14 of 15)
Mackenzie, R.D., R.U. Byerruin, CF. Decker, C.A. Hoppcrt, and R.F. Langham. 1958. "Chronic Teixictty Studies: II. Hcxavalent and Trivalent Chromium Administered in Drinking Water to Rats." American Medical Association Archives of industrial Health. Volume 18. Pages 232-234.
Copper
Aulerich, R.J., R.K. Ringer, M.R. Blcavins, and A. Napnlitano. 1982. "Effects of Supplemental Dietary Copper on Growth, Reproductive Performance and Kit Survival of Standard Dark Mink and the Acute Toxicity of Copper to Mink." Journal of Animal Science. Volume 55. Pages 337-343.
n Cyanide do
o      Howard, J.W., and R.F. Hanzal. 195S. "Chronic Toxicity for Rats of Food Treated with Hydrogen Cyanide." Journal of Agricultural anil Food Chemistry. Volume 3. Pages 325-329. Tewe, O. 0. and J. H. Maner. 1981, Long-term and carry-over effect of dietary inorganic cyanide (KCN) in the life cycle performance and melabolism of rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 58; 1-7.
Lend
Schroeder, H.A., M. Mitchner, and A.P. Nasor. 1970. "Zirconium, Niobium, Antimony, Vanadium and Lead in Rats: Life Term Studies." Journal of Nutrition. Volume 100. Pages 59-68. Schroeder, H.A., and M. Mitchner. 1971. "Toxic Effects of Trace Elements on Reproduction of Mice and Rats." Archives of Environmental Health. Volume 23. Pages 102-106.
Mercuric chloride
Auk-rich, H.J., R,K. Ringer, and S. Iwamoto. 1974. "Effects of Dietary Mercury on Mink." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Volume 2. Pages 43-51. As cited in Sample, Opresko, and Suter (1996).
Sample, B.E., D.M. Opresko, G.W. Suter II. 1996. Toxkohgical Benchmarks for Wildlife: 1996 Revision. Risk Assessment Program Health Sciences Research Division, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Prepared for U.S. Department of Energy.
Methyl mercury
Verschuuren, H.G., R. Kroes, E.M, den Tnnkelaur, J.M. Berkvcns, P.W. Hellcman, A.G. Rauws, P.L. Schuller, and G.J. van Esch. 1976. "Toxicity of Methyl Mercury Chloride in Rats. II. Reproduction Study." Toxicology. Volume 6. Pages 97-106.
TABLE E-7
MAMMAL TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 15 of 15)
Blakely, B. R., C. S. Sisodia, and T. K. Mukknr. 1980. The effect of methyl mercury, tetrethyl lead, and sodium arsenite on the humoral immune response in mice. Toxicol. Appt. Pharmacol. 52: 245-254,
Nobunga, T., H. Satoh, and T. Suzuki. 197°. Effects of sodium selenite on methyl mercury embryotoxicity and teratogenicity in mice. Toxicol. Appi. Pharmacol. 47:79-88. Nickel
Ambrose, A.M., P.S. Larson, J.F, Borzclleca, and G.R. Hennlgar, Jr. 1976. "Long Term Toxicologic Assessment of Nickel in Rats and Dogs." Journal of Food Science and Technology, Volume 13. Pages 181-187.
Selenium
Schroeder, H.A., and M. Mitclmcr. 1971. "Toxic Effects of Trace Elements on Reproduction of Mice and Rats," Archives of Environmental Health. Volume 23. Pages 102-106. Chiachun, T., C. Hong, and R. Hai fun. 1991. The effects of selenium on gestation, fertility, and offspring in mice. Biol. Trace Elements Res. 30: 227-23!. Rosenfeld, I, and 0. A. Bcath. 1954. Effect of selenium on reproduction in rats. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 87: 295-297.
Silver
Rungby, J., and G. Danscliei, 1984. "Hypoactivity in Silver Exposed Mice." Acta. Pharmacol, et Toxicol. Volume 55. Pages 398-401. As cited in ATSDR Toxicologic:!! Profile for Silver. December 1990.
Thallium
Formigli, L., R. Scelsi, P. Poggi, C. Gregotti, A. Di Nucci, E. Sabbinni, L. Gottardi, and L. Mauzo. 1986. "Thallium-Induced Testicular Toxicity in the Rat." Environmental Research. Volume 40. Pages 531-539.
