ResearchGate See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237063361 Ruderal flora and vegetation of the town of Zabljak (Montenegro) - an overview for the period 1990 - 1998 Article in Botanica Serbica • January 2013 CITATIONS 0 READS 95 4 authors: Slobodan Jovanovic University of Belgrade 100 PUBLICATIONS 375 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Vladan Djordjevic University of Belgrade 24 PUBLICATIONS 45 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Ksenija Jakovljevic University of Belgrade 35 PUBLICATIONS 104 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Snezana Vukojicic University of Belgrade 55 PUBLICATIONS 247 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Botanica Serbica Journal View project project An Annotated Checklist of Vascular Flora of Serbia View project All content following this page was uploaded by Slobodan Jovanovic on 11 February 2018. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. BotanicaSERBICA 37(i):(2013)55-69 Original Scientific Paper Ruderal flora and vegetation of the town of Zabljak (Montenegro) - an overview for the period 1990 - 1998 Slobodan Jovanovic*, Ksenija Jakovljevic, Vladan Djordjevic and Snezana Vukojicic University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden "Jevremovac", Takovska 43, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia abstract: The paper represents the results of fioristic and vegetation studies of ruderal habitats in urban and suburban areas of the town of Zabljak (Montenegro) within the last decade of the 20th century. a total of 279 vascular plant taxa (species or subspecies level) was recorded, as well as 6 ruderal plant communities. Detailed taxonomic-systematic, ecological and phytogeographic analyses identified certain specificities of ruderal habitats of this mountain town (1450 m a.s.l.) which is the administrative seat of the Durmitor National Park. The results of these studies support the thesis that even mountain regions, which are considered to be at low risk of ruderalization and allochthonization, are not exempt from this process. In this sense, the paper affirms the need for future complex and comparative geobotanic research of other urban mountain areas in Montenegro and the Balkan Peninsula. Key words: ruderal flora and vegetation, Zabljak, Montenegro Received 16 May 2012 Revision accepted 28 February 2013 UDK 581.526.7(497.16) introduction It is known that ruderal flora and vegetation generally represent one of the most dynamic floristic-vegetation complexes. The first research in the field of urban ecology in Europe was directed on certain habitat types (e.g. old fortifications, ruins, gardens and parks), while overall urban ecosystem studies started in the seventies of the last century (Sukopp 2002). In the former Yugoslavia, particular interest in ruderal flora and vegetation appeared during the last few decades of the 20th century (Jovanovic 1993). However, its exploration on the territory of Montenegro is not satisfactory, except for the wider area of the capital city Podgorica (Stesevic and Jovanovic 2005,2008; Stesevic et al. 2009). Several years of research within the project "Flora and vegetation of the National Park Durmitor" have been conducted during the last decade of the 20th century, a special attention being paid to plants that grow in different types of ruderal habitats in urban and suburban areas of the town of Zabljak, which is the administrative seat of Durmitor National Park (NP) and the urban area with the highest altitude in the Balkan Peninsula (1450 m a.s.l). The results of this project have not yet been published in an integrated form. Hence, the goal of this study was to provide insight into the ecological and phytogeographical specificities of plant life that has evolved in different types of ruderal habitats in mountain, urban and suburban areas of Zabljak during the period from 1990 to 1998. This would provide a good basis for future comparative geobotanic research not only in this area, but also in other mountain urban areas in Montenegro and the Balkan Peninsula. This work is of particular important because even mountain regions, which are usually considered to be at low risk of ruderalization and allochthonization, are not exempt from this process (Humphries et al. 1991; Rouget et al. 2003; Baret et al. 2006; Pauchard et al. 2009; McDougall et al. 2011). "correspondence: sjov@bio.bg.ac.rs ©2013 Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden Jevremovac, Belgrade Botanica SERBICA vol.37(1) materials and methods Investigation of the ruder al flora and vegetation of 2abljak was conducted in the period 1990-1998. The plant material collected was deposited in the Herbarium of the University of Belgrade - BEOU (Holmgren et al. 1990) Identification and review of plants were performed according to standard botanical (floristic) literature, while the nomenclature follows Flora Europaea (Tutin et al. 1968-1980, 1993). For each species floristic elements were determined, with minor changes, according to the principle of division of Meusel etal. (1965,1978) and Meusel & Jager (1992), while for all adventive and cosmopolitan species their authentic areals were specially determined. Classification of floristic elements in the basic area types and area groups was determined by the principle of floristic-vegetation phytogeographical regionalization of Serbia used by Jovanovic (1994). Life forms of plants were determined according to Ellenberg & Mueller-Dambois (1967). Phytocoeno-logical research of ruderal vegetation was performed using standard methods of Braun-Blanquet (1965). results Floristic richness and taxonomical analysis. On different types of ruderal habitats in urban and suburban areas of 2abljak in the last decade of the 20th century, 279 species and subspecies of vascular plants have been found, representing 158 genera and 37 families (Appendix 1). Gymnosperms were represented by 2 species (Juniperus communis and Picea abies), while within angiosperms the majority of taxa belonged to the classis Dicotyledones (247 taxa within 136 genera and 32 families). The classis of Monocotyledones was represented by significantly fewer taxa (30 taxa, within 20 genera and 3 families). The most frequent families in the ruderal habitats of 2abljak were: Asteraceae (52 sp.), Poaceae (28 sp.), Caryophyllaceae and Rosaceae (each with 21 sp.),Lamiaceae (20 sp.), Fabaceae (18 sp.) and Scrophulariaceae (17 sp.). Within the taxonomic structure of flora of the 2abljak area the most numerous were the following genera: Potentilla, Ranunculus and Veronica (each with seven sp.), Trifolium (six sp.), Campanula, Cerastium and Cirsium (each with five sp.), Festuca, Galium, Hieracium, Poa, Rumex, Silene, Trifolium and Viola (each with four sp.). This involvement of the most frequent families and genera in the ruderal flora of 2abljak corresponds with their presence in the whole flora of the Balkan Peninsula, where the particularly prominent families are Asteraceae and Poaceae, and genera Potentilla, Ranunculus and Veronica (Turill 1929). Table 1. Biological spectrum of ruderal flora of Zabijak. Life form No % Hemicryptophytes (H) 182 65.2 Therophytes (T) 64 22.9 Geophytes (G) 12 4.3 Chamaephytes (Ch) 12 4.3 Phanerophytes (P) 8 2.9 Scandentophytes (S) 1 0.4 Table 2. Chorological spectrum of ruderal flora of Zabijak. Area type No % Holarctic (HOL) 179 64.2 Mediterranean-Continental (MED-CONT) 38 13.6 Cosmopolitan (COSM) 30 10.8 Central European-Mediterranean (CE-MED) 12 4.3 Central European (CE) 10 3.6 "Adventive" (ADV) 7 2.5 Pontic-South Siberian (PONT-SSIB) 3 1.0 The specificity of the ruderal flora of 2abljak was the absence of genera typical of the ruderal type (e.g. Amaranthus), as well as the presence of only two species of the genus Chenopodium. On the other hand, it was characterized by the sporadic presence of some typical mountain species which are not specific to ruderal habitats (e.g. Acinos alpinus, Linum capitatum and Ranunculus montanus), and some endemic and subendemic species (Pimpinella serbica, Silene sendtneri and Hypericum barbatum). Biological spectrum. The ecological analysis showed that flora of the 2abljak area was of the hemicryptophytes type (182 sp., 65.2% of total). Therophytes participated significantly less (64 sp., 22.9% of total). Other life forms were present with a smaller number of representatives (Table 1). The domination of hemicryptophytes in the biological spectrum of the ruderal flora of 2abljak corresponds with the dominant presence of these life forms