3 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 1. Which words are these abbreviations made of? Match the phrases below with the three categories. MEDC LEDC NIC 1. 1. 1. 2. 2. 2. 3. 3. 3. 4. 4. 4. 5. 5. 5. 6. 6. 7. A. all levels of education available B. economy based on primary industries (farming, fishing, mining) C. public health and education services are generally poor D. good access to medical care E. more people in rural areas than in towns F. countries of the South that have industrialized rapidly – secondary sector has grown G. life expectancy and literacy is increasing or has increased recently H. younger, growing population I. tertiary sector is starting to arise to provide services J. tertiary sector dominates (services, banking, information technologies) K. industrialization has not started L. primary sector highly mechanized, employs few people M. they control majority of the world trade and use up majority of the world’s resources N. many people suffer from malnutrition and communicable diseases O. they are undergoing rapid economic growth (usually export-oriented) P. secondary industries are often light manufacturing or high-tech production Q. families provide a lot of support for education, healthcare and looking after the elderly R. they are moving into electronics manufacturing as the workforces become more skilled Which sentences express a trend? Which grammar is used for expressing current trends? 2. Kenya Leads in Informal Sector Employment https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W-lBVV_kbs8 Listen to the first part (0 – 0.45) and write down the English equivalents for: dílna předměstí zabezpečit se nekvalifikovaný zaměstnání podnikatelský získat přístup Watch the rest of the report and answer the questions: 1. What does Joseph hope that president Obama will do? 2. How many Kenyans do not have formal employment? 3. What does the government do to help young adults? 4. What is needed to spark industrialization? 3. Migration http://www.oecd.org/dev/better-international-co-ordination-could-lead-to-more-worldwide-benefits-fr om-migration.htm Complete the gaps (1 – 7) in the first part of the report with the missing phrases A – G. A. influence today’s migration patterns B. at around 80% C. from 2.7% in 1995 to 3.3% in 2015 D. impact of migration on developing countries E. already living in destination countries F. has improved in areas G. has increased from Perspectives on Global Development 2017: International Migration in a Shifting World shows that while the share of global migrants originating from developing countries has remained fairly stable 1. ..… over the last 20 years, the share of developing country migrants heading to high-income countries has jumped from 36% to 51% of the world total. The report documents the 2. …… and discusses policies that can help maximise gains from it and foster development. Various factors 3. …… . Notwithstanding rapid economic growth in many developing economies, the average per-capita income differential between developing and advanced economies 4. …….. around USD 20,000 in 1995 to more than USD 35,000 in 2015, making the latter even more attractive for migrants. While well-being in developing countries 5. …… like life expectancy, security, health and education, the disparity with advanced countries remains high. The presence of migrant networks (family, friends and community) 6…….. facilitates migration, reinforcing the concentration in a few preferred destinations. The share of the world population living outside their country of birth has risen 7. …….., an increase of about 85 million people in two decades to roughly a total of 245 million international migrants. Expressing cause and effect: read the second part of the text and complete these sentences. 1. Some of the factors affecting migration are …… 2. Migration is a result of …… 3. ………………………….. and ……………………….. are positive impacts on countries. 4. ………………………….. and ……………………….. are negative impacts on countries. 5. Large inflows can have impacts on ……….. Other factors affecting migration patterns include immigration policies, rising education levels in developing countries, and changing demographics and labour market needs worldwide. "Migration is a natural result of economic development that can benefit both countries of origin and destination. This trend is here to stay, so it has to work for all countries," said Angel Gurría, the OECD Secretary General. "Improved co-operation would help developing, emerging and advanced economies better manage migration to the benefit of all, making sure that there are more winners and fewer losers from migration." Migration can have both positive and negative impacts on countries of origin as well as those of destination. For the countries migrants are leaving, the loss of labour can relieve pressure in over-crowded labour markets, propping up wages and easing unemployment. Moreover, migrants send home remittances and bring knowledge and ideas as they return. But emigration also can come with economic and social costs, such as labour shortages, a loss of educated and skilled workers and social repercussions for family members left behind. Public authorities in countries of origin need to address such costs while putting in place conditions to maximise the benefits. Countries of destination can benefit from migration to make up for worker shortages, especially in specific sectors. Immigrants also contribute more than just their labour: they also invest in their host country and help create jobs. Besides, immigrants are less likely than native-born citizens to receive government transfers. However, immigrants are less likely to have formal labour contracts than native-born workers. Public policies in developing countries of destination need to invest in immigrants’ economic and social integration and address the potential impacts that large inflows can exert on the capacity of public services, notably at the sub-national level. As the number of people migrating is likely to continue to increase, the need is growing for greater international co-operation to manage migration flows as well as a framework for handling refugee crises – which are a separate and smaller phenomenon than economic migration. Even with the current crisis, refugees represent less than 10% of total migrants worldwide. Better international co-operation should span areas such as the protection of migrants’ rights, visa agreements, recruitment and remittance costs, as well as qualifications and skills partnerships. Find a passage in the text which expresses a probable trend. 4.Dilip Ratha: The hidden force in global economics: sending money home 0 – 8.47 https://www.ted.com/talks/dilip_ratha_the_hidden_force_in_global_economics_sending_money_home#t-119 309 Watch the speech and explain: · what remittances are · what impact remittances have in poor countries · what problem the speaker points out Here is a part of the speech. Put the connectors in the right gaps: and yet because of so even though also Many rich nations …………. have a blanket ban on sending money to specific countries. …………., is it that there are no options, no better options, cheaper options, to send money? There are. M-Pesa in Kenya enables people to send money and receive money at a fixed cost of only 60 cents per transaction. U.S. Fed started a program with Mexico to enable money service businesses to send money to Mexico for a fixed cost of only 67 cents per transaction. ……………., these faster, cheaper, better options can't be applied internationally ………………. the fear of money laundering, …………………there is little data to support any connection, any significant connection between money laundering and these small remittance transactions. 5. TYPES OF AID – complete the definitions with your own suggestions. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/development/aid_rev1.shtml 1. Emergency or short-term aid - needed after sudden d _ _ _ _ _ _ _ such as the 2004 Asian tsunami. 2. Charitable aid - funded by donations from the public through ch _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and non-governmental organizations. 3. Long-term or development aid - involves providing local communities with education and skills for s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ development. 4. Multilateral aid - given through i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ organisations such as the World Bank rather than by one specific country. What is your opinion? Which type of aid is best? Why? Phrases for expressing opinion I think that… My personal view is that… From an economic perspective… If we look at this from a social perspective… I see what you mean but… I must admit that… Group discussion: How could poverty in the world be reduced? · You will work in groups of 4 and discuss your suggestions. Look at the solutions from different points of view – that of a politician (1), an immigrant (2) and a person from a charity (3). · The interviewer makes sure that the discussion is going on fairly and everyone has the chance to speak. · Take the roles and discuss different views. ROLES: 1. a politician 2. an economic migrant 3. a representative of a non-governmental organization 4. the interviewer in the discussion