Zinc
TABLE E-8 BIRD TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 1 of 13)
Maita, K., M. Hirano, K. Mitsmnori, K. Takahaslii, and Y. Shirasu. 1981. "Subacute Toxicity Studies with Zinc Sulfate in Mice and Rats." Journal of Pesticide Science. Volume 6. Pages 327- 336.
Gasaway, W. C. and I. Q. Buss. 1972. Zinc toxicity in the mallard../. Wildl. Manage. 36: 1107-1117.
Basis for TRV
Compoiwt)
Duration and Kndpnint'
Test Organism
Dose"
Uncertainty Factor"
TRV
Reference and Notes *
Polychtnrm:ite(ldJben/o<p)[lloxins O'g/kg BW-day)
0
1
CO
to
2,3,7,8-TCDD
SubchronicflO weeks) NOAEL
Ring-necked pheasant hen
0.01
Not applicable
0.01
Nosek et al. (1992). TRV based on toxicity of 2,3,7,8-TCDD.
Polynuctear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) 0'lVkB BW-day)
_
Total high molecular weight (HMW) PAH
0,14
TRV based on toxicity of benzo(k)fluorantherie. If TRVs are not available for all individual HMW PAHs, this TRV should be used to assoss potential risk of Total HMW PAH.
Benzo(a)pyrene
Acute NOAEL
Chicken embryo
100
0.01
1.0
Brunstrom et al. (1991)
B en zo(a )a nth racenc
Acute LD50
Chicken embryo
79
0.01
0.79
Bninström et al. (1991),
Bcnzo(b) flu oranthene
0.14
No toxicity data available for benzo(b) fluoranthene. Benzo(k:)fluorant)iene used as surrogate.
Benzo(k)f!uoranthene
Acute LD50
Chicken embryo
14
0.01
0.14
Brunstrom et al. (1991).
Chrysctic
Acute LOAEL
(Ihic-ken embryo
100
0.01
1.0
Brunstrom et al. (1991).
D i benz(a, h)anthra cene
Acute LD50
Chicken embryo
39
0.01
0.39
Brunström et al. (1991).
TABLE E-8 BIRD TOXICITV REFERENCE VALUES
{Page 2 of 13)
Compound	Basis for TRV				TRV	Reference and Notes *
	Duration and End point *	Test Organism	Dose'	Uncertainty Factor'		
In deno( 1,2,3-cd)pyrene	Acute LOAEL	Chicken embryo	100	0.01	1.0	Brunström et al. (1991).
Pul) chlorinated biphenyls (PCB) tug/kg B\V-day)						
Aroclor 1016	--	-	-	-	-	No toxicity data available. Aroclor 1254 TRV used as surrogate.
Aroclor 1254	Chronic (3 months) LOAEL (embryonic mortality)	Ring dove	720	0.1	72	Peakall ct al. (1972). TRV based on toxicity of Aroclor 1254.
Nitroaromatlct (/Jg/kg B\V-day)						
1,3-Di nitrobenzene	Acute LD50	Redwing blackbird	42.2	0.01	0.422	Schafer(1972)
2,4-Dinitiotoluene	--	-	--	-	--	Toxicity value not available.
2,6-Dmitrotoluene	-	-■	--	-	-■	Toxicity value not available.
Nitrobenzene	--	-■	-■	-	■-	Toxicity value not available.
Pent achloroni trob e oze n c	Chronic (35 weeks) NOAEL	Chicken	68,750	Not applicable	68,750	Dunn et al. (1979)
Phthalate esters («g/kß llW-day)						
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phtlialate	Subchronic (4 weeks) NOAEL	Ring dove	1.1 10	0.1	111	Peakall (1974)
Di(n)octyl phthalate	--	-•	--		-	Toxicity value not available.
Volatile organic compounds (/jg/kg HW-day)						
TABLE E-8 BIRD TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 3 of 13)
Compound	Baals for TRV				TRV	Reference and Notes1
	Duration and Endpoint *	Test Organism	Doseb	Uncertainty Factor'		
Acetone	Acute (5 days) NOAEL	Commix quail	5,200,000	0.011"	52,000	Hill and Camardese (1986)
Acrylonitrile	....	-	-	-	--	Toxicity value not avadable.
Chloroform	~	■-	--	--	--	Toxicity value not available.
Croton aldehyde	-	-	--	-	--	Toxicity value not available.
1,4-Dioxane	--	-	--	-	--	Toxicity value not available.
Formaldehyde	--	--	-	-	-	Toxicity value not available.
