pfrog Fundamentals Session notes Contents Session 1 Working with projects Session 2 Importing drillhole data Session 3 Creating a topography Session 4 Building a simple geological model Session 5 Dynamic updating Exercise 1 Wayleggo weathering model Session 6 Presentation tools Session 7 Combined models Session 8 Buildingfrom a map usingGIS data Session 10 Stratigraphic sequence tool Session 11 Wolfpass introduction Session 12 Wolfpass importing and manipulating data Session 13 Wolfpass geological model Session 14 Wolfpass interpolation Session 15 Wolfpass cross sections Session 16 Wolfpass drillhole planning Exercise 2 Vein modelling Exercise 3 Geothermal system 4% Session 9 Buildingfrom a map using structural data leapfrog PAST. DYNAMIC GEO: Of, CA I MOO El t IrJfi Session 1: Working with Projects Contents Opening and Organising Projects................................................................................. 1 The Leapfrog Geo Main Window..................................................................................2 The Menu ........................................................................................................... 3 The Processing Panel Dropdown................................................................................. 5 Interacting with the Scene.........................................................................................8 Creating a Project.................................................................................................. 8 Working with Leapfrog Projects...................................................................................9 Goals In this session, we will cover: • The basic layout of the Leapfrog Geo screen • Using the menu and toolbar • Using the mouse • Creating, opening and closing projects The project file forthis session can be found inthe Sessions \ Session 1 - working with projects folder. Opening and Organising Projects When you open Leapfrog, the Projects tab displays thumbnails of the last five projects opened. Leapfrog also displays the projects saved in the Search folder. To seethe location of a project file, hold the mouse over the thumbnail. To clear the recent projects, click Clear. You can change the Search folder by clicking on the folder button (E) and navigating to the folder you wish to use. This is useful if you have one folder in which you keep most of your Leapfrog Geo projects. lb*—*-► ,— Drilnc!! Dill . ' Jlruit.--: T.tnjfc LI mir;relints t— l*.rdW.«»M1dcvwi \~ Cnnt«)Kn«i«Cuitn» . leapfrogge° Rro-nt projects ft-" Search: " '■ *-.a-r-- i'.D*iUc&o:'3i»ago B 101,1 egge Open a project by clicking on the thumbnail. If the project you want to open is not displayed, click the Open Project File button to browse for the project. There is a project file in the data folderforthis session. To open the project: ©2013ARANZGeo Limited 1 of 10 leapfrog DlOGICAl MOMLLING 1. In the Projects tab, click Open Project File. 2. Browse to the folder for this session. 3. Select the project and click Open. This will open the completed project. HI Only one project can be open at any time. The Leapfrog Geo Main Window 2 of 10 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited ß jS ^ 1 1 ■4 H = = E s 5 i ri P P = = = = ■ = = P a = P s * leapfrog rnST.DYNftMltiiEOLOGiCALH The Menu The Leapfrog Geo menu is rather small: Uewl>roj«i... Submit KmA«I leapfrog Geo Weblitt Inrfill Lkenc... Compact Tfis Piojttl If MMMM Aboul «Q« cih-o Don't befooled by this, as most of the functionality is revealed by right-clicking on folders and objects in the project tree. Saving and compacting projects When objects are deleted from a Leapfrog project, the software retains the objects as part of the file, even though the objects are no longer being used in the project. This can cause projects to unnecessarily take up a lot of disk space, especially if large objects such as images have been deleted from the project. To remove these unused objects, there is a Compact This Project option under the menu. This may take a few minutes depending on the size of the project, and Leapfrog will close the project and reopen it once compacting has been completed. There are options to Save a Copy, and Save a Zipped Copy of projects. By saving a copy, you can save a separate copy of the project to another location on your disk. Saving a zipped copy lets you save a full copy of the project, including both the project file and the data file which are discussed later in this session. It is recommended that if a project is being saved to pass onto another user or send via email, the Save a Zipped Copy is used. Preferences The preferences option allows a number of default settings to be changed. Most of these options are self explanatory, but the processing and help options will be discussed further below. By selecting the Processing tab, you can select how many processes Leapfrog is able to use. By default, this is set to'Automatic', which creates one process per physical CPU core, orfor every 2.5GB of RAM, whichever is smaller, up to a limit of 4 processes. To manually change this, click the drop down menu at the top of the preferences window. © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 3 of 10 leapfrog r.',-T D.'I.VMICOEOlOniCAi Thehelp menu is accessible either online or via a local folder. If you will be in a remote location away from an internet connection, it is recommended that a local version of the help files is installed on your machine. The local version of the help files is available to download from Leapfrog's website. The Toolbar Leapfrog only has a few toolbar buttons. One is the Clear Scene button ( ^ ), which removes everything from the scene window. Another displays the Look menu, for changing to different viewing angles. The slicer, plane, and ruler tools are all available in the top toolbar. Hold the mouse over each tool in the toolbar to view its function. The Project Tree The left hand panel contains the project tree: t«j Project Tree ► L^' Topographies ► E) OIS Data. Map? and Photos ▼ £j Drillhole Data ▼ III Drillholes > " collar ► "3 WLJith I" Composites B) Planned Diillholes ► Er Pointi £ Structural Data E^' Meshes Eb Polylines E^t Structural Trends Tfc Geological Models ► ft WayleggoGM ► f t Wayieggo Weathering Model I""* Interpol ants Combined Modeis £ Block Models El Saved Scenes and Movie! Cross Sections and Contours □ Notes When you open any project, there will be a list of folders and objects in the project tree. This top-level list of folders is consistent for all projects. The way objects are organised in the project tree lets you reveal or hide information about an object to focus on objects you are currently working with. The project tree is where you import and work with your data. !n general, if you want to do anything with the objects in the project tree, right-click on an object to see the available options. If you remove or change an object, it will affect any related objects that appear underneath it. Click the triangle in front of Drillhole Data folder. When this is open, you can see a Drillholes object that also has a triangle in front of it. Open the Drillholes object to see the data tables that make up the drillhole data in the project. You can also open up each table to look at the data it contains. 4 of 10 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 5 i = i ■ js ■ = ■ I P = E = E ■ s a a = = z a s a a s a 5 =3 a S 3 ~ - leapfrog rAST.OVNAHICGEOLOClCAl MOIItLLING ' B Drillhole Data ▼ III Drillholes ► " collar —1 survey ▼ ""] WLJith % Irth ffa weathering I' ' Composites £j Planned Drillholes The Processing Panel Dropdown The Processing Panel can be accessed by clicking the dropdown button to the right of the Leapfrog Geo menu. The button is grey when there are no running tasks, and green when tasks are running. §S Projects Ijt Szene View Cover contacts Surface* iiif Porphyry Surface 4£ rinngingivall points 4jt fcotivall points §2f Diorite Surface ft e Waiting Waiting Waiting This panel lists all processes which are either running or waiting to run. The number of processes running at any onetime depends on your settings in the preferences tab, discussed earlier in this session. Leapfrog is either able to run all processes, run priority processes only, or pause all processing. Run All will run all queued processes in the default order. Priority Only only runs tasks which have been assigned as 'priority1. Prioritised Running If you would like a task to be given priority so it is processed before other tasks, you can right click on the object in the project tree and select Prioritise. ► \% Wayleggo f> f Wayleggo l~' Inltrpolflnts 12 Combined M ft Block Models Or 5aved Scenes f£ Static Copy hi1 Cross Section -f- Prioritise Notes Rename... 9 Delete a" Export... 8D Properties... Open View Output Volumes View Surface C hronology Copy... ^No Comments Tab or click to add ) 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 5 of 10 Z£ leapfrog Objects such as geological models are usually dependant on other objects, such as drillholes and topographies. If this is the case, higher level objects (drillholes and topographies) will be processed first to allow the prioritised objects to be processed. To clear prioritised running for objects, right click on the object in the project tree and select Clear Priority. If a number of objects have been given priority and you would like to clear them all at the same time, there is a small pink arrow above the project tree which you can click to highlight all prioritised objects. Once they have been highlighted, right click on one of the objects and select Clear Priority. The Scene To the right of the project tree is the scene. This is the area where objects appear when they are added from the project tree. To add an object to the scene, drag and drop it using the left mouse button from the project tree into the scene. You can also right click on an object and select View Object. ► (? Surface Chronology No Comments Tab or dick to add »v™ Evaluations & Extract Mesh Parts... •V Extract Vertices ft Poip ft Dior ft Base ► {$ Wayleggo Interpotents Combined Mc \~~=- Block Models \ZL Saved Scenes Cross Section Q View Object ^ Prioritise rj t-cc-t ö" ExportIhicknessGrici Pi £roperties... The Scene List and Shape Properties Panel The scene list below the scene window lists all objects that are active (visible) in the scene window. si ■* ft WayleggoGM; Basement <■- ft Wayieggo CM: Cover I- ft Wayleggo GM: Diorrie Wayleggo GM; Porphyry <*> to Wayleggo GM: Vein Basement Slice mode: 0 Fill Slice! The Status Bar The status bar at the bottom of the window has some useful features. fty Basement Slice mode: 0 Till Sheer fe. + 5&02.3O,+6506.55,-328.60 i Full Acceleration 4 FPS $Z-Sca!e1.0 6 of 10 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 5 21 H 1 ■ n» !ä) 1 i jíl á = = ä á = = ä = 3 = 3 = ä a = s P 3 Sä ß š «£; leapfrog T DYNAMIC ÜFO.iii, ! Al The coordinates that appear in the status bar show the location of the mouse cursor when it is over an object in the scene window. No coordinates are displayed when the cursor isn't over an object as Leapfrog doesn't know where in 3D space you're trying to measure. The Z-Scale button lets you set a value greather than 1 for the Z-axis relative to the X- and Y-axes . This is useful for thin, flat projects that are difficult to visualise with a z-scale of 1. The 3D Acceleration option is also important. There are three modes: Software Rendering (not recommended), Partial Acceleration and Full Acceleration. You can find out more about each option by clicking the button and reading the descriptions for each. It's best to test both Partial Acceleration and Full Acceleration modes to see which one gives you the highest frames per second (FPS) value. The FPS value tells you how quickly objects in the scene can be rendered. If this gets too low (below 10), you should cons ider updating your graphics card. If this isn't possible, you can reduce the number of 3D objects (e.g. by clicking the Make lines solid option for drillholes) or transparent objects in the scene. Reorganising the Screen Space You can split the Leapfrog main window into separate parts to make better use of your screen space. To detach a tab, click on it and drag it away from the main window. You can then move and resize the detached tab. You can also: • Detach the project tree. Right-click at the top of the project tree and select Detach. • Display the shape list to the right of the scene window. Right-click on the shape list and select the arrangement you prefer. • Display the shape list apart from the main window. Right-click on the shape list and select Put List in Separate Tab. Then you can detach the shape list from the main window as you would any othertab. You can dock a tab by dragging it onto the main window. Release the mouse button when the tab becomes partially transparent. You can reattach the project tree by closing it, and dock the shape list by right-clicking in it and selecting where you wish to have the shape list. You can also dock any tab or window by closing it. If you have rearranged your screen space, close all undockedtabs and windows to return to the original screen layout. ©2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 7 of 10 leapfrog rAST.nvNAMicceoi ot.ical mode 1 ling Interacting with the Scene Rotating Left-click on the mouse (index finger) and move the mouse. You can also rotate the scene by pressing the arrow buttons on your keyboard. Zooming To zoom either move your scroll wheel up and down or click and hold the right mouse button, and move the mouse up and down. You can also use the Page Up and Page Down keys on your keyboard. Panning Click the left and right mouse buttons togetherthen move the mouse around, or click the scroll button. Centre of Rotation To centre on something in the view, hover over it. You will see some numbers at the bottom of the screen that indicate that the cursor is on something in the scene window. When you move over empty space, the numbers disappear. Click with both left and right buttons together on the item that you want in the centre. This will then remain in the centre of the scene. When you rotate and when you zoom in, it zooms in on that item. This can be very useful. Creating a Project Next we will build a simple model with five rock types to introduce the basic concepts of geological modelling in Leapfrog Geo. The rock types we will be using are as follows • Cover (youngest) • Vein 1 < ~ Jri P :a) P j£ P =i P =i P =l P P =i e =! 