in the whole s. Jovanovic et ah Ruderal flora and vegetation of Zabljak flora of the Balkans (Turill 1929). However, the presence of therophytes was low compared with the ruderal flora of other urban areas. This is understandable knowing that 2abljak is situated at high altitude under the influence of a cold, harsh mountain climate. It may also be the consequence of less degradation, i.e. lower anthropo-zoogenic pressure compared with typical urban areas. Phytogeographical analysis. Phytogeographical analysis of the ruderal flora of 2abljak showed the presence of nearly 200 different floristic elements, included into 26 area groups, i.e. seven basic area types (Table 2). The most abundant were the Holarctic area type of species (179 sp., 64.2% of total), within which the Euroasian group of floristic elements dominated (81 sp., 46% of total). A total of 38 taxa belonged to the Mediterranean-Continental area type, of which the majority (19 sp.) belonged to the Mediterraneo-Pontic-South Siberian areal group. The area type of cosmopolitan species was represented by 30 taxa (10.8%). At the same time, a detailed analysis of the structure of native ranges of cosmopolitan species indicated the domination of Palearctic representatives (14 sp.), with high participation of cosmopolitan species of Mediterranean origin (eight sp.). Central European-Mediterranean area type was represented by 12 taxa and Central European by 10 representatives. The presence of adventive species in the 2abljak area was low (only seven sp.). The majority of these taxa (four sp.) originated from the Pontic - Submediterranean area (Armoracia rusticana, Cannabis sativa, Erysimum cheiri and Medicago sativa), two taxa were of Neoarctic origin (Erigeron annuus and Rudbeckia laciniata), and one of Neotropical-Neoarctic origin (Matricaria suaveolens). The Pontic-South Siberian area type was least represented with only three representatives (Festuca rupicola, Nepeta nuda and Veronica austriaca). Phytogeographical analysis showed the dominance of taxa of Holarctic area type, which was generally dominant in this region, while the proximity of the Mediterranean influenced the second most dominant type, Mediterranean-Continental, by the number of taxa in the areal-spectrum of the ruderal flora. The low presence of the "adventive area type" (seven taxa), as a conditional chorological category, may be explained by the position of 2abljak as the highest urban area in the Balkans. Vegetation. Within the ruderal habitats in urban and suburban areas of Zabljak, six different plant communities have been recorded (Appendix 1). They group into 5 alliances, 5 orders and 5 vegetation classes: Classis: GALIO - URTICETEA Pass, ex Kopecky 1969 Ordo: Glechometalia hederaceae Tx. in Tx. et Brun-Hool 1975 nom.conserv.prop. Alliance: Aegopodion podagrariae Tx. 1967 nom.conserv. propos. ass: Chaerophylletum aurei Oberdorfer 1957 Classis: ARTEMISIETEA VULGARIS Lohm.,Prsg. et R.Tx. 1950 Ordo: Onopordetalia acanthii Br.- Bl. et Tx. 1943 em.Görs 1966 Alliance: Onopordion acanthii Br.- Bl. 1926 ass: Carduuetum acanthoides Felfoldy 1942 Ordo Artemisietalia vulgaris Lohm. apud R. Tx.1947 Alliance: Arction lappae Tx.(1937) 1942 em.Gutte 1972 ass: Arctio-Artemisietum vulgaris (R.Tx. 1942) Oberd. et al. 1967 ass: Tanaceto-Urticetum dioicae - ass. nov. prov. Classis: AGROPYRETEA REPENTIS Oberd., Th.Muller et Görs 1967 Ordo: Agropyretalia repentis Oberd.,Th.Muller et Görs 1967 Alliance: Convolvulo-Agropyrion repentis Görs 1966 ass: Tussilaginetum farfarae Oberd. 1949 Classis: PLANTAGINETEA MAJORIS Tx.et Prsg. 1950 Ordo: Plantaginetalia majoris Tx.et Prsg. 1950 Alliance: Polygonion avicularis Br.