Vinyl chloride	-	-	-	--		Toxicity value not available.
Other chlorinated organic* {/ifi/hg BW-day)						
H ex ach1orobenzene	Acute (5 days) NOAEL	Commix quail	22,500	0.01	225	Hill and Camardese (1986)
He xach loi obut ad ie ne	Chronic (3 months) NOAEL	Japanese quail	3185	Not applicable	3185	Schwerte et al. (1974)
Hexach 1 orocyclopentadi ene	-	-	--	-	--	Toxicity value not available.
Pentachlorobenzene	-	-	-	■-	--	Toxicity value not available.
Pentachlorophenol	Acute (5 days) NOAF.I.	Quail	403,000	0.01	4,030	Hill and Camardese (1986)
Pesticides fjug/kg BW-day)						
4,4-DDE	Acute (5 days) LOAEL (mortality)	Commix quail	84,500	0.01	845	Hill and Camardese (1986). Test data for 1,1 -DDE used as a surrogate for 4,4'-DDE.
TABLE E-8 BIRD TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page 4 of 13)
Compound	Basis for TRV				TRV	Reference and Notes
	Duration and lind point "	lest Organism	Dose1'	Uncertainly Factor'		
Heptachlor	Acute (5 days) LOAEL (mortality)	Quail	6,500	o.ot	65	Hill and Camardese( 1986)
Hexachlorophene	Acute LD50	Bob white quail	575,000	0.01	5,750	Meister (1994)
Inorganics (mg/kg BW-day)						
Aluminum	Chronic (4 -months) NOAEL (reproduction)	Ringed Turtle Dove	110	1.0	too	Carrtere et al. (1986)
Antimony						Toxicity value not available. Ridgeway and Kamofsky (1952) reported LD50 for doses to eggs; however, that value could not be converted to a dose based nn post-hatching environmental exposure.
Arsenic	Chronic (7 months) NOAEL	Brown-headed cowbird	2.46	1.0	2.46	U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1969)
Barium	Subchronic (4 weeks) NOAEL	One day old chick	208,26	0.1	20.8	Johnson et al. (1960)
Beryllium	~	-	-	-	~	Toxicity value not available,
Cadmium	Chronic (90 days) NOAEL	Mallard drake	1.45	Not applicable	1.45	White and Finley (1978)
Chromium (hexavalent)	Chronic (5 months) NOAEL	Black duck	1.0	Not applicable	1,0	Haseltine et al. (1985). TRV based on trivalent chromium.
Copper	Chronic (10 weeks) NOAEL (growth)	I-day old chicks	46.97	1.0	46.97	Mehring et al. (I960)
TABLE E-8 BIRD TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page5ofl3)
Cam pound	Basis for TRV				TRV	Reference and Notes11
	Duration and Endpotnt'	Test Organism	I»oseb	Uncertainty Factor1		
Total Cyanide	Acute LD50	American kestrel	4	0.01	0.04	Wiemeyer et al. (1986). Sodium cyanide is used as a surrogate for total cyanides.
1 .cad	Acute (7 days) LOAEL (altered enzyme levels)	Ringed turtle dove	25	0.001	0.025	Kendall and Scanlon (1982)
Mercuric chloride	Acute (5 days) LOAEL (mortality)	Coturnix quail	325	0.01	3.25	Hill and Camardese (1986)
Methyl mercury	Chronic (3 generations) LOAEL (mortality)	Mallard	0.064	0.1	0.0064	Heinz (1979)
Nickel	Subchronic (5 days) NOAEL	Cottirnix quail	650	0.1	65	Hill and Camardese (1986)
Selenium	Chronic (78 days) NOAEL	Mallard	0.5	1.0	0.5	Heinz et al. (1987)
Silver	Subchronic (14 days) NOAEL	Mallard	1,780	0.1	178	U.S. EPA (1997)
Thallium	Acute LDSO	Starling	35	0.01	0.35	Schäfer (1972)
Zinc	Chronic (44 weeks) NOAEL	Leghorn hen and New Hampshire rooster	130.9	1.0	130.9	Stahl etal. (1990)
TABLE E-8
BIRD TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
(Page 6 of 13)
Notes:
0
1
co
a The duration of exposure is defined as chronic if it represents about 10 percent or more of the test animal's lifetime expectancy. Acute exposures represent single exposure or multiple
exposures occurring within about two weeks or less. Subcbronic exposures are defined as multiple exposures occurring for less than 10 percent of the test animal's lifetime expectancy but more that 2 weeks.
