Environmental aspects of Energetics Energetic trilemma Cheap Energetic trilemma Cheap x clean Energetic trilemma Cheap x clean x reliable Energetic trilemma Win-win strategy ? - support = ? - support = ? - support = ? Energetic trilemma Win-win strategy ? - support = ? - support = ? - support = ? Energetic trilemma Energy use - consequences - non-renewable E - coal, gas, oil, uranium → significant env. consequences, but reliable source - renewable E – sun, wind, heat-pumps, biomass, etc. → significant env. consequences, non-reliable source Steep increase of E demand: - 1925 – 1,485 mil. coal (equiv.) - 1970 – 6,821 mil. coal (equiv.) - 2000 – 15 000 mil. coal (equiv.) ~ 3.2% increase per year World E production 1971-2010. * incl. geothermal, solar, wind, etc. Share of sources on total E production 1973 and 2010. * incl. geothermal, solar, wind, etc. 2016 Dependency on fossil E fossil fuels → 85 % world E consumption - according to the etimates of world E reserves, they will be depleted till the half of 21. century Oil crisis - OPEC sharply increases oil prices in the 1970s - price of oil from Abu Dhabi - $ 2.54 (1972) x $ 36.56 (1981) per barrel - sharp price increases and supply constraints as a result of support of western countries to Israel in the Arab-Israeli conflict Consequences - queues at petrol stations, - panic among business investors - recession and uncontrollable inflation - USA severely affected → 1977 - 70% of oil imports from OPEC Lesson from oil crisis? - to ensure own E resources in general - to increase the extraction of large oil reserves in Alaska, Prudhoe Bay - however, the ecosystems of this territory are very vulnerable - threat - failure and sabotage of the Trans-Alaskan oil pipeline leading to the non-freezing port of Valdez - dependency on non-renewable resources – real E-crisis solution? Crude oil price on world markets (US$/barrel). Coal price on world markets(US$/t). Nominal oil prices in since January, 1985. Crude oil price on world markets (US$/barrel). Coal price on world markets(US$/t). Vývoj ceny surové ropy na světových trzích (US$/barel). Vývoj ceny uhlí na světových trzích (US$/t). Nominal oil prices in dollar/barrel since January, 1946. What are the advantages and disadvantages of low coal / oil prices? From personal perspective... From environmental perspective... Fracking – extraction of shale gas Fracking – consequences of CH4 extraction Fracking – CO2 emissions decrease ? Fracking – CO2 emissions decrease ? Yes, but... ... too much of cheap coal on the world market... Fracking – CO2 emissions decrease ? Yes, but... ... too much of cheap coal on the world market... Fracking – CO2 emissions decrease ? Yes, but... Nuclear E – soluion of global warming? - reliable, but very expensive and controversial E resource Nuclear E Bin in, sink it, bury it – we still don't know what to do with our radioactive waste. Is Finland offering an answer with the world's first deep repository? „time bomb“ - since 1988, salt water leaks to the cavern, contamination, water drained out - 105 radioactive barrels, what to do, displace or let it be? (ground water...) Nuclear E - Yuca mountains repository – 11 bil. US$ spent for the project untill 2010 - unexpectedly strong resistance of the locals led to the abandonment - why? - Nevada has no nuclear plant, but store it here? - People faced with the finished thing, no discussion. - Question - How to store waste 100,000 years? - heat, humid, corrosive env. Renewable E (RES) – solution of E trilemma ? - sustainable source → in the long term, probably the only way out - as in the whole age of history, except for the last 300 years Causes of low RES utilization - easy availability of non-renewables in the last 300 years → shutdown of RES - world energy consumption increased 170x, population "only" 10x - infrastructure adapted to non-renewables 90% of public aid channeled funds and resources for R&D in the energy sector - the energy „density“ of RES is much lower than that of fossil fuels - RES require different handling and change of mindset E subsidies case study: support of non-renewables and E savings from public sources,1994-1998: - subsidies to support non-renewables, CZK 113 bil. - support of nuclear sources, CZK 20 bil. - support of savings + RES, CZK 3.7 bil. E subsidies case study: support of non-renewables and E savings from public sources,1994-1998: - subsidies to support non-renewables, CZK 113 bil. - support of nuclear sources, CZK 20 bil. - support of savings + RES, CZK 3.7 bil. Direct subsidies - costs of decommissioning and elimination of consequences, subsidies of heat prices and transition from coal to other fossil fuels (support for gasification of municipalities) and costs of institutions. Indirect subsidies - free military and police protection of nuclear power plants + assumption of part of liability for damage in case of nuclear accident. E subsidies Non-renewables subsidies E subsidies Dotace v energetice Carbon pricing Smarter Global Targets to 2030 Electricity balance in Czechia, TWh (2017) Share of RES in EU Share of