- Bl. 1931 ass: Matricario - Polygonetum avicularis Müller ex Oberdorfer 1971 The association Chaerophylletum aurei was recorded at seven locations within the 2abljak area. It develops on filled, relatively humid, nitrophilous and sheltered surfaces near roads or at boundaries, where direct mechanical anthropogenic activities are little expressed. In addition to the edificator species Chaerophyllum aureum, other species characterized by high levels of abundance and cover were: Achillea millefolium, Crepis biennis, Trifolium pratense, Elymus repens, Dactylis glomerata, Urtica dioica and Poa trivialis. Fifty-one members were recorded as being present in the stands of this community. The association Carduuetum acanthoides was represented by four typically-developed stands. It develops on neglected, dry, sunny and warm surfaces near the secondary roads or trails created by construction waste and garbage, mostly in peripheral areas of the town. The edificator species Carduus acanthoides was characterized by the highest level of abundance and cover, and the main accompanying species were: Achillea millefolium, Plantago major and Plantago lanceolata. A total of 58 taxa were recorded within stands of this community. The association Arctio-Artemisietum vulgaris develops in the form of high and robust closed-canopy stands on neglected surfaces along the streets with limited circulation, on empty patches of land which are not Botanica SERBICA vol.37(1) tilled, in neglected economic yards etc. In 2abljak this community was represented by two typical stands. In addition to the edificator species (Arctium lappa and Artemisia vulgaris), other species characterized by high levels of abundance and cover were: Achillea millefolium, Crepis biennis, Trifolium pratense, Carduus acanthoides, Chaerophyllum aureum, Plantago major, Taraxacum officinale, Trifolium repens, Urtica dioica, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Silene latifolia subsp. alba, Poa trivialis, Conium maculatum, Galeopsis speciosa and Thlaspi arvense. Stands of this community were represented by 38 taxa. The association Tanaceto-Urticetum dioicae - ass. nov. prov. develops similarly to the previous one and as an ecologically-close community of the Arction lappae alliance, mostly in the peripheral urban, suburban and village entities. Typical habitats of this community are moderately nitrophilous, sunny or partially shadowed surfaces which are slightly moist, or habitats on deep humus land of neglected spaces between houses and fences. In 2abljak only one typically-developed stand of this community was recorded. In addition to the edificator species Tanacetum vulgare and Urtica dioica, the following species were characterized by high levels of abundance and cover: Mentha longifolia and Arctium lappa. In this community, 23 taxa were recorded. The association Tussilaginetumfarfaraewas represented by four typical stands in the 2abljak area. This community develops mostly on the intensively sunny and extremely dry, freshly filled deposits of construction waste, along road crevices, in pastures near roads, sidewalks and fences. Direct anthropo-zoogenic influences are absent, while indirect influences are present in the form of fertilization by organic waste which improves the mineral regime of the soil. Besides the domination of the edificator species Tussilago farfara, other species characterized by high levels of abundance and cover were Trifolium pratense and Trifolium repens. Within stands of this community 58 taxa were recorded. The association Matricario - Polygonetum avicularis develops mostly on dry, sunny, relatively warm, intensively trampled and moderately nitrophilous surfaces near sidewalks, streets, paths, yards, bus stops, fences and similar-exposed places. It was represented by four typical stands. The edificator species Matricaria suaveolens and Polygonum aviculare, as well as Plantago major, Poa annua and Taraxacum officinale clearly indicated the presence of intense anthropogenic trampling as a determinant anthropogenic influence of the community's development. The community was floristically the poorest, represented by only 18 recorded taxa. The ruderal flora and vegetation in urban and suburban areas of 2abljak (Montenegro), as the highest town in the Balkan Peninsula, were investigated to determine the richness, taxonomic structure, biological and phytogeographical spectrum, and to determine the vegetation units present at this specific type of habitat. Ruderal flora of the 2abljak area was represented by 279 taxa of vascular plants, categorized into 158 genera and 37 families. The participation of the most frequent families and genera in the ruderal flora of 2abljak corresponds with their presence in the whole flora of the Balkan Peninsula, where particularly prominent families are Asteraceae and Poaceae, and the genera Potentilla, Ranunculus and Veronica. The