b Reported value which were dose in diet or water were converted to dose based on body weight and intake rate using Opresko, Sample, and Suter (1996)
c Uncertainty factors are used to extrapolate a reported toxicity value to a chronic NOAEL TRV, See Chapter 5 (Section 5.4) of the SLERAF for a discussion on the use of uncertainty
factors. The TRV was calculated by multiplying the toxicity value by the uncertainty factor, A "not applicable" uncertainty factor is equivalent to a value equal to 1.0. d The references refer to the study from which the endpoint and doses were identified. Complete reference citations are provided below.
e Best scientific judgement used to identify uncertainty factor. See Chapter 5 (Section 5.4.1.2) for a discussion on the use of best scientific judgement. Factors evaluated
include test duration, ecological relevance of endpoint, experimental design, and availability of toxicity data.
HMW = High molecular weight
LOAEL ■ Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level
LIJ50 = Concentration lethal to 50 percent of the test organisms.
NOAEL = No Observed Adverse Effect Level
TRV = Toxicity Reference Value
TABLE E-8
BIRD TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 7 of 13)
REFERENCES
Sample, Opresko, and Sutci II (1996) provides a comprehensive review of bird toxicity information. This source was reviewed to identify studies to develop TRVs for birds. Based on the information presented, one or more references were obtained and reviewed to identify compound-specific toxicity values. For some compounds, the available information identified a single study meeting the requirements for a TRV, as discussed in Chapter 5 (Section 5.4) of the SLERAP, In most cases, each reference was obtained and reviewed to identify a single toxicity value to develop a TRV for each compound. As noted below, additional compendia were reviewed to identify toxicity studies to review. In a few cases where a primary study could not be obtained, a toxicity value is based on a secondary source. For compounds not discussed in Sample, Opresko, and Suter II (1996), the scientific literature was searched, and relevant studies were obtained and reviewed. The references reviewed are listed below. The study selected for the TRV is highlighted in bold.
oo oo
Polychlorinated dibenzo(j>)dioxins
Nosefc, J.A., S.R. Craven, J.R. Sullivan, S.S. Hurley, and R.E. Peterson. 1992. "Toxicity and Reproductive Effects of 2,3,7,8-Tetrschlorodibcnzo-p-dioxm in Ring-Necked Pheasant Hens." Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Volume 35. Pages 187-198.
U.S. EPA. 1993. Interim Report on Data and Methods for Assessment of2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzop-dioxin Risks to Aquatic Life and Associated Wildlife. EPA/600/R-93/055, Office of Research and Development. Washington, D.C. March. This report identified the two studies listed below.
Greig, J.B., G. Jones, W.H. Butler, and J.M. Barnes, 1973. "Toxic Effects of 2,3,7,8-Tetmchlorodibeiizo-p-dioxins. Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Volume II. Pages 585-595.
Hudson, R., R.Tucker, and M. Haegele, 1984. Handbook of Toxicity of Pesticides to Wildlife. Second Ed. U.S. Fish and Wildlife, Resources Publication No, 153. Washington, D.C.
Benzo(a)pyrene
BrunstriJm, B., D. Broman, and C, Niif. 1991. "Toxicity and EROD-Inducing Potency of 24 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Chick Embryos." Archives of Toxicology. Volume 65. Pages 485-489.
Benzo (a)anthracen e
Bruiistriim, B., D. Broman, and C. NaT. 1991. "Toxicity and EROD-tnducing Patency of 24 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Chick Embryos." Archives of Toxicology, Volume 65. Pages 485-489.
Benzo (k)fluoranihene
TABLE E-8 BIRD TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 8 of 13)
Brunstrom, H., D. Broinan, and C. NaT. 1991. "Toxicity and EROD-Inducing Potency of 24 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Chick Embryos." Archives of Toxicology. Volume 65. Pages 485-489.
Chyrsene
Brunstrom, B., D. Broman, and C. NaT. 1991. "Toxicity and EROD-Inducing Potency of 24 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Chick Embryos." Archives of Toxicology. Volume 65. Pages 485-489.
Dibenzfa, hjanthracene
Brunstrom, B., D. Broman, and C. NaT. 1991. "Toxicity and EROD-Inducing Potency of 24 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Chick Embryos." Archives of Toxicology. Volume 65. Pages 485-489.