5 S) £ \\ P =} P =j = =1 = iS p =! p 3J p p p 1 p 55 I leapfrog 8 of 10 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited TSfiT DVNAMir^f O: IJGCAI MOOFl I INC. • Porphyry • Diorite • Basement (oldest) First, we will set up a folder for all Leapfrog projects. 1. Click on the Projects tab. 2. Click the New Project button: I Leapfrog Geo | ► ^^^^^g 28 Projects t0 Scene View £g Project Tree 1 New Project.. p—^ Qpe Create and cpen i new project | Recent projects ci«r j 3. Click on the Browse button to put a folder on your local disk. Note: The project needs to be on your local disk rather than on a network drive to ensure the database operates consistently. 4. Make a new folder and call it Leapfrog Projects. 5. Click OK. 6. Name the new project "Wayleggo" and click OK. Leapfrog will display a blank project called "Wayleggo". Working with Leapfrog Projects When yourproject was created, Leapfrog automatically created a sub-folder called Wayleggo that contains the Wayleggo. apro j project file and all supporting files. Leapfrog Project Files Your Leapfrog project is made up of a number of different folders. In the screenshot below, Wayleggo. aproj is the actual project, and Wayleggo .apro j_data folder is the database containing the binary code that makes up your project. It's a good idea to stay away from this folder: You can't change anything in your project by looking in it, and if you move or delete anything from it, you run the risk of corrupting your project. When the project is open in Leapfrog, a Wayleggo .lock file will appear in this folder. The . lock file protects the project from being moved while the project is open and from being opened by another instance of Leapfrog, which can happen when projects are saved on shared network drives. Saving Leapfrog Projects Leapfrog projects are saved automatically as you work with them. This means if you exit Leapfrog while there are tasks still processing, the tasks will be waiting to resume processing the next time you open that project. _J3J © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 9 of 10 leapfrog rAST,DVNAMICG£OLOGlOU MODELLING Session 2: Importing Drillhole Data Contents Importing Wayleggo WL campaign data......................................................................... 1 The Collar File................................................................................................... 3 The Survey File .................................................................................................. 3 Interval Tables ...................................................................................................4 Viewing the Data...................................................................................................4 Importing and Exporting Colour Files ............................................................................. 6 Goals In this session, we will import and validate existing drillhole data for a project. In these early sessions, we are focussing on lithological data. At the end of this session, you will be familiar with: • Importing drillhole data • Checking and labelling survey, collar and interval table data • Viewing the data Note: You can import additional data at any point during the modelling process. However, Leapfrog can have only one drillhole data set in a project. Therefore, additional drillhole data that is imported will be added to or will modify the existing drillhole data set. Techniques for adding new drillholes or updating data down drillholes are covered in Session 5: Dynamic Updating. The data forthis session is in the Sessions \ Session 2 to 6 - Wayleggo folder. Importing Wayleggo WL campaign data To start, we need to get data into Leapfrog. The answerto most things in the project tree is to right-click. To import drillhole data: 1. Right-click on the Drillhole Data folder at the top of the project tree. 2. Select the Import Drillholes option: Leapfrog Geo ▼ ' Projects tg Project Jree Look P3' Topographies C GI5 Data, Maps and Photos T r ■ Drillhole Data Planned Dr Points Structural Dati Jmport Drillholes., Import Drillholes via ODBC 0 Import Drillholes via acQuire ► © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 1 of 6 leapfrog i.DVNftMicriEOif: The Import Drillhole Data window will open: Import Drinnoie Data Input Fffl« Survey; | • •"»>•- IrMrrval 1 law- ] — ftimoui .— i Hie»»--! | Hu* 1 í? import , Drillhole data import requires a minimum of three files; a collarfile, a survey file and at least one interval table file Each file is imported as a table and has a certain number of required columns. You can also import additional columns, such as the date when measurements were taken, the name of the geologist who logged the drillhole, etc. At this point, we need to add the collar, survey and interval tables to the Input Files list. 3. Click the Browse button for Collar. 4. Navigate to the location where the Leapfrog Geo Training Data folder has been saved. 5. Open the Wayleggo folder. 6. Open the Session 2 - importing drilling folder. 7. Open the WL drilling folder. 8. Select the file WL collar, csv. 9. Click Open. Leapfrog looks for survey and interval tables in the same folder as the collar file, and if it finds them it will add them to the Import Drillhole Data window. If the survey and interval tables are in a different location o have different file names, you will need to select the additional files. If this is the case, you can add les by clicking the Browse button for the survey file, or the Add button for Interval Tables and selecting the file. I n this case, however, Leapfrog has added all the files and we can start importing them. 10. Click Import: Import Drillhole Data " 13 - Wayl«98o\Session Z - importing dňllingWL «rr9\WL£oll» | Browse... I- W^.leg9o\S«ssior,2 - importing dr.ll.nj\WL d.ill.r.9\WLjuiv«| , Brows.... Inlervsmblts; LTyteggofesiona- importing d.illii>g\«VL d.illinoAWL lith.es« (ßÄdd [EE ii*'p Cancel ^9 Import This opens the Import Drillholes window with a preview of the data Leapfrog has read from your collar table. When importing and previewing drillhole data, required columns are marked in green, and additional columns are marked in orange. 2 of 6 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 9 s H g; a s? a = a a Ě = = a i a P a a = m s a s leapfrog l.HJ.Of, CAl HOOeillNr, Leapfrog works through the files being imported one at a time. Progress is shown at the top of the window. The filename in bold is the file currently being displayed (collar. csv). There are alsosurvey and lith files. It is possible to choose which encoding you would like Leapfrog to use when importing drillhole data. By leaving the auto encoding option selected, Leapfrog will select the most suitable encoding type. If there are uncommon international characters in your drillhole data, select the character encoding dropdown and find the encoding type that matches your data. The Collar File The collarfile needs at least the following columns: East (X), North (Y), Elev (Z) and Hole ID. It is recommended that the collar file also has a maximum depth column that specifies the length of the hole. This can be used to validate interval table data with the collarfile. There are a number of data column types to choose from. Leapfrog automatically selects East (X), North (Y), Elev (Z), Hole ID and Max Depth based on the column headers from the database, but in this case the Easting and Northings have been incorrectly selected as the UTM files, rather than the Local files. To change the automatic selection, click the Not Imported dropdown above the Easting you would like to import {in this case 'LocaLEasting'). By default this column is not imported, but we need to change it to East (X). This will deselect the original, incorrect selection, and select the correct one. Data Hole Id WLD01 WLO02 WIOM WLO04 WLOOS WL006 WL007 WLOOS LKO'.JEatfing' Category 'Locai_Easting' Text 'iccoiEosiing' numeric ■iKo(_£QjířnS- TimeStami 'LocaLEasting' Qnt 'locotjasting' IJRL Not Imported Hole Id East (*) North (JKJ Elev (2 Mis Depth 50135.68186 60135.68185 60135.6B186 59600 61000 61534.61697 60S16.S319 59260.695W 84692.24359 B4692.24859 85502-195 B4797.7Z05 85U40.843I3 84250 64861.62028 Repeat forthe Northing, so both Easting and Northing are using the local columns ratherthan the UTM columns. When you import drillhole data, be careful not to get carried away with importing additional columns. When you later append other drillhole data, you will need to have exactly the same columns. We have now selected all the columns we want to import. 11. Click Next. The Survey File The survey file defines the orientation of the drillholes at given depths. The survey file must have columns for Hole ID, Depth, Dip and Azimuth. For a straight drillhole, only one row needs to be specified. In this case, the four required columns have been correctly selected by default. 12. C lick Next to go to the lith table. © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 3 of 6 leapfrog Interval Tables I nterval table data specifies segments down the drillhole with associated values such as lithology codes or assay values. Interval table files must have columns forthe Hole ID, From and To depth and one or more columns of measurements. Measurements can include grade, lithology, date or any required numeric ortextual values. The lith table has two columns we wish to import. To import multiple data columns at once, it is easierto work in the Column Summary on the righthand side. The lith column has been correctly set as "Lithology", but we need to set the other column so it can be imported. 13. In the Column Summary, click onthe'S/veathering" column and choose "Category": 11SS9 Owrtt Leapfrog will process the data, checking for errors in the database and desurveying the drillholes. Progress will be listed in the processing panel dropdown Viewing the Data To view the imported data, drag and drop the individual tables into the scene window. Here, the collar table has There is nothing to view in the survey data but you can add the lith table to the scene to view the data. © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 5 =s £ = E = g 1 leapfrog You will see the objects listed in the scene list: Note that: • There is an eye button for each object. Click the eye to hide it in the scene. • The icon for each object indicates what type of item it is. In this case, both objects have the same icon because they are both tables. • Next to the icon is the name of the object. • TheX allows you to remove the object from the scene. It does not delete the object from the project. • The first dropdown list shows the object's attributes, giving you different options for displaying the object. For example, lith can be shown as lith, weathering orflat colour. • The second dropdown list lets you edit colours or select colourmaps. • A legend button appears for many objects. Click the button to show a legend in the scene. If you select Edit Colours from the second dropdown list, you can change the colours used. Click on a colour to open the colour chart and either select your preferred colour, orusetheeyedroppertool to select a colour from your screen: Hue |1M |:| £etfc |0 I* Salutation, j255 |.| Greet [ŤT^C Colornama: nomegian ' Ml ! H=!f Random ' JfCancel <5qK 4 of 6 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 5 of 6 leapfrog f AST. DYNAMIC GEOLOGICAL MOPEUING Importing and Exporting Colour Files Once a series of colours have been chosen in Leapfrog Geo, they can be exported as an Mfc file (Leapfrog Colour File). These can then be reimported to other Leapfrog projects to save time setting the colours up. This is particularly useful if your company has a specified colour scheme which is consistent across different software packages and different projects. To export an *.ifc, right click on the Lith table and select Colours>Export T HI Drillholes ► 3 collar ""1 survey T □ WL.Iilh ÄOpen l View Object C'Cor " fZ Planne 3> Colours t Points §3 Properties- fr>No Comments Tabor click to add a Import... Cl" Export.. r_ Structural Data To import a colourmap, repeat the steps above but select Import rather than Export. 