specificity of the ruderal flora of 2abljak was the absence of typical ruderal genera (e.g. Amaranthus), and the presence of only two species of Chenopodium. On the other hand, the sporadic presence of some typical mountain species (Acinos alpinus, Linum capitatum and Ranunculus montanus), and some endemic and subendemic species (Pimpinella serbica, Silene sendtneri and Hypericum barbatum), indicated the refugial character of the entire area of NP "Durmitor", as well as the eurivalence of these species in terms of habitat selection. Ecological analysis has shown that the flora of the investigated region had a hemicryptophytic character with less participation than usual of annuals and therophytes. Phytogeographical analysis showed that the majority of the representatives belonged to the Holarctic area type, and foremost to the Euroasian area group. The low presence of species of the "adventive area type" is explaned by the specific location of 2abljak as the highest urban area in the Balkans. In the urban and suburban areas of 2abljak, six ruderal communities were recorded: Chaerophylletum aurei, Carduuetum acanthoides, Arctio-Artemisietum vulgaris, Tanaceto-Urticetum dioicae - ass. nov. prov., Tussilaginetum farfarae and Matricario - Polygonetum avicularis. This research affirms the need for future detailed and comparative geobotanical studies of other mountain urban entities in Montenegro and the Balkan Peninsula. Acknowledgment - The Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts and NP "Durmitor" (project "Flora and vegetation of NP Durmitor", in period 1990-1998) and the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, the Republic of Serbia, Grant 173030, supported this research. REFERENCES Baret S, Rouget M, Richardson DM, Lavergne C, Egoh B, Dupont J & Strasberg D. 2006. Current distribution and potential extent of the most invasive alien plant species on La Reunion (Indian Ocean, Mascarene islands). Austral Ecology 31: 747-758. s. 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Clarendon, Oxford. Tutin TG, Heywood VH, Burges NA, Moore DM, Valentine DH, Walters SM & Webb DA. (eds.) 1968- 1980. Flora Euroraea 2-5. University Press. Cambridge. Tutin TG, Burges NA, Chater OA, Edmondson JR, Heywood, VH, Moore DM, Valentine DH, Walters SM & Webb DA. (eds.) 1993. Flora Europaea ed. 2, 1. University Press. Cambridge. Botanica SERBICA vol.37(1) Botanica SERBICA REŽIME- Ruderalna flora i vegetacija Zabijaka (Crna Gora) pregled za period 1990 - 1998 Slobodan Jovanovič, Ksenija Jakovljevíc, Vladan Dordevič, Snežana Vukojičič Uradu su predstavljeni rezultati florističkih i vegetacijskih istraživanja ruderalnih staništa urbane i suburbane zone grada Zabijaka (Crna Gora) tokom poslednje dekade 20. veka. Konstatováno je prisustvo 279 taksona vaskularnih biljaka (ranga vršte ili podvrste), kao i 6 biljnih zajednica ruderalnog tipa. Detaljna taksonomsko-sistematska, ekološka i fitogeografska analiza ukazuje na neke specifičnosti ruderalnih staništa ovog planinskog grada (1450 m.n.v.) koji predstavlja administrativno sedište poznatog Nacionalnog parka "Durmitor". Rezultati ovih istraživanja podržavaju tezu da čak ni planinski regioni, za koje se smatra da su pod malim rizikom od ruderalizacije i alohtonizacije, nisu izuzeti od ovih procesa. U tom smislu, u radu se afirmiše potreba buducih kompleksnih i komparativnih geobotaničkih istraživanja i drugih planinskih urbanih celina na prostoru Crne Gore i Balkanskog poluostrva. Ključne reči: ruderalna flora i vegetacija, Zabijak, Crna Gora s. Jovanovic et ah Ruderal flora and vegetation of Zabljak Appendix 1. Survey of the ruderal flora and vegetation of Zabljak (1 - Arctio-Artemisietum vulgaris; 2 - Carduuetum acanthoides; 3 -Chaerophylletum aurei; 4 - Matricario-Polygonetum avicularis; 5 - Tanaceto-Urticetum dioicae - ass. nov. prov.; 6 - Tussilaginetum jarjarae). Area type Life form Taxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 HOL H scap Achillea distans Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd. subsp. tanacetifolia Janchen HOL H scap Achillea millefolium L. +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 + +-1 MED-CONT H scap Acinos alpinus (L.) Moench CE T scap Acinos arvensis (Lam.) Dandy HOL G rhiz scap Aegopodium podagraria L. HOL