Indenofl. 2,3-cdJpyrene
Brunstrom, B., D. Broman, and C. NaT. 1991. "Toxicity and EROD-Inducing Potency of 24 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Chick Embryos." Archives of Toxicology. Volume 65. Pages 485-489.
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Peakall, D.B., J.L. Lincer, S.E. Bloom. 1972. "Embryonic Mortality and Chromosomal Alterations Caused by Aroclor 1254 in Ring Doves." Environmental Health Perspectives. Volume 1. Pages 103-104.
Dahlgren, R.tV, R.L. Lindcr, andC.W. Carlson. 1972. "Polych I urinated Biphenyls; Their Effects on Penned Pheasants," Environmental Health Perspectives. Volume I. Pages 89-101. McLane, M.A.R., and D.L. Hughes. 1980. "Reproductive Success of Screech Owls Fed Aroclor 1248." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Taxicalog. Volume 9. Pages 661-665.
/, 3-Dinitrobenzene
Schafer, ILW. 1972. "The Acute Oral Toxicity of 369 Peslicidal, Pharmaceutical and Other Chemicals to Wild Birds." Toxicotogical and Applied Pharmacology. Volume 21. Pages 315-330.
TABLE E-8
BIRD TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 9 of 13)
Pentachloronitrobenzenc
Dunn, J. S., P. B. Bush, N. II. Booth, R.L, Farrell, D. M. Thomason, and D. D. Goetsch. 1979. Effect of Pentachloronitrobenzeiie upon Egg Production, llatchability, and Residue Accumulation in the Tissues of White Leghorn Hens. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Volume 48. Pages 425-433.
Bis(2-elhylhexyJ)phlhalate
Peakali, D.B. 1974. "Effects of Di-n-butyl and Di-2-ethylhexyl Phthalate on the Eggs of Ring Doves. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology," Volume 12. Pages 698-702.
o
!
^ Acetone
Hill, E.F., and M.B. Camardese. 1986. "Lethal Dietary Toxicities of Environmental Contaminants and Pesticides to Coturnix." Fish and Wildlife Service. Technical Report 2.
1,4-Dioxane
Giavini, E., C. Vismara, and L. Broccia. 1985. Teratogenesis Study of Dioxane in Rats." Toxicology Letters. Volume 26. Pages 85-88. This study did not evaluate an ecologically relevant endpoint. Therefore, the data were not used to develop a TRV.
Hexachlorobenzene
Hill, E.F., and M.B. Camardese. 1986. "Lethal Dietary Toxicities of Environmental Contaminants and Pesticides to Coin mix." Fish and Wildlife Service. Technical Report 2.
Hexach ioro butadiene
Schweiz, B.A., J.M. Norris, R.J. Kocilia, P.A. Keeler, R.F. Cornier, and P.J. Gehring. 1974. "Reproduction Study in Japanese Quail Fed Hexachlorobutadiene for 90 Days." Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Volume 30. Pages 255-265.
Pentachlorophenol
Hill, E.F., and M.B. Camardese. 19S6. "Lethal Dietary Toxicities of Environmental Contaminants and Pesticides to Coturnfx." Fish and Wildlife Service. Technical Report 2.
TABLE E-8 BIRD TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 10 of 13)
4,4-DDE
Hill, E.F., and M.B. Camardcse. 1986. "Lethal Dietary Toxicities of Environmental Contaminants and Pesticides to CoCurnix." Fish and Wildlife Service, Technical Report 2.
Mendenhall, V.M., E.E. Klaas, and M.A.R, McLane. 1983, "Breeding Success of Barn Owls {Tyto alba) Fed Low Levels of DDli and Dicldiin." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. VohtmeYl. Pages 235-240.
Shellenbergcr, T.E. 1978. "A Multi-Generation Toxicity Evaluation of P-P'-DDT and Dieldrin with Japanese Quail. I. Effects on Growth and Reproduction." Drug Chemistry and Toxicology. Volume I. Pages 137-146
Heptachlor
Hill, F.F., and M.B. Cainardese. 1986. "Lethal Dietary Toxicities of Environmental Contaminants and Pesticides to Colin nix." Fish anil Wildlife Service, Technical Report 2.
Hexachlorophene
Meister, R.J. (ed.) 1994. Farm Chemicals Handbook'94. Meister Publishing Company, Wllloughby, Ohio. Volume 80. PageC189.