6 of 6 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited leapfrog FAST. DYNAMIC GEOLOGICAL MODELLING Session 3: Creating a Topography Contents Importing Topography Points..................................................................................... 1 Creating a Topography ............................................................................................ 2 Displaying Drillhole Data with the Topography.................................................................. 4 Importing and Draping Images and GIS Data.................................................................... 4 Goals In this session, we will import topography points and use them to create a topography. We will then import an image and drape it on the topography. At the end of this session, you will be familiar with: • Importing points that correspond to the topography • Creating the topography • Viewing drillhole data in the scene • Constraining the model to a clipping boundary • Importing a georeferenced image • Draping an image and GIS data on the topography The data for this session is inthe Sessions \ Session 2 to 6 - Wayleggo folder. Importing Topography Points To select the topography points to import: 1. Open the project from Session 2: Importing Drillhole Data. 2. Clearthe scene. 3. Right-click on the Points folder inthe project tree 4. Select Import Points. 5. Browse to the folder for this session, and double click on the topography points to import them. 6. Make sure all three columns {East (X), North(Y) and Elev (Z)) are selected for importing. As with the drillhole collars, the UTM Eastings and Northings have been selected instead of the Local Eastings and Northings. Change the selected columns to the Local data ratherthan the UTM data. Fit Din (MtlMrjrJr/ Cltjfl> ti unit » ilS?» IT '/I'll tin;* o c~ M M91IJB HM1M »*»■» W7II MW.TI ,;,,-•< MM una 3" hMm mm il MM «sw« Mi»ai »»LB mm ■flu w WTT5» «113» »Hl» iHaLNwlrniij Meith tv) UTJJJct-IKtj Ucllmponrrj rijinrUT urn tog Mi(H'«*»i IB1> ImfrcrlASCiA™, a 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 1 of 8 ^ leapfrog FA5T, DYNAMIC f.EOLOCICAl. MODE 11 I 7. Click Finish. 8. Add the points to the scene to view them by dragging the Wayleggo_topo_points object from the project tree into the scene: Creating a Topography To create the topography: 1. Right click on the Topographies folder in the project tree. 2. Select New Topography > From Points. As the collar file contains points (x, y and z), as well as the newly imported topo points, the option to choose either is available. 3. In this case the topo points contain more detail, so select the Wayleggo_topo_points file and click OK: ^5 Select Points To A 4. In the window that appears, accept the default name for the topography by clicking OK. 2 of 8 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited £ m t= =5 t= a P s £ 9 = = = s 5 ■ a = = 1 3 E 5 ä ä = - is leapfrog CEOIOGICAL MODELLING 5. D rag the new topography into the scene: 6. At the moment we are looking at the surface, but to view the triangles making up the surface, click the Show Edges icon which is highlighted in red in the image above. ► Dm. Dm* ^^^^^ .w-. »es«,— — SS • We can see that the triangles are reasonably coarse compared to the point spacing. There are a few options in Leapfrog to make the surface represent the points more accurately. 1. Double click on the topography object in the project tree weathering E Composites E3 Planned Drillholes ' Er Points -\- Wayleggn.topo.poinls :]± Structural DM« ■_. Meshes El! Polylines yamt 'Topography 2. There is a surface resolution box, as well as an adaptive checkbox. ©2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 3 of 8 $£ leapfrog 3. By lowering the surface resolution, the triangles making up the surface will become smaller. The resolution is approximately equal to the length of the sides of the triangles. In this case, a resolution of between 25 and 50 is appropriate. 4. Ticking the adaptive checkbox allows a surface to be created which consists of fine resolution where the data spacing is smail, and coarse resolution where the data is far apart: An alternative way to create a topography is from the collar points. To do this, follow the above steps but select the collar data instead of the Wayleggo_topo_large points. Displaying Drillhole Data with the Topography To add the drillhole data to the scene window: 1. Drag the WLJith table into the scene. 2. Rotate the scene to view the drillholes. All your drillhole data should be below the topography, although it may not match if the drillhole data is older than the topography data. 3. Click on Edit Colours in the scene list: f »\ # a ^ if / ty..if / -1I«IL<™ • x 4*-- S » 4. Experiment with hiding units in the scene and changing their display colours. 5. Dismiss the colour legend by clicking OK. Importing and Draping Images and GIS Data In this section, we will import a georeferenced image and display the data in the scene draped on the topography. First, we will import the image. 5? = S in 2 - 4s S 5 4 of 8 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited ■ P = 1 = 1 f= I == leapfrog A.I |1YNAI'I|T,.():()C.H:AI MODEL [INTj 1. Right click on GIS Data, Maps and Photos in the project tree. 2. Select Import Map. 3. Select the Wayleggo aerial photograph . tif image. 4. ClickOpen. A window will appear in which you can choose to either use the existing georeference data, or override the georeference. 5. This file has been georeferenced, so we can click OK and it will be imported into the project. To drape the image on the topography: 1. Add the topography to the scene. 2. In the shape list, click on the GIS Data dropdown list and select the imported image The image will appear draped on the topography: There are also GIS lines representing rivers and roads, which can be imported and draped on the topography. 1. Right click on the GIS Data, Maps and Photos folder and select Import Vector Data. 2. There are two files which can both be imported at the same time by selecting them both and clicking Open. 3. Deselect the Filter Data checkbox. This allows you to filter GIS Data to within a certain distance of a bounding box, but in this case we would like to import the complete files. ) 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 5 of* leapfrog Import OIS Vector Data Files to be imported ft Rivera 3 Roads of the Bounding box: | Clipping Boundary fiHelp }f Oncol ^fiC 4. Click OK and the files will be imported. 5. Drag the files into the scene to view them, and note that the default elevation is +550 m, which is the elevation which the lines were originally exported in. The next step is to drape the GIS lines onto the topography and view them alongside the map. To do this, we need to create a new view. 1. Make sure the topography is in the scene, and click the GIS Data dropdown in the scene list. <■> 4j Topography GIS date: JQ|Wayleggo a...' | <■> § Rivers <*■ V Roads None ^7 Roads 28 Rivers □ Wayleggo aerial photograph New view... Edit views... 2. Select New View and rename the view 'Aerial Photo + GIS lines'. 3. The Edit GIS Views window will appear, which gives you the option to add images and GIS data to the Current Layers window. Add the two GIS lines and the aerial photograph to the Current Layers window. 4. Make sure the GIS lines are listed above the aerial photograph, as this gives them priority so they will be visible on top of the aerial photograph. Change the colours and line widths of the GIS lines appropriately. Mf.« inillWr. - OS l.nti * I Im 'S Rr.ei 9 lV.,.rr)50Mru'r*> 5. Click Close and the new view will be displayed in the scene. 6 of 8 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited c 5ja ■ i ■ I P 1 I £ ■ S3 B = s » £ = B = leapfrog TftST. DYNAMIC GEOLOGICAL N © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 7 of 8 £jT leapfrog FAST.DVNAMiC GEOLOGICAL MODELLING Session 4: Building a Simple Geological Model Contents Creating a New Geological Model Modelling the Cover............... Modelling the Vein................. Modelling the two intrusions...... Creating output volumes.......... Surfaces in Leapfrog Geo......... 4 9 8 2 3 1 Goals In this session, we will model a young vein which cuts an older porphyry intrusion, which in turn cuts an older diorite intrusion within the basement. The intrusions and basement are overlain by cover which is up to 25m thick. At the end of this session, you will be familiar with: • How different surface types work in Leapfrog, and when to use each type • Creating a geological model • Defining an erosional surface • Defining veins • Defining intrusions • Using the moving plane to adjust a surface • Defining the chronological order of surfaces • Changing the resolution of a geological model Forthis session, open the Wayleggo project from sessions 2 and 3. Creating a New Geological Model To create a new geological model: 1. Right click on Geological Models in the project tree and select New Geological Model. ©2013ARANZGeo Limited 1 of 12 leapfrog T. DrNÄMlCGEOLOfilC 2. In the window that appears, make sure the lith column is selected for the Base lithology column. Base lithology column 'Ä I II. T [ □ ..-J-_ Surface resolution: from base lithology. 2 of 12 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited í s: s m sa ■ i 5 m b h m S SI ■ ■i ^ E F ■ \z 1 F {= 1 -i ■ mm 1 — P 1 £ ■ n F m E ■i S ľ!3 leapfrog T, DYŕMMJC GEOl Od i CAl N 2. The new contact points dialogue will appear 3usecoLrbIewWil1 ^ 'ith0l09y ,0 W« -d ^ checkbox from 'use contacts above' to coV:~^^ —gwith_ _ _ _ _|„ i ■ Oatoa ""i • IHtconOulilieief. •rim** O HMMa Pime [Jam*-. jCoirjeo-rrtiits Xs^ 1 ťe«~; 4. Drag the surface into the scene to view it. Modelling the Vein To display the vein in the scene: 1. Clear the scene. 2. Add the WLJith interval table to the scene. 3. Change the display so you can only seethe vein lithology. There are only five intervals which intercept the vein, but they contain enough information to create a reasonable volume. 4. Right click on the surface chronology folder under the geological model and select new vein > from base lithology. There is an option to include points at the ends of holes - this is for when a drillhole ends in the vein ©2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 3 of 12 leapfrog lithology, and lets you choose whether or not to create a point representing the end of these drillholes. In this instance it isn't relevant, as there are no drillholes which end in the vein lithology. T ft Wiyteggo gíological modři ► J Bounrj*ry *■ Fault System ► Surfacr ~-■- - ► £ Output ." "e f - ^ NewQepaxrT Ě Combintd M $■ NtivEiosion LI Block Mod.ll ■ NewlnlruuDO ■~ Saved Sc.-.., \ N~S«n Ě" C'OJJ Stct-un -x NtwVein System MotK 3 Ne^tratigriphy FromElascLiUioHigy... ft- Fran Olhe iocitactF, V F.amgFSVtctm Dit» ft> Fromfninta. .'"FromOiivedPotySnt- 5. Click OK, and you will see the vein being created in the processing panel to the bottom left of the Leapfrog window. 6. Drag the vein into the scene. You will see that the vein is clipped to the topography by default, and does a good job of representing the lithology shown in the drilling considering the limited information. There are a number of settings which can be changed once the default vein has been produced, but for now we will leave these as they are and come back to them later. % I \ ! ~T~ i \ s § 5 8 Modelling the two intrusions There are two intrusions shown in the drilling - these are the porphyry and thediorite. We will model these using the intrusion tool which is found underthe surface chronology folder. The porphyry istheyoungerintrusionsowewill model it first. 1. Right click on the surface chronology folder and select new intrusion > from base lithology 4 Of 12 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 5 = 5 = Sirs = P a € a Ě ! 3 kw i 5 = Pa p = P = 5 = Í 3 e = 5 = 5 = BE I leapfrog 2. Select porphyry as the interior lithology, and drag the cover and vein lithologies across to the 'ignore' window. The lithologies which remain in the 'Exterior lithologies' window will be used in the point generation; whenever the porphyry contacts against either the basement or thediorite, a point will be created. The cover and vein lithologies are ignored here because they are both younger than the porphyry, so didn't exist when the porphyry was emplaced. led interior lithology ■^Porphyry w Lilnier Mho logici. lanotc tVoungcF liliiDlDgiuj; I 5 St»m.M ■ Covet Tieat uiupMl Had interval, n tan I ; (V.ICAI I.Kil.'fl I III!, 4. Draw a plane through the porphyry intervals. 5. Double click on the porphyry intrusion, then click on the trend tab. 6. Click set from plane, which will copy the dip, dip azimuth and pitch from the plane across to the intrusion. Edit Poipnury trthologies Surfacing Ti|nd Reference Plane Dip Aiimuth Pietl . 12652 , Ml _ AJongPrtch 10O0 : OutotElane DUO View Plane | Self.omPlina J '.lie ~ Man» [RaaphW : Halp 7. The final change we need to make is thealong pitch and out of plane values. 