Přehled značek
Detailní fluviálně-geomorfologické mapování:
návrh univerzálního značkového klíče
Jan Miklín & Tomáš Galia | jan.miklin@osu.cz, tomas.galia@osu.cz | Katedra fyzické geografie a geoekologie, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Ostravská univerzita | © Journal of Maps 2017
1.Koryto
2.Zdrojnice
(koryto-svah)
3.Niva
(údolnídno)
4.Antropogennízásahy
5. Křížení
1.1	Ohraničení
1.2	Převažující
proces
1.3	Dnový substrát
1.4	Proudění
1.5	Morfologie
1.6	Korytové
formace
1.7	Říční dřevo
2.1 Přírodní
2.2	Antropogenní
3.1	Vegetatace
3.2	Formace
4.2	Opevnění dna
4.3	Spádové
objekty
4.5	Opevnění
břehů
6.1	Měřické body
1.1.1	 bankfull
1.1.2	nízký průtok
1.1.3	údolní dno/niva
1.2.1	erozní
1.2.2	akumulační
1.2.3	transportně-vyrovnaný
1.3.1	jíl/prach
1.3.2	písek
1.3.3 štěrk
1.3.4	valouny
1.3.5	balvany
1.3.6	skalní dno
1.4.1	směr proudění
1.4.2	zóna rychlejšího proudění
1.4.3	zóna pomalejšího proudění
1.4.4	proudnice
1.5.1	stupňovitá
1.5.2	planární
1.5.3	tůň-peřej
1.5.4	duna-čeřina
1.5.5	skalní koryto
1.5.6	větvící se koryto
1.6.1	stupeň
1.6.2	tůň
1.6.3	peřej
1.6.4	lavice
1.6.5	ostrov
1.6.6	skalní stupeň
1.6.7	skalní skluz
1.6.8	balvan
1.7.1	LWD
1.7.2	 nápěch
1.7.3	 akumulace SW
1.7.4	 bobří hráz
2.1.1	strž
2.1.2	náplavový kužel
2.1.3.1	sesuv aktivní
2.1.3.2	sesuv stabilizovaný
2.1.4.1	nátrž aktivní
2.1.4.2	nátrž stabilizovaná
2.1.5	kamenný proud
2.2.1	halda
2.2.2	násep
3.1.1	 travino-bylinná vegetace
3.1.2	keřová vegetace
3.1.3.1	listnaté stromy (les)
3.1.3.2	jehličnaté stromy (les)
3.1.3.3	smíšený les
přírodní vegetace
antropogenně ovlivněná vegetace
3.2.1	avulzní koryto
3.2.2	slepé rameno
3.2.3	mrtvé rameno
3.2.4	mokřina
3.2.5	agradační val
3.2.6	výplavový kužel
3.2.7	nivní (terasový) stupeň
3.2.8	murová akumulace
4.1	 protipovodňový val
4.2.1	beton
4.2.2	kamenná dlažba
4.3.1	spádový stupeň
4.3.2	přehrážka
4.3.3	balvanitý skluz
4.3.4	jez
4.3.5	vývařiště
4.4	 usměrňovací výhon
4.5.1	vrbové řízky
4.5.2	kulatina
4.5.3	haťový válec
4.5.4	polovegetační tvárnice
4.5.5	kamenný zához/pohoz
4.5.6	kamenná rovnanina
4.5.7 gabiony
4.5.8	souvislé zpevnění betonem
4.5.9	svislé opěrné zdi
5.1	 brod
5.2	 propustek
5.3	 most
5.4	 přemostění inženýrských sítí
6.1.1	 geodetický bod (oficiální)
6.1.2	geodetický bod (vlastní)
6.1.3	 stabilizovaný bod
6.2	 bod odběru vzorků
6.3	 příčný profil
geometrie atributy topologie definice, poznámkyznačka
A
L
L
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
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B
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
B, L
A
A
A
A
B, L
A
B
B
B
B
B, L
B, L, A1)
A
B, L
B, L
B, L
B, L
B, L, A1)
A
B, L, A1)
B, A
B, A
B, A
B, A
B, A
L, A
L, A
L, A
A
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A
L
A
L, A
A
A
B, L
B, L
B, L
B, L
A
L, A
B, L
B, L
B, L
B, L
B, L
B, L
B, L
B, L
B, L
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
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B, L
převažující
proces
určuje
barvu
hranice 1.3
uvnitř 1.1.1
barva 1.3
leží kolmo na
1.4.4
znázorněna 1.5
umístěna jako
1.4.4
zrnitost stejně
jako 1.3
velikost,
orientace
na konci 2.1.1
definován ohraničením břehy, přítomností suchozemské vegetace nebo změnou sedimentární facie
(viz přehled metod vymezení dle Navratil et al. 2006).