Aluminum
Carriere, D,, K.L. Fischer, D.B. Peakall, and P. Anghcrn. 1986. "Effects of Dietary Aluminum Sulphate on Reproductive Success and Growth of Ringed Turtle Doves (Streptopelia risoria)." Canadian Journal of Zoology. Volume 64. Pages 1500-1505.
Carriere, D., K. Fischer, D. Peakall, and P. Angehm. 1986. "Effects of Dietary Aluminum in Combination with Reduced Calcium and Phosphorus on the Ring Dove {Streptvpclia risoria)." Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. Volume 30. Pages 757-764,
Antimony
Ridgeway, L.P. and D.A. Karnofsky 1952. "The Effects of Metals on the Chick Embryo: Toxicity and Production of Abnormalities in Development," Annals of New York Academy of Sciences. Volume 55. Pages 203-215.
TABLE E-8 BIRD TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 11 of 13)
Arsenic
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1969. "Publication 74," Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. As cited in Sample, Opresko, and Suter II (1996). Barium
Johnson, D., Jr., A.L. Mehring, Jr., and H.W. Titus. 1960. "Tolerance of Chickens for Barium." Proceedings o fthe Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Volume 104. Pages 436-438.
Cadmium
White, D.H., and M.T. Finley. 1978. "Uptake and Retentinn of Dietary Cadmium in Mallard Ducks." Environmental Research. Volume 17. Pages 53-59.
Chromium
Haseltlne, S.D., and others. 1985. "Effects of Chromium on Reproduction and Growth of Black Ducks." As cited in U.S. Fisli and Wildlife Service. 1986. Chromium Hazards to Pish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review. January. Page 38.
Copper
Mehring, A.L.Jr., J.H. Brumbaugh, A.J. Sutherland, and H.W. Titus. 1960. "The Tolerance of Growing Chickens for Dietary Copper." Poultry Science. Volume 39. Pages 713-719.
Cyanids
Wiemeyer, S.N., E.F. Hill, J. W. Carpenter, and A.J. Krynitsky. 1986, "Acute Oral Toxicity of Sodium Cyanide in Birds." Journal of Wildlife Diseases. Volume 22. Pages 538-46. Lead
Kendall, R.J., and P.F. Scanlon. 1982. "The Toxicology of Ingested Lead Acetate in Kinged Turtle Doves Stretopelia risoritt." Environmental Pollution. Volume 27. Pages 255-262.
TABLE E-8 BIRD TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 12 of 13)
Edens, F., W.E. Benton, S J. Bursian, and G.W. Morgan. 1976. "Effect of Dietary Lead on Reproductive Performance in Japanese Quail, Commix coturnix japonica." Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Volume38. Pages307-314.
Pattee, Oil. 1984. "Eggshell Thickness and Reproduction in American Kestrels Exposed to Chronic Dietary Lead," Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Volume 13. Pages 29-34.
Mercuric chloride
Hill, E.F., and M.B. Camardese. 1986, "Lethal Dietary Toxicities of Environmental Contaminants and Pesticides to Coturnix." Fish and Wildlife Service. Technical Report 2.
Hill, E, F. and C. S. Schaffncr, 1976. "Sexual Maturation and Productivity of Japanese Quail Fed Graded Concentrations of Mercuric Chloride." Poultry Science. Volume 55. Pages 1449-1459.
Methyl mercury
Heinz, G.H. 1979. "Mcthylmeicury: Reproductive and Behavioral Effects on Three Generations of Mallard Ducks." Journal of Wildlife Management. Volume 43. Pages 394-401.
Spann, J.W., G.H. Heinz, M.B. Camardese, E.F. Hill, J.F. Moore, and H.C, Murray. 1986, "Differences in Mortality Among Bobwhite Fed Mcthylniercury Chloride Dissolved in Various Carriers," Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Volume 5. Pages 721-724.
Nickel
Hill, E.F., and M.B. Camardese. 1986. "Lethal Dietary Toxicities of Environmental Contaminants and Pesticides to Coturnix." Fish and Wildlife Service. Technical Report 2.
Cain, H.W., and E.A. Pafford. 1981. "Effects of Dietary Nickel on Survival and Growth of Mallard Ducklings." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Volume 10, Pages 737-745.
Selenium
Heinz, G., and others. 1987, "Research at Patuxent Wildlife Research Center." As cited in Sample, Opiesko, and Suter II (1996).
Heinz, G.H., DJ. Hoffman, A.J. Krynitsky, and D.M.G. Wcllcr. 1987 "Reproduction in Mallards Fed Selenium." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Volume 6. Page 423-433.