8. Along pitch refers to the maximum direction of continuity, and is represented with the green arrow on the plane. 9. Out of plane refers to the minimum direction of continuity, which is the out of plane direction. 10. The intermediate direction of continuity cannot be changed, and is set to 1. The important point to remember is that the ratio between the maximum, minimum, and intermediate (set to 1) lets us control the surface. In this case, by setting thealong plane value (maximum) to 1, and the out of plane value (minimum) to 0.3, and remembering that the intermediate value is always set to 1, we can make the intrusion look more realistic. 6 of 12 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 55 3 5 S £ == £ =■ P from base lithology 2. Ignore the cover, porphyry and vein lithologies. The only exterior lithology will be the basement. Intrusion in column ■lith' on table 'tVUHV Select interior lllliolooy £rtirior litholoqiesi ignore (Vounjep lilholeqiK): 3. At this stage there is no obvious trend that can be set, as we have a limited number of intercepts. Once \ add additional drilling we will be able to more easily see the trend of this intrusion. 4. Click OK, and drag the cover surface into the scene. ) 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 7 of 12 £^ leapfrog FAST DYNAMIC GEOLOGICAL MODFl LING 3 Creating output volumes We now have four surfaces representing four out of the five lithologies, with the final lithology being the basement. 1. To turn these surfaces into volumes which cut against each other, double click on the surface chronology folder, change the order of the four lithologies so that the youngest is at the top and the oldest is at the bottom: Surfa« . ■ :ecid Contact surface chronology 7] Contact surface V f Cover contacts V ft Porphyry Young* 2. Click OK, and the surfaces will be cut against each otherto produce volumes. EI E E 8 of 12 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited s leapfrog FAST. DYNAMIC GEOLOGICAL MODELLING 3. The last step is to change the'unknown' lithology to 'basement'. 4. Double click on the diorite intrusion surface (the second to oldest lithology), and change the second lithology (which is the older lithology) to basement. Surfaces in Leapfrog Geo As we have seen, there are a number of different ways to create a surface in Geo. We have focused on creating surfaces within the Geological Models folder, where we have been using the Surface Chronology subf older. When you right click on the Surface Chronology subfolder, all the available options appear. These include deposit, erosion, intrusion, vein, vein system, and stratigraphy. It is important to remember that even though each surface has a specific name, it is the method of surface creation which is more important. For example, intrusion surfaces can be used when the user would like to create a surface surrounding a specific lithology (it doesn't necessarily need to be an intrusion). Likewise, a deposit or erosion surface can be used when the user would like to create a surface between one lithology and a number of other lithologies. As a very simple example, the below screenshots have been taken using 3 lithologies; upper (red), lower (blue) and intrusion (green). By creating and changing the settings of the geological model, we will demonstrate how each surface type works. Firstly we will use an intrusion surface to represent the green intrusion. Here is the result: © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 9 of 12 Leapfrog has found the intervals where the green intrusion lithology contacts against either the red or blue, and has put 'contact points' at each contact. These contact points have a value of 0.0. Leapfrog has also added 'volume points' up and down the drillholes. As we move progressively further away from the intrusion, the value of the volume points decreases in the negative direction. As we get further inside the intrusion, the value of the volume points increases in the positive direction. Here is a section view of the volume points: Think about the actual surface as being an isosurface which is located in 3D space where ever a value of 0.0 exists (a 2D analogy would be isobars on an atmospheric pressure map). Next we will look at creating a deposit surface. This works differently to the intrusion surface, as instead of Leapfrog creating points at all contacts fora specific lithology (above and below it), it creates points either above orbelow a specific lithology. If we use the same green intrusion lithology as above, but create a deposit surface rather than an intrusion surface, we get the following (looking at the same view as the previous image). Using 'contacts above': Deposit surfaces and Erosion surfaces are exactly the same in the manner in which they are constructed, but differ in the manner in which they are cut against other surfaces to form volumes. Erosion surfaces act as unconformities, so'cut' any surfaces they cross. Deposit surfaces act as depositional layers, so'stack' on top of any surfaces they cross. Fora simple demonstration, the contact between the upper (red) and lower (blue) lithologies has been modelled using both erosion and deposit surfaces, and the interaction between these surfaces and the intrusion surface when all are activated and turned into volumes becomes apparent (noting that the erosion and deposit surfaces are exactly the same shape). Here are the surfaces shown in section view: With the deposit surface and intrusion surface activated: With the erosion surface and intrusion surface activated: And using 'contacts below': 10 of 12 ) 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited ) 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 11 of 12 leapfrog rWST DYNAMIC GFOiOC.ICAl ".">:,: i 'I You can see the difference between the two images; in the top image the upper layer is a deposit, so stacks on top of the green intrusion. The the bottom image the upper layer is an erosion, so cuts across the green intrusion. Remember that there are a huge number of options available when creating surfaces which we will discuss as we move through the training course, and the above example is only a simple demonstration of the most basic surfacing options. 12 of 12 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited leapfrog FnST.DYNAi-. ;_ CtOiOGiCViL MCiDELLirjn Session 5: Dynamic Updating Contents Appending Drillhole Data.......................................................................................... 1 Updating the Geological Model Extents...............................................................-.......... 2 Examining the Geological Model..................................................................................4 Evaluating the New Model Against the Original ................................................................. 4 Editing a surface using polylines .................................................................................. 6 Goals In this session, we will append drillhole data by adding in a new drilling campaign. We will create an updated geological model and check the updated model against the original. At the end of this session, you will be familiar with: • Appending drillhole data • Using a query filter • Copying a geological model • Evaluating a new model against the original For this session, open the Wayleggo model project from earlier and clear the scene. The data to append is in the Sessions \ Session 2 to 6 - Wayleggo folder. Appending Drillhole Data First, we will import the data from the new drilling campaign. 1. Right click on the Drillholes object in the project tree. 2. Select Append Drillholes: ▼ C Drillhole Data ▼ HI Dril"-' ► G3 Plai ► Points US StrurtL |§3 Mesne Potylii New Merged Table + Append Drillholes.., h3 Reload Drillholes... Import From File Import From ODBC 3 New Evaluation Add Core Photo Link View All ED StructL g Delete P~< Geoloc T ($ Wa; * ml it rpfport... EbtpOft Eiicrr- 3. Click Browse to locate the collar file for the WLG campaign. © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 1 of 8 leapfrog . -.-.i i >.'jai.- i i,f i)! rir,!i-Ai -.u-nri i inc. 4. Select the wlg Collar. csv file and click Open. Append Driiihc Coli»! 110 6 - iVi, l*ggcV Session 5 - dynamic updating. A'LG ri filling. VVLG colli growse... Survey: k to 6 • WiytcwoSScaion 5 - dynamic up&rtingAWlfi aW6no\WLG mrve, Bro^st. ntc r.,1 T„t-.le I .6 - Wayleggrj\5osiDr. 5 - dynamic up dating, WLG driir.ngWVLG Irtl 5. Click Import to start working through the files, checking that the new data aligns with the existing data tables. In the Column Summary part of each import window, notice that each file will be importing the same columns as the original drillhole campaign, including the changes we made in Session 2 to import the Local Easting and Northing columns ratherthan the UTM columns: You are unable to add any "new" columns at this stage. 6. Work through the files, then select Finish. Your drillhole data will now contain information from both drilling campaigns. Because Leapfrog works in atop-down manner, the geological model depends on the drillhole data and will also be updated when the drillhole data is appended. Updating the Geological Model Extents Although the geological models in the project have been updated with the new drillhole data, the geological model extents remain those set when the models were created. We will change the extents for the simple geological model created in the earlier sessions. 1. Clearthe scene. 2. Add drilling to the scene 3. Add the existing geological model to the scene You will see that a number of the drillholes are visible outside the extents of the geological model. I i = 2 of 8 ) 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited = = leapfrog 4. Double click on the boundary folder underthe geological model 5. Click the enclose object dropdown, and select the WLJith table, which will extend the boundary so it encloses the updated WLJith data. 6. You will see in the scene that the boundary with red arrows has expanded to include the new drillholes. 7. Click OK and the model will re run and extend to the edges of the new boundary: • ! )2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 3 off leapfrog IC(,t[H[lC.ICAI MODELLING Examining the Geological Model While Leapfrog automatically updates models, it doesn't do the same forthe geological interpretation. Once the project has updated, we need to see whether or not the updated model fits our original interpretation. To examine your Porphyry unit 1. Clearthe scene. 2. Add the WLJith table to the scene. 3. Keep the porphyry lithology visible, and turn the others off 4. Add the porphyry output volume to the scene. 5. Examine the volume to ensure it still honours the drillhole data, and that the trend which was set earlier is still suitable. To view the plane which was used to set the trend, doubleclick on the porphyry surface, then click on the trend tab, and click 'view plane'. 6. In this case, the trend is still reasonable so we don't need to make any changes. 7. Clearthe scene. Evaluating the New Model Against the Original A useful feature when appending drillhole data is being able to evaluate a new model against the original. This helps you gain a better understanding of the difference any new drilling has made. The first step of this process is being able to distinguish the original drilling campaign from the new one. To do this we need to create a query filter, which we will base on the names of the drilling campaigns To create a query filter 1. Right click on the collartable and select New Query Filter: "t" append Data □ y**. Object »f#W-y*e99 9f>,ir, 4 of 8 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 55 = S s 3 = p P e= P p P i VW = F = I P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P 5 E P B ! mm - leapfrog 2. Select the'...' button to the right of the window which appears. This will open the build query window. 3. By clicking in the top row of the window, a series of dropdown arrows will appear. 4. Click on the dropdown arrow labelled column, and select collar.holeid. 5. Change the test value to starts with, and type 'WLO' (using the number 0, ratherthan the letter O). 6. Click OK, give the query filter a name, and click OK again. 7. In the shape properties panel to the bottom right of the Leapfrog window, change the query filter dropdown so it displays the recently created filter. The drillhole traces for all drillholes will still be visible, but only the intervals from the original WL campaign are displayed. You can display the whole drillhole dataset by selecting None from the Query filter dropdown list in the properties panel. Next, we will make a copy of the geological model. 8. Make a copy of the geological model by right-clicking on it and selecting Copy. 9. Name the new model "Wayleggo WL Campaign GM". 3 Copy Geological Model Enter 3 new geological model name [ Wayleggo WL campaign GfiAJ 10. Click OK. Next, we will use the query filterto define the new geological model. 