obvykle protékané koryto (za běžného vodního stavu)
hranice nivy nebo úpatí svahů
viditelné znaky hloubkové eroze, jako jsou odhalené kořeny, časté nátrže nebo erodované skalní výchozy
tok s akumulačními tendencemi charakterizovanými např. vývojem velkých štěrkových lavic, zjemňováním sedimentů a rozšiřováním koryta
bez jasných erozních/akumulačních znaků
dominantní sedimentární facie podle zjednodušené Wentworthovi (1922) škály:
> 0,063 mm (kohezivní materiál)
0,063-2 mm (převažující písková frakce)
2-64 mm (převažující štěrková frakce)
64-256 mm (převažující valounová frakce)
> 256 mm (převažující balvanitá frakce)
vystupující skalní podloží
směr proudnice dle sklonu koryta
zóna rychlejšího proudění za běžných podmínek (obvykle přes peřeje, kaskády apod.)
zóna pomalejšího proudění za běžných podmínek (obvykle v tůních)
linie v nejhlubší části koryta nebo v místě nejrychlejšího proudění
více či méně organizovaný stupňovitý profil dna se stupni, tůněmi a kaskádami (Montgomery & Buffington 1997, Comiti & Mao 2012).
relativně uniformní koryto bez vertikální oscilace dna (Montgomery & Buffington, 1997)
střídání tůní a peřejí v podélném profilu toku (Montgomery & Buffington 1997).
písčitá koryta s vyvinutým systémem duna-čeřina (Montgomery & Buffington 1997).
koryto s vystupujícím skalním podložím (důsledek stečení blokovobahenního proudu nebo transportní kapacity vysoce převyšující donášku
sedimentů) (Montgomery & Buffington 1997).
větvící se koryto zahrnující anastomózní i divočící toky
(téměř) kolmý spád vody přes balvany nebo dřevní hmotu
zóna relativně nižší rychlosti a větší hloubky proudění
zóna relativně vyšší rychlosti a nižší hloubky proudění, obvykle také s hrubšími sedimenty
akumulační forma nad běžnou úrovní hladiny
akumulační forma nad běžnou úrovní hladiny porostlá vegetací
(téměř) kolmý spád vody přes skalní stupeň
vystupující skalní podloží, po kterém teče voda v rovnoběžném směru
jednotlivě zmapovaný balvan (průměr > 256 mm) v místech s jinak jemnější sedimentární facií
dřevo delší než 1 m s minimální tloušťkou 10 cm (Wohl et al. 2010).
akumulace více než tří LWD (Wohl & Cadol 2011).
akumulace menšícho dřeva než LWD nebo méně než tří LWD v kombinaci s jemnějším dřevem
bobří hráz zcela nebo částečně přehrazující vodní tok
konkávní podélná forma, občasně protékaná, včetně koluviálních koryt sensu Montgomery & Buffington (1997).
akumulační forma mimo koryto vyvinutá jako důsledek fluviálního transportu nebo murové aktivity (obvykle v dolním závěru údolí,
v místě s lokálně sníženým sklonem údolnice)
sesuv aktivně dodávající sedimenty do toku
stabilizovaný sesuv v interakci s korytem (např. hradící údolí, ovlivňující směr proudění)
relativně čerstvá nátrž, aktivně dodávající sedimenty do toku
vegetací stabilizovaná nátrž, reaktivace možná při vyšších průtocích
boční vstup hrubšího sedimentárního materiálu (kamenné proudy, proudy z hald, blokovobahenní proudy)
antropogenní akumulace vznikající při těžební činnosti
vyvýšená antropogenní forma (obvykle pro silnice, železnice apod.)