RES in the World Consequences of RES utilization - use of RES should be in synergy with the E savings, resp. with energy efficiency → the advantages of using RES become more apparent Displaced emissions - type and amount of displaced emissions (Part., SO2, CO2, NOx, CxHy), depends on the type of RES - an essential contribution to climate protection by eliminating GHG emissions in the order of 10 mil. t of CO2 yearly (2010) Consequences of RES utilization - use of RES should be in synergy with the E savings, resp. with energy efficiency → the advantages of using RES become more apparent Displaced emissions - type and amount of displaced emissions (Part., SO2, CO, NOx, CxHy), depends on the type of RES - an essential contribution to climate protection by eliminating GHG emissions in the order of 10 mil. t of CO2 yearly (2010) Fuel costs displaced fuel costs, which does not need to be spent thanks to use of the RES can be estimated in circa CZK 2 bil /year (2010) - the fuel costs incurred on biomass contributes to local development Consequences of RES utilization Employment - employment diversified in many fields and qualification levels - directly created jobs in the horizon of the year 2010 in the order of 104 + stabilized and indirectly created places in the continuation. fields (services) Consequences of RES utilization Employment - employment diversified in many fields and qualification levels - directly created jobs in the horizon of the year 2010 in the order of 104 + stabilized and indirectly created places in the continuation. fields (services) Security of supply - RES = diversified, local resources contribute to security and independence supply E security + partial independence today has increasing meaning (political instability, terrorism, natural disasters…) Consequences of RES utilization - non-reliable E source Do we have RES when we need it? Actual E production-consumtion in Germany E trilemma Does win-win-win strategy exist ? Economically efficient E savings while maintaining reliable supply - CO2 emmisions decreases, peaks of consumption will also drop and we will save even more - it is not so "sexy", E-producers will reduce profits, but it works! E trilemma Does win-win-win strategy exist ? How to motivate to economical E savings - subsidied to the E-producers to use RES? How to motivate to economical E savings - subsidied to the E-producers to use RES? – no, it does not lead to an overall saving of E consumption, only to expensive replacement of one source by another and rather motivation to produce more E How to motivate to economical E savings - subsidied to the E-producers to use RES? – no, it does not lead to an overall saving of E consumption, only to expensive replacement of one source by another and rather motivation to produce more E - subsidies to consumers for austerity measures? - better, but it is necessary to set the conditions well (people would need to instal it anyway) Green savings How to motivate to economical E savings - subsidied to the E-producers to use RES? – no, it does not lead to an overall saving of E consumption, only to expensive replacement of one source by another and rather motivation to produce more E - subsidies to consumers for austerity measures? - better, but it is necessary to set the conditions well (people would need to instal it anyway) Green savings - subsidies to producers if their customers reduce consumption motivates manufacturers to reduce consumption by customers, eg. by supporting energy-saving appliances, thermal insulation, saves the customer (lower consumption of E) and the manufacturer (remains profit) - In California, Utility revenue decoupling „California is 40% more energy efficient than the rest of the US. If the US were as energy efficient as California, 75% of all coal-fired power plants could be shut down in the US. ”A. Schwarzenegger, 2013 How to motivate to economical E savings - Contract between suppliers and households to maintain the level of payments after the introduction of austerity - the supplier insulate the client's family house at his own cost, the consumption of E decreases, but for some time the same payments as before the thermal insulation (return on investment to the supplier) are paid or the money saved is shared How to motivate to economical E savings - Contract between suppliers and households to maintain the level of payments after the introduction of austerity - the supplier insulate the client's family house at his own cost, the consumption of E decreases, but for some time the same payments as before the thermal insulation (return on investment to the supplier) are paid or the money saved is shared - Motivate to reduce consumption during peak hours - eg. High Tariff and Low Tariff in the Czech Republic - eg. big business competition to reduce peak consumption at the lowest possible cost (which will be replaced by the state) tested in the UK, will reduce the need for back-up resources for these critical periods of the year (when those resources must still exist) E-conservation + E-efficiency + RES Passive house