TABLE E-8 BIRD TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES (Page 13 of 13)
Heinz, O.H., D.J. Hoffman, and L.G. Gold. 1989. "Impaired Reproduction of Mallards Fed an Organic Form of Selenium." Journalof Wildlife Management. Volume 53. Pages 418-428.
Sample, B.E., D.M. Opresko, G.W. Sitter II. 1996. Toxicological Benchmarks for Wildlife: 1996 Revision. Risk Assessment Program Health Sciences Research Division, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Prepared for U.S. Department of Energy.
Silver
U.S. Er A. 1997. Aquatic Toxicity Information Retrieval Database (AQUIRE). Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environ mental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division. January,
o
h Thallium
Schäfer, E.W. 1972. "The Acute Oral Toxicity of 369 Pesticidal, Pharmaceutical and Other Chemicals to Wild Birds." Toxicological and Applied Pharmacology. Volume 21. Pages 315-330.
Zinc
Stahl, J.L., J.L. Greger, and M.E. Cook, 1990. "Breeding-Hen and Progeny Performance When Hens Are Fed Excessive Dietary Zinc." Poultry Science. Volume 69. Pages 2S9-2S3.
APPENDIX H SITE-SPECIFIC SOIL SCREEiNING LEVELS
Guidance for Assessing Ecological Risks Posed by Chemicals: Screening Level Ecological Risk Assessment HRMB Guidance Documeni
SITE-SPECIFIC SOLL SCREENING LEVELS23
This is an OPTIONAL step that may be appropriate for large facilities which are screening a number of sites with similar habitats for common COPECs. It provides a method for calculating levels of COPECs in abiotic media that should not represent an excessive risk to the ecosystem as a whole because of the conservative assumptions in this method. The media specific screening levels are only protective of the food web exposure pathways for which they were derived; their appropriateness needs to be verified on a site-specific basis.
Establish ecologically based screening levels (EBSLs)
Site specific ecologically based screening levels (EBSLs) are calculated using the dietary exposure model and TRVs developed during the ecoscreen. EBSLs are determined by assembling a reliable set of TRVs from the available toxicity data. These TRVs are used to represent the maximum safe daily ingested dose for class-specific guild measurement receptors or media concentrations for community measurement receptors. In calculating these media concentrations it is assumed that there is no possibility for the transport of contamination between media. EBSLs cannot be calculated for sites where contamination may be transported from one media to another since this transport would alter the media concentration or dose ingested to differ from that calculated using the equations. The dose or media concentration is then put into the equations for each community and feeding guild measurement receptor, which are then solved for the allowable concentration in the media. For community receptors the media would be the one for the community, and for the guild measurement receptors all contaminated media would be included as a route of exposure. For each receptor, acceptable media levels would need to be calculated for all complete pathways. Once the calculations were completed for all receptors, the lowest calculated screening level for each media would be the EBSL for that media.
Calculate screening level hazard quotients (SLHQ) for individual COPECs
A screening level hazard quotient (SLHQ) can be calculated for each COPEC in each media found at each of the sites by dividing the maximum COPEC concentration found at the site by the EBSL developed above for that COPEC. These SLHQ can be used both to screen out sites that do not represent excessive ecological risk and to prioritize the different media at a single site for corrective action.
See Section 6.0 for limitations of ecologically-based media screening levels.
Appendix H
APPENDIX I NM WQCC Standards for Surface Water
STATE OF NEW MEXICO
STANDARDS FOR INTERSTATE AND INTRASTATE SURFACE WATERS
Filed with State Records Center January 24,2000 AsNMAC 6.1 Effective February 23,2000
New Mexico Water Quality Control Commission Harold Runnels Building 1190 St. Francis Drive P.O. Box 26110 Santa Fe, New Mexico 87502
Constituent Agencies:
Environment Department
State Engineer Office Game and Fish Department Oil Conservation Division Department of Agriculture State Parks Division Soil and Water Conservation Commission Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Members-at-Large
i-l
FILED WITH STATE RECORDS CENTER
2MM2k PH I: 27
for these uses is ensured by the general standards and numeric standards for bacterial quality, pH, and temperature which are established for all classified waters of the State listed in Subpart II of this Part (Sections 2000 through 2999).