H scap Agrimonia eupatoria L. COSM H rept Agrostis stolonifera L. + + CE-MED H rept Ajuga reptans L. HOL H Alchemilla monticola Opiz + MED-CONT Gbulb Allium carinatum L. MED-CONT H Alyssum montanum L. HOL H scap bienn/ H scap Anchusa officinalis L. MED-CONT T scap Anthemis arvensis L. HOL H caesp Anthoxanthum odoratum L. 1 MED-CONT T scap Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm. HOL H scap Anthriscus nemorosa (Bieb.) Sprengel + HOL H scap Anthyllis vulneraria L. + + HOL H semiros bienn Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. HOL H scap bienn Arctium lappa L. 3-3 + +-1 1 + HOL T scap Arenaria serpyllifolia L. + + ADV G rad scap Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb. + HOL Ch suff caesp Artemisia absinthium L. HOL H scap Artemisia vulgaris L. 1-2 +-1 MED-CONT H scap/Ch suffr Asperula aristata subsp. scabra (J. & C. Presl) Nyman HOL Ch suff caesp Asperula cynanchica L. + HOL T scap Atriplex hastata L. HOL H scap Balsamita major Desf. CE-MED H ros Bellis perennis L. HOL Grhiz Blysmus compressus (L.) Panzer ex Link Botanica SERBICA vol.37(1) Area type Life form Taxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 CE H caesp Briza media L. HOL T scap Bromus commutatus Schräder CE H caesp Bromus erectus Hudson 1 COSM T scap Bromus hordeaceus L. + + 1 HOL H scap Bupleurum falcatum L. MED-CONT H scap bienn Calendula officinalis L. HOL H scap Campanula bononiensis L. HOL H scap Campanula glomerata L. HOL H scap bienn Campanula patula L. HOL H scap Campanula persicifolia L. + MED-CONT H scap Campanula trichocalycina Ten. + ADV T scap Cannabis sativa L. COSM T ros/H ros bienn Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medicus + + 1 HOL H scap bienn Carduus acanthoides L. 1-1 3-5 +-1 + + MED-CONT H ros Carlina acanthifolia All. HOL H scap Carum carvi L. + +-1 HOL H scap Centaurea jacea L. HOL H scap Centaurea scabiosa L. 1 + HOL H scap Centaurea stenolepis A. Kerner CE-MED T scap semiros Cerastium brachypetalum Pers. + + HOL T scap Cerastium fontanum Baumg. COSM H scap Cerastium fontanum Baumg. subsp. vulgare (Hartman) Greuter & Bürdet + COSM T scap semiros Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. HOL Ch herb caesp Cerastium grandiflorum Waldst. & Kit. CE-MED H scap Chaerophyllum aureum L. 2-2 3-4 HOL T scap Chenopodium album L. + 1 HOL H scap Chenopodium bonus-henricus L. + +-1 + HOL T scap Chenopodium hybridum L. HOL H scap Chondrilla juncea L. COSM H scap Cichorium intybus L. + MED-CONT H ros Cirsium acaule Scop. + HOL G rad scap Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. 1-2 +-2 1-3 s. Jovanovic et ah Ruderal flora and vegetation of Zabljak Area type Life form Taxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 MED-CONT H scap bienn Cirsium candelabrum Griseb. 1 HOL H scap Cirsium eriophorum (L.) Scop. HOL H scap bienn Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten +-2 + + +-1 MED-CONT H scap Clinopodium vulgare L. + HOL H scap bienn Conium maculatum L. + 1 COSM SG herb rhiz Convolvulus arvensis L. 2 1 HOL H scap Coronilla varia L. HOL H scap bienn Crepis biennis L. +-1 +-1 +-1 + + MED-CONT H scap Cruciata glabra (L.) Ehrend. HOL H scap Cruciata laevipes Opiz HOL H scap bienn Cynoglossum officinale L. HOL H caesp Cynosurus cristatus L. + HOL H caesp Dactylis glomerata L. 1 1 +-2 + +-1 HOL H scap/T scap Daucus carota L. 1 HOL H scap Dianthus carthusianorum L. MED-CONT H scap semiros Dianthus tristis Velen HOL H scap bienn/H scap Echium vulgare L. 1 + COSM G rhiz caesp Elymus repens (L.) Gould +-1 + +-3 + HOL H scap Epilobium angustifolium L. HOL H scap Epilobium hirsutum L. HOL H scap Epilobium montanum L. ADV T scap/a H scap bienn Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. ADV Chsuffr Erysimum cheiri (L.) Crantz HOL T scap Euphorbia amygdaloides L. + HOL H scap Euphorbia cyparissias L. MED-CONT T scap Euphrasia pectinata Ten. HOL T scap Euphrasia rostkoviana Hayne MED-CONT H caesp Festuca panciciana (Hackel) K. Richter HOL H caesp Festuca pratensis Hudson 1 1-2 HOL H caesp Festuca rubra L. PONT-SSIB H caesp Festuca rupicola Heuffel HOL H caesp Festulolium loliaceum (Huds.) C.E.Hubb. +-1 Botanica SERBICA vol.37(1) Area type Life form Taxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 HOL H scap Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. HOL