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2. GEOLOGY - SCIENCE


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TODAY WE ARE GOING TO:
•revise vocabulary and word formation.
•talk about scientific breakthroughs, how they influence us in the present and how they affect our
future.
•practise listening to be able to get the information we need.
•practise reading and learn new vocabulary.
•learn how to use indirect speech while talking about achievements of other people.
•look for the most important information in the text and summarize it.

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REVISION – WORD FORMATION
•USE
•DIFFER
•ACT
•

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INDIRECT SPEECH
•Associate professor of sedimentary geology at Oxford said: „The number of samples required for
this study was made possible because the diffractometer at Oxford collects mineralogical data 250
times faster than a conventional instrument.“ •Associate professor of sedimentary geology at Oxford
said that the diffractometer at Oxford had contributed to a bigger number of samples.

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BASIC RULES
•She said, „I work at the university.“ × She said she worked at the university.
•She said, „I have finished my degree.“ × She said she had finished her degree.
•She said, „I have been studying at this university for 2 years.“ × She said she had been studying
at that university for 2 years.
•She said, „I started studying here 2 years ago.“ × She said she had started studying there 2 years
before.
•She said, „I was studying yesterday.“ × She said she had been studying the day before.
•She said, „I will come tomorrow.“ × She said she would come the next day.

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BUT!
•Previous research revealed that certain clay minerals are toxic.
•Anderson adds that for the vast majority of Earth's history, life has not possessed hard shells or
skeletons.
•

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OTHER REPORTING VERBS
conclude
prove
estimate
reveal
demonstrate
suggest
explain
warn
discover
claim
mention
tell
hypothesise
add
think
propose
observe
doubt
argue
expect

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USE YOUR OWN WORDS TO WRITE WHAT THE SCIENTIST CLAIMS. USE MORE REPORTING VERBS TO PARAPHRASE THE
WHOLE MESSAGE:
•Ross Anderson adds: „For the vast majority of Earth's history, life has not possessed hard shells
or skeletons. This means that if we want to look for fossil evidence of life on other planets like
Mars, the chances are we probably need to find fossils of entirely soft organisms, and Burgess
Shale-type fossilisation provides a way. Nasa's Curiosity rover has the ability to record
mineralogy on the Martian surface, so it could potentially look for the types of rocks which might
be most conducive to preserving these fossils.“
•
•

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WHICH SENTENCE IS MORE LOGICAL? WHY?
•The fossil was discovered to incubate eggs inside its body. •The fossil was discovered to have
incubated eggs inside its body.

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SOURCES
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uobt4k2auey
•https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/02/180216084915.htm
•http://dinopedia.wikia.com/wiki/waptia
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HOMEWORK
•Learn the vocabulary.
•Learn the grammar, e. g. here: https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/reported-speech.html, (we
couldn‘t cover everything but there are plenty of websites to practise, e. g.
https://www.flo-joe.co.uk/fce/students/strategy/transfrm/rspeech.htm)
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