J.    The following schedule of numeric standards and equations for the substances listed shall apply to the subcategories of fisheries identified in Section 3100 of this Part:
1. Acute Standards
Dissolved aluminum 750 |ig/L
Dissolved arsenic 340 ug/L
Dissolved beryllium 130 Ug/L
Total mercury 2.4 ug/L
Total recoverable selenium 20.0 ug/L
Dissolved silver e(i.72|taCb««taw)K«25) ^
Cyanide, weak acid dissociable 22.0 ug/L
Total chlordane 2.4 ug/L
Dissolved Cadmium (e(LI28[m(hardneSs)l-3.6867))cf ^
The hardness-dependent formulae for cadmium must be multiplied by a conversion factor (cf) to be expressed as dissolved values. The acute factor for cadmium is cf = 1.136672 - [(In hardnessX0.04I83E}].
Dissolved chromium e(Mi9Wtardness)^2J736) ^
Dissolved copper ^2im^^)]-i.^) ^
Dissolved lead (e<U73pn<Nto)H.*^ ^
The hardness-dependent formulae for lead must be multiplied by a conversion factor (cf) to be expressed as dissolved values. The acute and chronic factor for lead is cf = 1.46203 - [(In hardness)(0.1457I2)].
Dissolved nickel ^m^^vzw.tsz) ^
Dissolved zinc ^Q.^jrin^^.seis) ^
Total chlorine residual 19 ug/L
2. Chronic Standards
Dissolved aluminum	87.0	ug/L
Dissolved arsenic	150	Ug/L
Dissolved beryllium	5.3	ug/L
Total mercury	0.012	Ug/L
Total recoverable selenium	5.0	ug/L
Cyanide, weak acid dissociable	5.2	Ug/L
Total chlordane	0.0043	ug/L
Dissolved nadminm	^e(0.7852í>(bardiKíss)H2.715^c£	Ug/L
The hardness-dependent formulae for cadmium must be multiplied by a conversion factor (cf) to be expressed as dissolved values. The chronic factor for cadmium is cf = 1.101672 - [(In hardnessXO.041838)].
Dissolved chromium éQ£l sW-*-«H«SM) ^
20 NMAC 6.1 February 23,2000
1-4
----------......... FILED WITH
STATE RECORDS CENTER
" 2H80JM12U PH 1:27
Dissolved Copper ^545^^^-1.7428) ^
Dissolved lead ^(l^fmfhank^HJOS}^ ^
The hardness-dependent formulae for lead must be multiplied by a conversion factor (cf) to be expressed as dissolved values. The acute and chronic factor for lead is cf = 1.46203 - [(In hardness)(0.l45712)].
Dissolved nickel 6(P**fM*^W*SX) ^
DiSSOlved 2dllC e(0.M73pn(hardaess)rK).g699) ^
Total chlorine residual 11 jag/L
K.   Livestock Watering: The following numeric standards shall not be exceeded:
Dissolved aluminum	5.0	mg/L
Dissolved arsenic	0.2	mg/L
Dissolved boron	5.0	mg/L
Dissolved cadmium	0.05	mg/L
Dissolved chromium	1.0	mg/L
Dissolved cobalt	1.0	mg/L
Dissolved copper	0.5	mg/L
Dissolved lead	0.1	mg/L
Total mercury	0.01	mg/L
Dissolved selenium	0.05	mg/L
Dissolved vanadium	0.1	mg/L
Dissolved zinc	25.0	mg/L
Radium-226 + radium-228	30.0	pCi/L
Tritium	20,000	pCi/L
Total gross alpha (mcluding radium-226,		
but excluding radon and uranium)	15	pCi/L
L. WUdlife Habitat: Wildlife habitat should be free from any substances at concentrations that are toxic to or will adversely affect plants and amrnals that use these environments for feeding, drinking, habitat or propagation, or can bioaccumulate and impair the community of animals in a watershed or the ecological integrity of surface waters of the State. In the absence of site-specific iiiformation, and subject to the following paragraph, the foUowing chronic numeric standards shall not be exceeded:
Total mercury 0.77 ug/L
Total recoverable selenium 5.0 ug/L
Cyanide, weak acid dissociable 5.2 ug/L
Total chlorine residual 11 ug/L
Total DDT and metabolites 0.001 ug/L
Total PCBs 0.014 ug/L
The discharge of substances which bioaccumulate, in excess of levels specified above is allowed if, and only to the extent that, the substances are present in the intake waters which are diverted and utilized prior to discharge, and then only if the discharger utilizes best available treatment technology to reduce the amount of bioaccummating substances which are discharged.
20 NMAC 6.1 February 23,2000
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