H scap Filipendula vulgaris Moench HOL H rept Fragaria vesca L. 1 1 HOL T scap Galeopsis ladanum L. HOL T scap Galeopsis speciosa Miller + + CE T scap Galeopsis tetrahit L. + HOL H scap Galium album Miller + HOL H scap Galium palustre L. MED-CONT H scap Galium rubioides L. HOL H scap Galium verum L. +-1 +-1 HOL Grad Gentiana cruciata L. + HOL H ros Gentiana utriculosa L. HOL H bienne Gentianella crispata (Vis.) J. Holub CE-MED T scap/H scap bienn Geranium molle L. + MED-CONT T scap semiros Geranium robertianum L. + HOL H scap/G rhiz Geum molle Vis. & Pancic HOL H scap Geum urbanum L. 1 HOL Hyd G rhiz Glyceria maxima (Hartman) Holmberg HOL Ch suffr caesp Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Miller + HOL H scap Heracleum sphondylium L. 1 +-2 HOL T scap/H scap Herniaria glabra L. + HOL H rept Hieracium bauhini Schult. + CE H ros Hieracium hoppeanum Schultes CE H ros/scap Hieracium murorum L. HOL H ros-scap Hieracium piloselloides Vill. + MED-CONT H caesp Hordeum murinum L. HOL T scap/H scap bienn Hyoscyamus niger L. MED-CONT H scap Hypericum barbatum Jacq. HOL H scap Hypericum maculatum Crantz HOL H scap Hypericum perforatum L. + HOL H ros Hypochoeris radicata L. HOL P caesp/semp Juniperus communis L. + s. Jovanovic et ah. Ruderal flora and vegetation of Zabljak Area type Life form Taxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 HOL H scap/a H scap bienn Knautia arvensis (L.) Coulter HOL H scap Knautia dipsacifolia Kreutzer HOL H scap Knautia drymeia Heuffel HOL H caesp Koeleria pyramidata (Lam.) Beauv. HOL T scap Lapsana communis L. + 1 HOL H scap Lathyrus pratensis L. +-1 HOL G tub rept Lathyrus tuberosus L. HOL H ros Leontodon autumnalis L. HOL H ros Leontodon crispus Vill. + + HOL H ros Leontodon hispidus L. HOL T scap/H scap bienn Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br. CE H Leucanthemum heterophyllum (Willd.) DC. HOL H scap Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. + MED-CONT H scap Linaria genistifolia (L.) Miller HOL H scap Linaria vulgaris Miller + + HOL H ros/scap Linum capitatum Kit. ex Schultes HOL T scap Linum catharticum L. CE-MED H caesp Lolium perenne L. + + COSM H caesp Lolium temulentum L. HOL H scap Lotus corniculatus L. + + +-1 COSM T scap/H scap bienn Matricaria perforata Merat + ADV T scap Matricaria suaveolens L. 1 2 -4 HOL T scap/a H scap Medicago lupulina L. 1 + +-1 ADV H scap Medicago sativa L. HOL H scap Medicago sativa L. subsp.falcata (L.) Arcangeli HOL T scap/ep Semipar Melampyrum scardicum Wettst. HOL T scap Melampyrum sylvaticum L. COSM T scap/H scap bienn Melilotus albus Medik. HOL H scap Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson HOL H scap Mentha pulegium L. + MED-CONT H scap Mentha spicata L. HOL H caesp Minuartia verna subsp. collina (Neilr.) Domin Botanica SERBICA vol.37(1) Area type Life form Taxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 HOL H caesp Molinia caerulea (L.) Moench HOL H scap Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort. + MED-CONT H scap bienn Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill PONT-SSIB H scap Nepeta nuda L. HOL H rept Omalotheca sylvatica (L.) Schultz Bip. & EW. Schultz CE Ch suff caesp Ononis spinosa L. HOL H scap bienn Onopordum acanthium L. HOL H scap Origanum vulgare L. HOL H bienne Pastinaca sativa L. HOL a Mes T scap Petrorhagia prolifera (L.) P. W. Ball & Heywood 1 MED-CONT H caesp/Ch herb caesp Petrorhagia saxifraga (L.) Link HOL H scap Peucedanum austriacum (Jacq.)Koch. HOL H caesp Phleum alpinum L. COSM H caesp Phleum pratense L. +-1 + 1 HOL P scap Picea abies (L.) Karsten subsp. abies HOL H scap bienn/H scap Picris hieracioides L. + CE H scap Pimpinella major (L.) Hudson HOL H scap Pimpinella saxifraga L. MED-CONT H scap semiros Pimpinella serbica (Vis.) Bentham & Hooker fil. ex Drude + HOL H ros Plantago lanceolata L. +-1 2 1 + COSM H ros Plantago major L. + +-2 + 1-2 + HOL H ros Plantago media L. 1 HOL H caesp Poa alpina L. COSM T caesp Poa annua L. 1 +-1 COSM H caesp Poa pratensis L. + + COSM H caesp Poa trivialis L. +-1 +-1 HOL H scap Polygala major Jacq. COSM T rept Polygonum aviculare L. + + + 1-3 HOL T scap Polygonum lapathifolium L. + + HOL H scap Potentilla argentea L. HOL H semiros-scap Potentilla crantzii (Crantz) G. Beck