11. Double-click on the Wayleggo WL Campaign GM. 12. Tick the Filter Data option. © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 5 of 8 leapfrog The Query Filter default should be the WLO filter: 3 Geological Model - Wayieggo WL i «1 Boundiry £.uKSyrt(m LrtlKikigiM £hfonolujy .«.■thcloqy column. WLIrth - Fife__ Fineidital | f helfe! LIKE ■WWW ' hotan-JKEmOV Surfacereululim i [j Soapsorl««» Volume Generation [J y«ig*olrtpu!litlir,IOg)-vf [Jame jWayleggoWUtmpaignGM 13. Click OK. To compare the new and original geological models: 1. Clearthe scene. 2. Add the porphyry volume from the original model the scene. 3. Add the porphyry volume from the Wayleggo WL campaign GM. 4. Differentiate the GM model volume from the original volume either by turning on the show edges option for one of the volumes, or by changing the transparency of one of the volumes: We can easily see the difference the additional drilling has made to the size and shape of the porphyry volume. This view also clearly shows that to the south west of the model (on the left of this image), the porphyry intrusion has not been realistically modelled. By inspecting the drilling surrounding this area, we can see that the default surface runs between two drillholes, one with porphyry in it, and the other without. To edit this surface, we will use polylines. Editing a surface using polylines 1. Put a slicer through the surface so that the area which needs to be edited is sliced through. I E I 9 ■ = I f= = = E r 2i m a 9 9 9 9 9 9 ä 9 s 9 a 9 a 9 6 of 8 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited leapfrog IC GEOLOGICAL MOfJFI lit", 2. Right click on the surface which needs to be edited (in this case the porphyry), and select edit > with polyline. This brings up the polyline editing toolbar: So Projects <0 Scene Viei (f Look. ^jf> The draw lines icon allows a new line to be drawn. The icons to the right of the toolbar allow the user to either draw on the slicer, or draw on an object. There are options for undo and redo, as well as save and cancel the drawing. 3. To draw a polyline, click on the draw lines icon and left click once on the sliced plane. Continue left clicking to create points which are linked to make a line. 4. To complete the drawing, right click. Then right click again to return to cursor mode. 5. Remove the slice to check that the polyline looks sensible compared with the original surface. © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 7 of 8 leapfrog FASTrDYHAMIC GEOLOGICAL MODELLING 6. When you are happy with the polyline(s), click save in the top toolbar. This will add the polyline to the data which is being used to create the surface. The polyline which was used to edit the surface can be viewed under the surface in the project tree by expanding the triangles out: ▼ % Porphyry T Porphyry ▼ r\s Porphyry f&!ith £ Porphyry 2 To edit the polyline, right click on it and select edit polyline. 8 of 8 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited leapfrog ("AST. DYNAMIC GEOLOGICAL MODELLING Exercise 1: Wayleggo Weathering Model Contents Creating a geological model....................................................................................... 1 Goals For this exercise, we will create a weathering model from the Wayleggo dataset which has been used for the previous four sessions. The data for this exercise is available in the project which has already been created, and doesn't require any additional importing. ■ : ■ i ■ a ■ ■ ■ ■ J ■ I ■ 3 Creating a geological model Create a new geological model, making sure to select weathering for the base lithology column. Drop the resolution down as appropriate, limit the extent of the surfaces to the drilling, and name the model 'Wayleggo weathering model' New Geoiogica! Mod General Basejjtholoay column: j^ča, weathering | ▼ | □ filter data Surfacejeiolution: |20.D jtj D Adaptive Model Extents Minimum Maximum JÍIEast): 14000.0 : |6800" :[ Y(Nortii): 16500J ; [moO.0 ~\%\ Z (Elév): [-MO0.U Inclose Object . Mame: Wavleoyo w/e&thEimg model Visualise the drilling in 3D to get an idea of the volumes which will need to be modelled: 1. Decide on the best method of creating the two required surfaces - note that there are several possibilities here. 2. Once the surfaces have been created, activate them in the surface chronology folder and make sure they are in the correct chronological order. © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 1 of 2 leapfrog FňST.OYNAMIC GEO!. OG EC AL MODELLING I i i: : ! d íl ! pn .L tu Li I Hl" L I I I ! L L 2 of 2 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited s = leapfrog FAST, DYNAMIC GEOLOGICAL MODELLING Session 6: Presentation Tools Contents Saving and exporting scenes..................................................................................... 1 Using the Leapfrog Viewer........................................................................................ 2 Creating movies ....................................................................................................3 Rendering images..................................................................................................4 Goals In this session, we will explain how to use display features in Leapfrog for report writing or presentation purposes. At the end of this session, you will be familiar with: • Saving and exporting scenes • Using the Leapfrog Viewer • Creating movies • Rendering images For this session we will use the Wayleggo project from sessions 1 to 6. Saving and exporting scenes Start by opening the Wayleggo project, and view the raw data in the scene. This should include the topography with draped aerial photograph, as well as the drilling. 1. Save the scene by right clicking on the Saved Scenes and Movies folder in the project tree, and selecting Save Current Scene. 2. Give the scene a description, and change the name of the scene. Note that scenes will be listed in the project tree in alphabetical order, so by naming them using a number followed by the descriptive name, they will be listed correctly (eg 1. Raw data, 2. Intrusional surfaces, 3. Other surfaces etc). Description Drilling, topo and aerial photograph) f 4 Name: 1. Raw Data ..Help |f Cancel i <$3 OK 3. Click OK, and the scene will be saved. '2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 1 of 4 £^ leapfrog FAST, DYNAMIC GEOLOGICAL MODELLING 4. You can now clear the scene, and when the saved scene is dragged back into view, the same settings including objects, slicerand transparencies are remembered. A good habit to get into is to save scenes as you progress through a model, describing the steps that were taken to build it, and pointing out important or interesting features of the model. 5. Build another three orfour scenes describing the steps taken to build the model. T [J5 Saved Scenes and Movies lb 1. Raw Data 2. ntrusional Surfaces W 3. Other Surfaces k. 4. Volumes Using the Leapfrog Viewer Once scenes have been saved in your Leapfrog project, you can export them and open them in the Leapfrog Viewer, which is free software available on the Leapfrog3d website. Leapfrog Viewer allows the user to rotate, zoom, slice, change the transparency and view the details (volume etc) of each object in the saved scene. If you have Leapfrog Viewer installed on your computer, you can work through the following steps. 1. Right click on the Saved Scenes and Movies folder, and select export scenes. 2. Select the scenes which you would like to export by ticking the checkbox for each, then click OK. f Eipcrt*. ;;hbi 1- a 7t 1 IT 4. Volumes There are two options on the next window which can be selected to change the data which is exported. The first is the "export hidden shapes" checkbox. When selected, this will export any shapes which are in the scene but hidden at the time the scene was saved. The second is the "export shapes only" or "export all data that appears when I click" option. When the second option is selected, data that appears in the Leapfrog scene when an object is clicked on, such as the volume, area, elevation, and location, is exported. When the first option is selected, this data is not exported. 2 of 4 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited leapfrog FAST. DYNAMIC GEOLOGICAL MODELLING Add Scenes Down Removi Scenes Deseriplion 7T 2. Intrusions! S 3. Other Surfac g] Export hjddenC°Jt""' 'I T=b cdickts Sdd ±- Combined Mndeli Block Models tZ" Saved Scenes and Movie, Sections endCnraaun ■^é\dd 1 k Remove | ' Rename Modelling the Contacts The contacts will be created by drawing GIS lines representing each of the contacts. 1. Clear the scene, then add the topography to the scene with the map displayed. 2 of 6 ) 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited = = =■ E = I íZi $£ leapfrog 2. Create a new GIS line and name it "Green Yellow contact" 3. Trace along the entire length of the green to yellow contact. You should end up with three segments; one on the West side of the fault, and two on the East. These will be dealt with later when we add the fault to the geological model: 4. Click Save, then repeat forthe yellow to orange contact. Now that we have defined the surface expressions of the contacts, we can let Leapfrog Geo determine the dip at surface of the contacts. As there is no additional dip information at depth, we will assume the surface dip is continued to depth. 5. Right click on the Surface Chronology folder in the geological model. 6. Select New Deposit > From G IS Vector Data 7. Select "Green Yellow contact (On Topography)" as the GIS vector data to use. By using the'On Topography' version of the GIS line, Leapfrog is able to drape the GIS line onto the topography and calculate the dip of the surface. If we didn't use the 'On Topography' version, the surface would firstly be empty, because the GIS line is above the topography which makes it outside the boundary of the geological model. If we increased the boundary size so the GIS line was inside the boundary, the surface would be completely flat, as the GIS line was drawn on a single elevation. To describe this differently, if you imagine the GIS line as a densely spaced series of points, the'surface of best fit' forthe GIS line is flat (as all the points are on the same elevation). The image below shows this flat surface: Now if we look at the 'On Topography' version of the GIS line, we can see that as the 'points' of the GIS line are no longer on a single elevation, rather they are draped on the topography, instead of the surface being flat it has a dip. This is shown in the image below: © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 3 of 6 Hi leapfrog FnSI.UVNAMlC O 8. Change the First Lithology to Green, and the Second Lithology to Yellow, then click OK. 9. The surface that is created extends through the fault, and links all three segments of the GIS line. We will split this surface so it represents each side of the fault at a later stage in the exercise. 10. Repeat the above steps forthe yellow to orange contact. Creating the Fault We will create the fault by drawing a GIS line, and let the intersection of the GIS line and the topography calculate the dip at surface. Once the fault has been created, we will activate it to split the two surfaces created above into four (two on each side of the fault). 1. Create a new GIS line and name it "Fault". 2. Trace the fault in the scene: 3. Right-click to end the drawing of the fault, then click the Save button. 4 of 6 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited E E E r E ! 6 I 3 ä 1 r L 3 E a E 3 0 ä E jä L a : ä 1 ä l .2 leapfrog Adding the Fault to the Geological Model 1. In the geological model, create a fault from the GIS line: ' Geological Models T {t GM ► Lj Boundary FautT " Open ]^| Lithe ^ Nf Lev ■• h- New Fault T From Points. 5. Select the topography points and click OK. 6. Click OK to accept the default name for the topography. 7. Make s ure the resolution of the topography is appropriate when compared to the topography point spacing. 2 of 10 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 5 E £ E E E = s E E B E = (= != = d d - leapfrog Digitising the Fault By drawing a Gl S line then draping it on the topography, Leapfrog can automatically calculate the dip of the fault at the surface, based on the topography. 1. Click D to look down, and zoom in so you have a clear view of the entire fault. 2. Right click on the GIS Data, Maps and Photos folder and select New GIS Lines. Enter the name "Fault", and click OK. 3. A new tool bar will appear at the top of the screen, with icons to let you draw a GIS line. :. 4. Hold the mouse cursor over each button to check its functionality. 5. Click the Draw Lines icon. Note that once this has been selected, the cursor icon changes. To revert back to the standard cursor, either click the cursor icon in the top toolbar, or click the right mouse button anywhere in the scene. For a shortcut to accessing the cursorwhile in drawing mode, you can hold the Shift button, which lets you move the scene around using the normal controls. When the Shift button is released, the drawing icon will return. 6. To draw the fault, click and release the cursor at one end of the fault to add a point. Move along the fault, digitising from one end to the other by clicking and releasing. 