travinobylinná vegetace v nivě nebo údolním dnu
křovinná vegetace v nivě nebo údolním dnu
listnatý les v nivě nebo údolním dnu
jehličnatý les v nivě nebo údolním dnu
smíšený les v nivě nebo údolním dnu
(polo)přirozená skladba vegetace
člověkem značně ovlivněná skladba vegetace s nepřirozenými druhy
boční koryto protékané jen za vysokých průtoků (povodňové koryto)
bývalý meandr, hydraulicky propojený s korytem
bývalý meandr, hydraulicky nepropojený s korytem
plošná sníženina v nivě s jemnozrnným sedimentem, obvykle za agradačním valem
vyvýšenina mimo hlavní koryto, s korytem rovnoběžná, obvykle vznikající během ústupu povodně
akumulační forma kuželovitého tvaru, vznikající v místech, kde tok prorazí agradační nebo antropogenní protipovodňový val
stupeň oddělující plošiny nivy o různé výškové úrovni
akumulační forma kuželovitého nebo protáhlého tvaru, vznikající uložením sedimentů blokovo-bahenního proudu v horském terénu
antropogenní vyvýšená forma podél vodního toku, bránící vybřežování
stabilizace dna pomocí betonu
stabilizace dna kameny (obvykle zpevněno betonem či jiným pojivem)
nizká příčná stavba (obvykle do 1,5 m výšky)
vyšší příčná stavba (obvykle nad 1,5 m výšky)
zdrsněný prudký úsek toku stabilizovaný velkým imobilním materiálem, přírodě bližší náhrada příčných objektů
přičná stavba, užívaná pro plavební nebo vodohospodářské účely nebo výrobu elektřiny
prohlubeň pod příčnou stavbou, obvykle se zpevněným dnem či břehy, slouží k tlumení energie vody
antropogenní struktura, více či méně kolmá na směr toku, sloužící k usměrnění proudění (např. jako protierozní ochrana břehů)
tradiční forma zpevnění břehů používající živé vrbové řízky k vytvoření flexibilní a rostoucí stabilizace
stabilizace břehů využívající klády umístěné rovnoběžně s tokem
tradiční forma zpevnění břehů používající válce z vrbových prutů
moderní typ opevnění břehů, tvárnice prorostlé vegetací
opevnění břehů pomocí více či méně pravidelného uspořádání imobilních balvanů
opevnění břehů balvany tak, aby tvořily rovnou plochu a často jsou stabilizovanými pojivem (např. beton), někdy jsou spáry vyplněny
jen zeminou či štěrkem
drátokamenné opevňovací struktury
voda tekoucí v betonovém korytě
zdi budované rovnoběžně s vodním tokem
zpevněná příčná struktura, umožňující průjezd vozidel za obvyklých průtoků
struktura umožňující vodě protékat pod cestou, železnicí apod., obvykle kruhového nebo obdélníkového průměru s menší šířkou, než je šířka toku
struktura překonávající tok, se silnicí, cestou nebo železnicí
struktura překonávající tok, se zatrubněním
oficiální geodetický bod, vedený v národní databázi
vlastní měřický bod, zaměřený geodetickými metodami
stabilizovaný bod (např. pro opakovaná měření)
ostatní vzorkovací body (např. odběr sedimentů, fytocenologické snímkování apod.)
místo zaměřeného příčného profilu tokem
1)
záleží na měřítku; u plošné geometrie se používají liniové symboly pro hrany
fotky
barva 3.1
barva dle
přírodnosti
vylučuje se s 1.3
migračně
prostupný (s
rybím přechodem):
Ano/Ne
výška, sklon
Barvy:
90-115-45 125-145-120240-180-180 240-240-180 210-240-1800-0-0 65-230-240 55-90-190 110-95-45 195-150-15
korytové formace,
křížení
erozní transportně-vyr.
převa žující pro ces
akumulační proudění vodní prvky
v nivě
tvary reliéfu dřevo přírodní antrop. ovlivněná antrop. objekty
veget ace
160-75-180
Ke stažení:
TT
TrueType
Font file
 ArcGIS
Style file
ArcGIS
database
velikost
mapování
220-40-0
6.
Mapování
nadmořská
výška,
souřadnice,
denivelace
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grass
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low discharge
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zone of fast flow
zone of slow flow
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dominant process
clay/silt, transport-balanced
clay-silt, accumulation
sand, transport-balanced
gravel, transport-balanced
gravel, accumulation
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cobble, accumulation
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crevasse splays
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bank failure, active
rock ripraps
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bridge
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5 m
1 : 150
!
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a)
b)
c)
PL
SK
CZ
128-128-128
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5
m
Vegetation
trees (decidious)
shrubs
Channel-reach morpology
pool-riffle
plane bed
bedrock channel
low discharge
zone of fast flow
Bed sediment and
dominant process
Bedrock channel, erosion
Cobble, erosion
Cobble, deposition
Channel units
boulder
step
bedrock step
riffle
pool
bar, gravel
bar, cobble
bar, boulder
cone
gully
bank failure, active
bank failure, stabilised
floodplain terrace
small wood accumulation
a) Lubina
5 m
1 : 150
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cobble, erosion
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1.2.1 1.2.2 1.5.1
1.5.2 1.5.3 1.5.4
1.5.5 1.6.1 1.6.2
1.6.3 1.6.4 1.6.7
1.6.8 1.7.2 1.7.4
2.1.1 2.1.2 2.2.1
2.1.3.1 2.1.4.1
5.2 5.4
3.2.1 3.2.3
4.3.1 4.3.2
4.3.3 4.5.5 4.5.6