ex Fritsch HOL H scap Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeuschel s. Jovanovic et ah Ruderal flora and vegetation of Zabljak Area type Life form Taxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 HOL H Potentilla heptaphylla L. + MED-CONT H scap Potentilla pedata Nestler HOL H scap Potentilla recta L. COSM H rept Potentilla reptans L. + 1 MED-CONT H scap Prunella laciniata (L.) L. +-1 HOL H scap-semiros Prunella vulgaris L. + + + + HOL P scap Pyrus pyraster Burgsd. MED-CONT H scap/G rhiz Ranunculus acris L. + +-1 HOL T scap-semiros Ranunculus arvensis L. CE-MED T scap-semiros Ranunculus bulbosus L. +-1 HOL H rept Ranunculus montanus Willd. HOL H scap-semiros Ranunculus polyanthemos L. HOL H rept Ranunculus repens L. HOL T semiros Ranunculus sardous Crantz CE-MED T scap Raphanus raphanistrum L. CE T scap Rhinanthus alectorolophus (Scop.) Pollich + + HOL T scap Rhinanthus minor L. MED-CONT T scap/H scap bienn Rorippa prolifera (Heuffel) Neilr. MED-CONT H scap Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Besser HOL NP caesp Rosa canina L. HOL Mi P caesp Rosa rubiginosa L. HOL NPrept Rubus caesius L. HOL NP caesp Rubus idaeus L. 1 ADV G Rudbeckia laciniata L. HOL H scap Rumex acetosella L. HOL H scap Rumex conglomeratus Murray +-1 COSM H scap Rumex crispus L. + + HOL H scap Rumex obtusifolius L. 1 1 +-1 + HOL P Salix appendiculata Vül. + MED-CONT H scap Salvia pratensis L. HOL H scap Salvia verticillata L. + HOL G rad scap/H scap Sambucus ebulus L. Botanica SERBICA vol.37(1) Area type Life form Taxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 HOL H scap Sanguisorba minor Scop. 1 HOL H ros Sanguisorba officinalis L. + CE-MED Ch herb caesp Satureja montana L. + HOL H scap Scabiosa columbaria L. MED-CONT T scap/H scap bienn Scleranthus annuus L. CE-MED Ch herb succ Sedum acre L. CE-MED Ch succ Sedum grisebachii siibsp.flexuosum (Wettst.) Greuter & Bürdet MED-CONT Ch herb succ Sedum hispanicum L. HOL H scap Senecio rupestris Waldst. & Kit. + COSM T scap Senecio vulgaris L. COSM T caesp Setaria pumila (Poiret) Schubes + HOL H scap bienn/H scap Silene latifolia subsp. alba (Miller) Greuter & Bürdet + + + HOL H ros Silene nutans L. MED-CONT Ch subsufrut caesp Silene sendtneri Boiss. HOL H scap/G rad Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke + + + COSM T scap Sinapis arvensis L. + + MED-CONT T scap Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. COSM H scap Sonchus arvensis L. COSM T scap/H scap bienn Sonchus asper (L.) Hill + COSM T scap/H scap bienn Sonchus oleraceus L. HOL H scap St achys recta L. MED-CONT H scap Stachys tymphaea Hausskn. HOL H scap Stellaria graminea L. COSM T rept Stellaria media (L.) Vill. + CE-MED H scap rept Stellaria nemorum L. HOL H scap Tanacetum macrophyllum (Waldst. & Kit.) Schultz Bip. HOL H scap Tanacetum vulgare L. 3 COSM H ros Taraxacum officinale Weber + + + +-1 + MED-CONT Ch suff caesp Teucrium chamaedrys L. HOL T scap Thlaspi arvense L. +-1 HOL Ch suffr caesp Thymus pulegioides L. HOL H scap bienn Tragopogon dubius Scop. + s. Jovanovic et ah. Ruderal flora and vegetation of Zabljak Area type Life form Taxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 MED-CONT H scap Tragopogon pratensis L. HOL H scap Trifolium alpestre L. HOL T scap Trifolium campestre Schreber + + HOL H scap Trifolium montanum L. + HOL T scap Trifolium patens Schreber HOL H scap Trifolium pratense L. +-1 1-2 +-2 1 +-2 COSM H rept Trifolium repens L. + +-1 + + + +-1 HOL H scap Trinia glauca (L.) Dumort. HOL H caesp Trisetum flavescens (L.) Beauv. HOL Grhiz Tussilago farfara L. + + +-1 +-1 + 4-5 HOL H scap Urtica dioica L. +-1 2 +-2 2 1-2 HOL H semiros Verbascum nigrum L. HOL H ros bienn Verbascum phlomoides L. PONT-SSIB H scap Veronica austriaca L. HOL H rept Veronica beccabunga L. HOL H scap Veronica chamaedrys L. HOL H rept Veronica officinalis L. COSM T scap Veronica persica Poiret + + COSM H rept Veronica serpyllifolia L. HOL T scap Veronica verna L. + HOL H scap/SH herb Vicia cracca L. 1 +-1 HOL H scap/SH herb Vicia sepium L. + HOL T scap/H scap bienn Viola arvensis Murray + HOL T scap Viola tricolor L. +-1 HOL T/H caesp Viola tricolor subsp. macedonica (Boiss. & Heldr.) A. Schmidt HOL T scap/ H bienn Viola tricolor subsp. subalpina Gaudin + View publication stats