7. Once the fault has been digitised, the drawing can be finished by right clicking. 8. There are a number of different edits which can be applied to the completed GIS line. To delete a single point, click on it, then click the Delete Selected Items icon on the top toolbar. To delete the entire line, double click anywhere on it, and click the Delete Selected Items icon. To add a point to the line, hold the Ctrlbutton on the keyboard and hover the cursor over the line. The cursor icon will change, which means you can click and drag to add a point. 9. Once you are happy with the GIS line, click the Save icon in the top toolbar / —*v« ax »ss> J Importing Structural Data for the Contact Surfaces _ The structural data forthe contact surfaces will be imported from a series of files. You could, however, create a table for each contact surface us ing the information on the map. 1. Clearthe scene. H 2. Right-click on the Structural Data folder and select Import Structural Data. © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 3 of 10 X leapfrog 3. Navigate to the folder for this session. 4. Select the file Green Pink Contact. CSV. 5. ClickOpen, then Finish. The new structural data table will appearinthe project tree. 6. Add the topography to the scene. 7. Press the D key to view the scene from above. 8. Add the Green Pink Contact.csv structural data table to the scene: 9. Import the files Pink Orange Contact and orange Yellow Contact and add them to the scene. Creating the Geological Model for the Western Side At this point, we have the data necessary to build the depositional layers for the geological model, but we haven't yet imported the GIS lines representing the two blue erosional surfaces. We will do this later, afterthe geological model has been built and other surfaces modelled. 1. Right-click on the Geological Models folder in the project tree and select New Geological Model. 2. Use the controls in the scene to set the model extents to enclose the map. 3. In the New Geological Model window, set the Z (Elev) values to -260 and 760. 4. Set the Surface Resolution to 50. 5. Click OK. 4 of 10 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited e m ě m & * P= a i a i a 6 S F s E = t= s I Š 5 = leapfrog T,DYNAM(CGEOt ' ■'■ i MORHIIMG Adding the Fault to the Geological Model We will now add the fault to the Geological model to split it into an East block and a West block, so we can model each separately 1. Clearthe scene. 2. Drag the topography with surface map into the scene. 3. Press the D key to view the scene from above. 4. Right click on the Fault System for the new geological model and select New Fault > From GIS Vector Data. When the Fault Type is set to Surface, the drawn GIS line will appear in the list twice. The Fault (On Topography) option automatically drapes the drawn GIS line on the topography.This is the step which allows the dip of the fault at the surface to be calculated automatically, based on how the drawn GIS line intersects with the topography. Seethe previous session for further detail on this. 5. Select the Fault (On Topography) object and click OK. 6. Expand the Fault System in the project tree to see the new fault. Defining the Lithologies As we have no drillhole data in the project, we need to define the lithologies for the geological model manually. 1. Double-click on the Lithologies object for the geological model. 2. In the window that appears, click the Add button andentera name for the first lithology, Green. Change the colour of the lithology to green. Repeat for the other lithologies. Lithologies - C Code Colour Unknown □ Yellow □ Orange i i Pink □ Green □ Dark Blue ■ Light Blue i i -f"Add —Remove Rename J! Help X Caned «5o.K 3. Click OK to close the Lithologies window. Defining the Sedimentary Sequence We will define the sedimentary sequence by building from oldest (Green) to youngest (Yellow), then we will define the two erosional surfaces. 1. Clear the scene. 2. Right-click on the Surface Chronology object and select New Deposit > From Structural Data. © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 5 of 10 leapfrog uiv7iA!4icr-r<>:Cir,ir..".i i' 3. I n the window that appears, change the first lithology to Pink (youngest) and the second lithology to green (oldest). 4. Click OK, and select the Existing Structural Data check box. Select Green_Pink_Contact structural data, and click OK. Structure Data From O NewBrawing V foisting Structural Data |^Green_PrnkContact | t 5. Repeat the process forthe Pink_Orange_Contact and Orange_Yellow_Contact structural data tables. 6. Add the topography to the scene. 7. Add the new contact surfaces to the scene to confirm that they are correctly oriented. One of the more difficult tasks in building geological models is identifying the sides of contact surfaces, especially in a complex environment where the geology may be overturned. Leapfrog Geo labels surfaces as having older and younger sides, which is the "younging" direction. 8. Double-click on the Surface Chronology. 9. Make sure the contact surfaces are in the correct chronological order. 10. Enable the contact surfaces by ticking them Surface Chronology-GM ontart surface chronology ~3< Ccnlactsurfste 0 JrOrange-Vdlowcorrtacls ; Pinfc - Orange ct 11. Click OK. 5 £ e m 6 = e m ■ s 5 = £ S E = P « P 5 ? 1 = = = 3 5 = 5! p ^ leapfrog 12. Clear the scene and add the unfaulted geological model to the scene: Activating the Fault in the Model 1. Double-click on the Fault System. 2. Tick the box to activate the fault, and click OK. 3. Add the geological model to the scene The geological model has been split into two blocks, labelled "GM fault block 1" and GM fault block 2" It's a good idea to rename the fault blocks so they are more easily recognisable. 4. Right click on each of the fault blocks, and rename them "North East" and "South West". ' EJ3 Geological Models ► k3 Boundary ► •** Fairlt System 7=1 Lrthologies T 0 North East ► ij Fauft Block Boundary T Surface Chronology I" * Pink - Orange contacts i*T Green - Pink contacts ► Output Volumes r £1 South West ■* J Fault Block Boundary ▼ ^ Surface Chronology ► ?4 Orange - Vellovj contacts ► if* Pink - Orange contacts ► ^* Green - Pink contacts ► r"' Output Volumes " OutputVolumes —; Adding an Erosion Surface from a GIS Line Next, we will add two erosions to the model, lithologies Dark Blue and Blue. They will both be built from imported GIS lines. 1. Right-click on the GIS Data, Maps and Photos folder and select Import Vector Data. 2. Navigate to the folder for this session and select the files Dark_Blue_Outline . shp and Light_Blue Outline west.shp. 3. Click Open. 4. Deselect the Filter Data checkbox, which ensures that all data will be imported to the project without being clipped to a boundary. 6 of 10 ) 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited i- -i © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 7 of 10 leapfrog 5. Click OK. 6. Right-click on the Surface Chronology for the South West side of the geological model and select New Erosion > From GIS Vector Data. 7. Select Dark_Blue_Outline(OnTopography)fortheGISVectorData. 8. Select Dark Blueforthe First Lithology. 9. Because the older side of the unconformity has more than one lithology contacting it, leave the Second Lithology as Unknown: Select GIS vector data: New Erosional Contad Dark.Blue.Outiine (OnTopography] Select lithology First Lithology: i^|Darl. Blue » \ is Younger " Second Lithology: | | Unknown Name | Unknown - Dark Blue ci 10. Click OK. 11. Right-click on the Surface Chronology for the South West side of the geological model and select New Erosion > From GIS Vector Data. 12. Select Light_Blue_Outline(On Topography) forthe GIS Vector Data. 13. Select Light Blueforthe First Lithology 14. Because this side of the unconformity has only one lithology contacting it, we can change the Second Lithology to Dark Blue. 15. Click OK. \,Dark_Blue_Outline(0n7ůf,ography) first Lrthology- ^| Lighl Blu< * .c Younger Second Lrthology: Dark Blue * Is Older kjeme: Bark Blue - Light Blue contacts J,£an«| t <$9oK 16. Activate the surfaces for both the Dark Blue and Light Blue lithologies under the Surface Chronology object, making sure the surfaces are in the correct chronological order. 17. Click OK. 8 of 10 3 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited ■í Es m S = = i a I s i a E s E a E = E a E ä Ě a E ä E E = E E a í! = leapfrog Ilhl.üvrjflmt.^EOKli.iC'H MUllcLLIHC. 18. Clear the scene and add the model to the scene: 19. Use the imported GIS line to add an erosion for Dark Blue.on the Eastern side of the fault. 20. View the model in the scene: 3 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 9 of 10 leapfrog fAST, DYNAMIC GEOLOGICAL MODELLING Session 10: Stratigraphic sequence tool Contents Setting Up the Project and importing data via ODBC ........................................................... 1 Creating the topography and fauits............................................................................... 2 Creating the Geological Model and Adding the Faults ........................................................... 3 Defining the Stratigraphic Sequence............................................................................. 4 Goals In this session we will import drilling through an ODBC link, then create a faulted geological model and use stratigraphic sequences to model the layers in each fault block. The data forthis exercise can be found in the Sessions \ Session 10 - stratigraphic sequence tool folder. Setting Up the Project and importing data via ODBC 1. Create a new project called "Stratigraphic Sequence". We will import drillholes using an ODBC link, but if your computer isn't running 64-bit Office you may need to import directly from a CSV file, which is available in the folder for this session. 2. Right click on the drillhole data folder and select import drillholes via ODBC. T (rh Drillhole Date Import Drillholes... IO Planned C Points ft Structural Da Import Drillholes via ODBC 0 Import Drillholes via acQuire ► You can either link directly to an ODBC data source using a username and password, or browse to a database file. 3. In this case, we will browse to a database file which is located in the folder for this session. 4. Click OK once the database has been selected. 5. A 'testing connection' window will appear for a few seconds. The database should contain a collar file, survey file as well as interval tables. The files have been correctly selected by Leapfrog using the file names. If the default selections are incorrect, click the dropdown arrows for each to change the selection. © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 1 of 6 #T leapfrog Collirlabte [sS.rolbr | i Survey Table [S5_;;cnvey jrrterval Tables: i" ssrrlholt>gy ■§■ Add Interval TabU |jt£,ncd ^30K 6. Click OK. 7. The import tables from ODBC window will appear. In this case, all columns are selected correctly by default, but it is possible to change each column using the dropdown arrows. ,»p.-1 Tau fro". ODBC 8. View the drillholes in the scene. Creating the topography and faults Next, we will create the topography from surface contours. 1. Right click on the GIS data, maps and photos folder and select import vector data 5£ = a 5 a Ea = 2 6: Ea Ea Ea Ea Ea E a E a E a E a B a leapfrog 2. Select the Topography contours . shp file. 3. Click OK. 4. Right click on the topographies folder and select new topography > from GIS vector data n 1 ▼ h GISData Ma,1 ^ Topography tS? Import Elevation Grid 5? Topograp I-1 Set Clipping Boundary... Fixed Elevation T E3 Drillhole Data tji? From Surface... T 1|| Drillholes From GIS Vector Data... ► □ collar *„■ From Points,.. 5. Click OK, and accept the default name for the topography by clicking OK again. 6. Make sure the resolution of the topography is appropriate compared to the data. 7. Add the topography to the scene: 8. Use the Meshes folder to import the two fault meshes, labelled fault l and fault 2. Creating the Geological Model and Adding the Faults 1. Create a new geological model, enclosing the Lith table. 2. Drop the resolution down to 200 to provide more definition between drillholes 3. Use the imported meshes to define the faults: T IS GM ► L OulpulVnW UfcuvA! t p«. Mod,*. r»rior.,.„,,-„, I ^ FlomOlhtitonlKl... . ' Firm Cu.uHfPnMin... 4. Add the Fault System object to the scene to view the faults. 5. Double-click on the Fault System object to arrange the chronology and set the fault interactions: 2 of 6 ©2013 ARANZ Geo Limited iw *U © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 3 of 6 a leapfrog 6 Activate the faults by ticking the boxes and clicking OK. This will create a series of fault blocks, which will appear in the project tree under the geological model. 7. Renamethe fault blocks to East, North and South. .»leJh VIM __^^^to^ ^^^^ Defining the Stratigraphic Sequence For this model, the oldest lithology is Granite and the youngest is Gravel. We will use this for the lithology above and lithology below in the stratigraphic sequence. 1. Create a new stratigraphy for the South unit. lit B ku* Boundary •ŕ SkCftEI t £ OutpUT vo S U" H*"> 2. Select Gravel for Lithology Above: New SiratigraDh.c Sequence Chionnlogy Surfacing_______ tfholoQY Above □Gimel * St.atiaiauhic ĽtrwLJ Unknown [ I Grave! [Cti Middle Shalt Uppe; Ce'tJunnte Lc.vfi Bsnden ion ft d UhM Shait p^l Lo.-.ti CltfcnnstE BcBnn. Conlírt T ■ Middle B«t« San ode ne !i£* 3. Click OK and let the surfaces re-run, then drag each set of surfaces into the scene. ©2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 5 of 6 leapfrog FftST.DYNftMIC REOLOGfCAt. MODELLING 6 of 6 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited leapfrog FAST,DYNAMIC £EOLOG:CAL MODELLING Session 11: Wolf Pass Introduction Contents Setting up the project........................................................................ ..................... 1 Goals For this series of sessions, we will import drillholes and topography, then build a complete set of models and outputs. By the end of these sessions you will know how to: • Import drillholes and topography points • Manipulate drillhole data using groupings and interval selection, as well as fix errors • Model veins • Build an interpolant and an indicator interpolant • Create and export cross sections • Create block models • Plan drillholes ThedataforthisexercisecanbefoundintheSessionsX Session 10 - Wolf Pass folder. Setting up the project 1. Create a new project and call it "Wolf Pass". We will be importing a drilling dataset which contains lithology and grade, as well as a LIDAR point set representing the topography. The lithology contains 15 different codes which we will group into 5 major codes: Recent: SAPR, COLLVandASH Dacite: DA Early Diorite: E1, E2, E3, EBX1 and EBX2 Intermineral Diorite: 11,12and IBX Basement: H and SBX Note that the leftover code (SGNCRLSS) represents significant core loss, so will be left ungrouped for this model. The Early Diorite intrusion is the oldest intrusion, which was emplaced into the schist basement and contains the highest gold and copper grades. This was followed by the Intermineral Diorite intrusion which also contains gold and copper, then the barren Dacite dykes cut through all three existing lithologies. Weathering and a nearby volcanic eruption formed the recent layer, which is the youngest lithology shown in the logging. © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 1 of 36 leapfrog fAST DYNAMIC GEOLOGICAL MODELLING Session 12: Wolfpass Importing and manipulating data Contents Creating the Topography using a Triangulated Mesh............................................................2 Setting the Error Threshold...............................................<.........................._............. 3 Importing 2D grids ................................................................................................. 4 Importing GIS data representing the dykes...................................................................... 5 Importing the drillholes and fixing errors .......................................................................... 5 Fixing Survey Errors ............................................................................................... 7 Errors in the Lithology Table..................:.................................................................... 8 Errors in the Numeric Data........................................................................................ 9 Importing Downhole Structural Data.............................................................................11 Grouping lithologies ................................................................................................13 Differentiating the Dykes using the interval Selection Tool ....................................................15 Goals In this session we will import topography points and use the triangulated mesh feature to create a surface. There are 2D grids representing slope, aspect and elevation. We will then import the drillholes and manipulate them to the point at which we are able to successfully model them. — Creating the Topography using a Triangulated Mesh 1. Open the Wolfpass project. ; ~ In the Wayleggo project which was used at the beginning of the course, we covered the steps involved in . building a topography from points in the topography folder. This created a good topographic surface for widely and irregularly spaced data. For this project, there is a very detailed LIDAR dataset which has been merged with a less detailed regional topography dataset, so we will look at a different method of dealing with this 1 —1 dens elyspaced data. _. If we were to usethesurfacer in the topographies folder to build the topography directly from the points, it would be a very time consuming process. To deal with densely spaced data, a different triangulation algorithm is available in the meshes folder. This works in a similar manner to a standard triangulation by joining the points together with triangles, but also has the ability to apply an error threshold which significantly speeds up the process, while still building a surface which is representative of the quality of the data. 2. Import the Wolf pas s_Lidar_Topo points into the points folder. 3. There are close to 700,000 points so the they may take a minute or so to be imported. If you are finding the import too slow, there is also a lower density data set in the folder for this exercise. 2 of 36 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited leapfrog ICGEOLOGICM MODHlltJG 4. Right click on the meshes folder and select new triangulated mesh > from points I ; D'iMholc Ditt I - [:."-.:! 1......Din »1 »«.,, 8*» I «1—' «"«• Setting the Error Threshold The error threshold is a useful tool which can deal with very densely spaced data in a more sensible manner than just sampling the dataset. The error threshold works by excluding points which don't have a vertical offset greater than the threshold. If the threshold is set to 0.5, and the difference between one point and its neighbour is less than 0.5 m, this point will be excluded and the triangle will be fitted to the next point which is above the threshold. There will always be a trade off between the accuracy of the data and the processing time for the surface. 5. The point spacing forthis data set is around 2 m around the main project area. Set the errorthresholdto 0.1, click OK and let the surface process. Again, this may take a few minutes as there are close to 700,000 data points. E t t E © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 3 of 36 \ 25 Ik! 1 a 3 t "si L «1 1 leapfrog ,1 DYNAMIC GEOLOGICAL MODELLING aa* Jfo— t| «3g< I I n the image above, the right side is the triangulation without an error threshold (ie it creates a triangle between all points), and the leftside is the triangulation with an error threshold of 0.1 (ieany point shown which is NOT at the vertex of a triangle is less than 0.1 m vertically from the surface). 6. Check the surface against the points to see whether the error threshold applied is producing a reasonable surface. Now that the surface has been created, it needs to be added as a topography underthe topographies folder. 7. Right click on the topographies folder and select new topography > from surface, then select the mesh and click OK. 8. Accept the default name and click OK again. Importing 2D grids Leapfrog can import 2D grids in a number of different formats. Once imported, these can be set to a specific elevation. In this case, we will import 2D grids representing the aspect, slope and elevation of the topography surface, then set the elevations of each to the topography. Ail SupportEd Fgh;;: '.edf, '.dem, '.£- "■gift " hgt, ",img. mjpI} Aic/lnfo ASCII Giid Cast. Mxt) Ai-c/lnfo Binary Grid (\arff) Digital Elevation Model C'.dem) Intergraph ERDA5 ER Mapper ZD grid (Vers) ESRI .hdr Labelled Image {".img, *.biQ SRTM.hgtC.hgtJ Surfer ASCI! or Binary Grid f.grd] All F ^iV'i 1. Right click on theGIS Data, Maps and Photos folder and select Import 2D grid. 2. Navigate to the folder containing the 2D grids, and import them one at a time, noting that the grids are georeferenced in this example, but is possible to override or add georeferencing within Leapfrog. 4 of 36 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited leapfrog 5~ J£ leapfrog FAST UVNAMIC GEOLOGICAL MOOELLIMG -----........----------- --- 3. View the grids in the scene. They are flat grids at an elevation of 0 m. 4. To set the elevation of the grids to that of the topography, right click on one of the grids and select Set Elevation, then select the From Surface checkbox, and make sure "Topography" is selected. 5. Click OK, and repeat forthe other two grids. In the image above, the grid representing the slope of the surface is being displayed alongside the legend. We can see that the slope varies between 0.82° and 50°. These values can be queried using the value filter in the shape properties panel. Importing GIS data representing the dykes There are GIS lines representing the hangingwall and footwall of dyke 1 on the topography. 1. Right click on the GIS Data, Maps and Photos folder in the project tree, and select Import Vector Data. Navigate to the GIS Data in the folder for this project, and select both the hangingwall and footwall. 2. Click Open to import the files to Leapfrog. 3. In this case we don't want to filterthe data to within a certain distance from a bounding box, so untick the 'Filter Data' checkbox. 4. View the GIS lines in the scene. Importing the drillholes and fixing errors When data is imported into Leapfrog, it runs a validation to check whether there are any inconsistencies in the data. Errors will then be flagged, and can be fixed in Leapfrog with a number of tools, or exported to be fixed in the database. Si = = a 5 a £ a I a 5 \i E a £ a 5a Ea 5a Ea Ea 5a 1. Import the drillholes for the wolfpass project. Make sure all the numeric data is imported as numeric data, and the WPJith column is imported as lithology data. f% AG.cjpl 1% « ppm % AU_gpt m. inji 0 a * WW* WSMO (KM iilUtt- 4MJBWIJ □ m »913 -• I7S.IWH □ □ » wpos iuinn ran □ □ □ i-tra nam. i»uh a iyh» UK»7ft 1«l -□ D Si ■ ii- i.: i-M □ HUBS U)WJ» MM 0« 2v1jum 10w4sw7 Kb* I Errors in the Lithology Table From the initial validation completed by Leapfrog, one interval has been flagged which has an overlapping segment. To fix this, we can manually edit the from and to values as required. In this case, by editing the'to' value of the row labelled id 8, we will be able to remove the error. 8 of 36 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited !& leapfrog 1. Change this value to 92.0, instead of 92.550003. The overlapping intervals have now been fixed. As was the case earlier, the edited value remains bold in the table for future reference. Errors in the Numeric Data Leapfrog flags intervals which are missing, contain non numeric values, or contain non positive values. For each item we have the option to either replace, omit, or keep the result. We will start by looking at the errors in the Sulphur table. 1. Doubleclick onS underthe assay table. The invalid value handling window will appear for Sulphur. Hi railing al invalid -Hid I Moling v*1ii*. IOvjIum >«MviluQ l«r Sjit. .Iuh Of furring 4BU limn) Vlliis OKUtrtnto Acl-on RiplKiWrin RBncv. OffluMiction 480 ktunBicci ■ ri > ■ .. LI F.tmavt J Th«*.ul(ihiv.rtiM | *t—I Or* In this window we can see that there are no missing values, 2 non numeric values which occur 480 times, and 1 numeric value which occurs 276 times. We will start by fixing the non numeric values. 2. Select add rule under the non numeric values heading. A window with the values in error will appear. We can see that these values are <0.02, and NS. Highlight <0.02 and click OK. efs B | s~ 1 j -5 E = P = p * i 3 E = E a 6 S P - i= - P a P a P - P s P - P a P a P a E a - leapfrog Li T'if vilue I want u not in the hit Ifc.n.ei | agffl. This adds <0.02 to the non numeric values window, which we can then use to define the action we would like to take whenever Leapfrog comes across this value in the Sulphur table. 3. In this case, <0.02 is the detection limit, so we will replace it with half the detection limit, which is 0.01. Invalid Va'ue Handling -...ail and special values loi 5_pct d (uvaluesoccurringOtimes) Nan-numeric value, 13 value! occulting 160 time,) Value Occurrences Actum Replace With Rcmuve Numeric values (1 value occur,rng27rr times) Value Occurrence! Action Replac Non-Posrlrvc Values 27S Veep P These rule, haw, I BrwT jaj Cancel S^O* 4. Click add rule again, and this time highlight NS. 5. For these intervals there are no samples, so change the action to 'omit'. There are also 276 numerical value errors. 6. Click the add rule button to see that the value is -0.01, then click OK. 7. Change the action to 'replace', and use 0.01 as the number to replace the value with. 8. Once the rules have been changed, tick the these rules have been reviewed checkbox, which will remove the red cross from the assay table in the project tree. © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 9 of 36 ^ 10 of 36 ©2013 ARANZ Geo Limited leapfrog CiEOlOCilCAl MOOELLIP Invalid Vaup Hand: Hon-iuraeiic yd um <0.02 101 Humeritvalu« (1 vahi* otcurrinfl 276 lim«) JjHdp Repeat this process forthe other assay tables until the errors have been removed. T g3 Drillhole Dns _ ► □ collar ▼ Q WP.assay l\- AG.gpt *V AS.ppm Ax AU_gpl V CU.pct AS density /\- MO.ppm A- recov A> Sjict ▼ G WP.Irth ROCK Planned Drill hol« Importing Downhole Structural Data Structural data can be imported into Leapfrog in either dip - dip azimuth with an associated downhole depth and hole ID, or as alpha - beta measurements downhole. We will look at importing some downhole structural data forthe Wolfpass project in both formats. 1. Right click on the Drillholes folder and select import from file > structural data. iii Drillhole: ► ^colla. ^ New Merged Table □ wrvi? + ^ppend p,Wu||„ Reload Drillholes... Import From File Import From ODfiC jS New Evaluation Add Core Photo Link h» AC iV a$~ ■V All fVi ,\, RE 9 Delete Sj fj" Export.. ▼ D WP.Ir lb pnrr— 7^3 interval Values PoiniValues 4 Structural Qata __] Screens 2. Import the WP_DHStxucture. csv file from the drillholes folder. © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 11 of 36 5 S E 1 = 5 = E i i ä E = 5 ■ - I a E ä E a t= a - - 5 a E 5 = $£ leapfrog 3. The columns are selected by default by Leapfrog. In this case, the Alpha and Beta columns have been selected even though they don't have any data. Change these two columns to'Not Imported'. The Category column needs to be imported as Category data. 4. Click Finish and the structural data will be imported. View the data alongside the drilling. Next we will import the alpha - beta structural data. This is very muchsimilarto importing dip-dip azimuth structural data, but once imported, the position of the orientation mark must be specified. 1. Import the wp_structiireAlphaBeta . csv file following the same steps as above. 2. Again, select the category data type forthe category column, then click finish. 3H.HHIM e.n StTSCUVJ Data WP.riMSTunrljrpAiciHBtia UM HKkW - Depth . PoK.«y . Ali*. - Hit ü Net impertufc Import*! Import Nunc 1 1 WUI SB 5 WPDH iM 6 IN TO« 1*1 'fortrjev' Irfhoto^ MfcH 1 70 1 «3 1 M to IB 'MIcgor." Tot ■mrijay- Qui ■ifltcgoy' l!St Po*mr WPJ>H Wm itAlpUGat Hi tin BdM) coding: AWE (Windw.1-IJM] » Hm 1 * imponAHOAin« 12 of 36 ) 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited leapfrog To specify the position of the core orientation, double click on the data you have imported in the project tree and go to the compatibility tab. Make sure this is set to 'bottom of core' forthis dataset. Tart W- [>„, Coup»!)*!} Grouping lithologies Data often comes from multiple sources, and different geologists (in some cases logging over several decades) use different terminology. When building models, there may be specific reasons for treating multiple lithologies in a single group. In these cases, lithologies can be grouped in Leapfrog without altering the original data source. Grouping lithologies adds a new column to the lithology table, which allows you to model either with it or with the original data. 1. Add the lithology table to the scene 2. Right click on the lithology table, and select New Column > Group Lithologies 3. In the window that appears, make sure ROCK is left as the base column, and change the name to'grouped lith'. Click OK. 3 New bthology Colur, Base Column: |ROCK_ Name: Grouped iith .Ji'Hdp ^Cancel <3ok In the window that appears, we will create new groups and add lithologies to these groups. Ě S © 2013 AR AN Z Geo Li mited 13 of 36 E a E Š E s = = E = e = Ě 5 6 = E s E = E s E = E s E = E n E i E = E í leapf rog 4. Highlight ASH, COLLVand SAPR using Ctrl or shift select, then click new group. lithology CQ^ New Group 5. Enterthe name 'Recent' for the group. Expand the small triangle to the left of the new lithology to seethe lithologies which makethe'Recent' group up. üthoiogy Column - Grcupedjitri UiHjrouped Lithologies Cadre Colour <*> Code Colour DA ■ ▼ r Recent □ E1 ASH 12 □ COLLV 13 1 ' SAPR EBXI i ; EBXZ I7J H □ 11 i 12 nz IBX i i SBX □ SGNCRLS5 ■ tJiHOp 6. Repeat the process to create the following groups as described at the start of this session: . Basement: H, SBX • Dacite: DA . Early Diorite: E1, E2, E3, EBX1, EBX2 • Intermineral Diorite: 11, 12,1BX Leave SGNCRLSS ungrouped, as it represents significant core loss so is of no use for modelling. 14 of 36 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited leapfrog Lawifjgy Column - Groujwdjith U ngrouped Ihhologif- Code Colour '1 Code Colour ▼ * □ COLLV SAPR ÜT" ■ T «■ filly Drot« □ El e: B EBX2 T . IrUOT.ntfi.D.o : nx V ! fiulo Group 13" Jtl.tc Groups «5« Click OK, and the scene will be updated to display the newly grouped lithology. gg Prcjecu I 4 Scene Vie.-. / — w\ «TIS** • Differentiating the Dykes using the Interval SeLection Tool The Dacite lithology is made up of two dykes that appear as a single lithology, so we will split the dykes into twolithologies to makethem easierto model. 1. Right click on the lithology table in the project tree, and select New Column > Interval Selection. T ZU wjsa Open (r*Nc CcTime-iti j > A Sn. U hoc r New Query Filter I Comp« ft_ 0 WP.DH [ NeKvColumn » ft GlDup (JlWP.DH + Append Data A Spin wnoteoit* IB Interval Selection T ?Z PomU 2 JjM Object Wolfpus. ♦ Prien*« ]/" Overlaid Lrthology Column A. WoMpKi. Rename.,, | import Column tl SiiucluiilDäl ▼ Er Möhtt ► J» Wolfpiii. 9 Delete tj" Eipori.. * wNbm _ 2. Change the base column to'grouped lith', and enter'split dykes' for the name, then click OK. ) 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 15of36 S S 5 s 5 3 = 3 5 a 5 a P= ä F 9 e a 5 a 6 = E ä E = E = F = 1 ä E = ? s ^ leapfrog I'ASl [lYINAMK.r.FniOGICftL MODFI I INI. New Lithology Column Base Column: j Gioupedjith Split Dykes 3. Hide all the lithologies apart from the dacite, and change the display of the drillholes to 3D so they are easier to see. Interval Selection -Sphl_Dyt.es D Eaily Diarrte McmAwoI Die-he 1 i □ When an interval selection is created, a set of tools for selecting intervals in the scene is displayed in the top toolbar. Hold the cursor over each to view its function: ax »i__ # ui 17 3 Interval Selection - Spl't^D In O Name CdI^u- l*_n_«______.. n : If! _□■■ Line the dykes up in the scene so you can easily see both of them. 16 of 36 ©2013 ARANZ Geo Limited j& leapfrog ■ I -Ii ICCEOLOOlCflLM' 4. Click on the Select intervals tool ( r,:- ) and draw across the segments for the first dyke. 5. You can change the width of the selection tool by clicking on the line width icon in the interval selection toolbar. 6. In the Interval Selection window, click Assign to, then Create New Lithology. 7. In the window that appears, enter the name"Dacite Dyke 1", then click OK: The selected segments will be assigned as the new dkye. 8. Select segments forthe second dyke and create a new category for it. Note that it isn't crucial to get the selections perfect at this stage, as we can always go back later to make adjustments. 9. When you have finished, click the Save button in the toolbar. 10. Close the Interval Selection window. I I r E E E E E E js E = E ä E a 6 Is leapfrog E !2 I = F j F j © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 17 of 36 k* 18 of 36 ©2013 ARANZ Geo Limited leapfrog Ffi&XDYNnMICiiEOLOGlCM MODELLING Session 13: Wolfpass Geological Model Contents Building a Cover Sequence or Weathering Profile using a Surface Offset Modelling the Dykes .......................................................... Modelling the Other Lithologies .............................................. Snapping a Surface to Points ................................................ Editing the dykes ............................................................. Creating a Refined GM ....................................................... Exporting a Leapfrog Model.................................................. 20 23 25 26 27 32 33 Goals In this session, we will look at creating a geological model with three dykes, then use the features in Leapfrog Geo to create a vein system to mode! the dykes with. The data forthis session is in the Sessions \ Session 10 - Vein Modelling folder. We will start by modelling recent layer, which is reasonably well defined at the top of most drillholes. Then we will work our way from youngest to oldest; from the dykes, then the intermineral diorite, then the early diorite. The last lithology to be modelled is the basement, which will be defined as 'everything else'. This means we won't need to create a separate surface for the basement, as it will fill in the gaps between the other lithologies 1. Create a new geological model with: • Split_Dykes set as the base lithology column • The WPJith table as the extents • The resolution set to 20 • The name Wolfpass GM. © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 19 of 36 {& leapfrog í»<.1 DľNAMICf,EOiCN,rr«l MODFl L IMG New Geological Model General Base jithology column: Split_Dykes Surface resolution: [20.0 !*l D Adaptive Model Extents Minimum Maximum «4700.0 t i 445800.0 C 492BDD.D - 1494400.0 \Z 2330.0 • [3290.0 í Enclose Object T Name: Wolfpass GM jí Help 1 Jf Cancel | 1 <ßqK Building a Cover Sequence or Weathering Profile using a Surface Offset By building the Recent lithology using the erosion tool under the surface chronology folder, the recent surface becomes overthickened towards the edges of the model where there is limited data. To prevent this, we will create a new mesh from offset points. This lets us use the points from the recent intervals combined with an offset topography s urface to create a more realistic surface away from drilling data. This technique works particularly well for deposits relating to the topography such as laterites. The recent unit was created by grouping the ASH, COLLV and SAPR. Of these lithologies, the saprolite is the only weathering feature which is affected by topography. To take this into account, we will offset the topography surface to the SAPR contact points. This will allow us to create a surface which honours the data in the drilling, but away from the drilling it will have a reasonably consistent thickness as would be expected from this type of surface. The offset surface function is available in the meshes folder. The steps below run through the process involved in creating an offset surface. 20 of 36 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited £ =5 S á i s = = B s t= = E = E = t= = E = E = s = !& leapfrog FAST. DYNAMIC GEOLOGICAL Creating the contact points 1. Right click on the Points folder and select new contact points. This will bring up the same dialogue that appears when a depositional orerosional surface is created, but it will only create the contact points. ▼Jp Points . ^ mport Points \Z1 Structu Import Points via ODBC ▼ r£) Mesne- lmP°rt St°Physical D»,a ► 98 Wol' fft New Contact Points ► SB Wol NQt New Intrusion Values III1 Porylini A8 New Interval Mid Points Structu New Grid of Points 2. Select the 'ROCK' column to extract points from 3. Select 'SAPR' as the primary lithology, and change the point generation type to use contact below. Make sure to addtheSGNCRLSS (significant coreloss) to the ignored lithologies window. ew Contact Points Lithology Compositing Contact in Column 'ROCK' on Table 'WPJith' Select primary lithology Use contacts above • Use contacts below Contacting lithologies: ■ ei (i) □ e2<4) ■ ebx2 |S) I I H(4) 1 I i ra Treat unspecified intervals as • Ignored 1 Primary Reference Plane 2 Horbjontal plane : Ignored lithologies: ■ ASH (0) I I COLLV (0] ■ ebx1 10} □ 12 (0) ■ SŮNCRLSS (35) ' Contacting fjame: I SAPR contacts Help If Cancel ^9oK © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 21 of 36 ^ leapfrog r.T,F-0;í)C,f.AI MUSlř-i! IN Creating the Offset Mesh 1. Right click on the meshes folder and select new mesh > from offset points. The offset points dialogue will appear. ► p Mesh. ř Pol.-li. BS Struct T §g Geo J ► a Import Mesh I Import Elevation Grid ' hJew Weih New Triangulated Mesh & Mesh Operations a Export Meshes (? Surface Chronology ► |i) Output Volumes S From GISVector Data... "„. From Points... £r From Polyline... £ From Curved Polyline... £ From Structural Data... *.. From Values... ft** From Offset Points,,. TTT 2. Set the mesh to be the topography, and the points to be the SAPR contacts. The distance limits (minimum and maximum) limit the minimum and maximum offsets of the mesh. 3. Set the minimum distance limit to 0.5, which means the surface will always be offset a minimum of 0.5m. 4. Set the surface resolution to 10, and click OK. Mesh: |*i Topography Points: m SAPR contacts Distance limits IZI Minimum | 0.5 □ Maximum Extents (?) Shared with: 0 Wolfpass GM O.'.-n eitents Surface resolution; pO.O □ Adaptive Name; I Offset Topography äJtíelp i Í X Cancel ^3 OK 22 of 36 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 6 s is s E s Ě B B S e B Ě B Ě S 6 B te s E » F s F = F š E = E = E = E = E m E = g s ^ leapfrog 5. Now that the mesh has been created, it needs to be added as a contact. 6. Right click on the surface chronology of the geological model and select new erosion > from surface. Set the first lithology to 'recent', and click OK. New Erosional Contact Select surface: SB Offset Topography Select fHftology First Lithology: || |Recent s Vounger Second Lithology: || [Unknown Name: Unknown - Recent contacts Jfíoncel ^3oK Modelling the Dykes 7. From the Surface Chronology, create a new vein system, selecting Diorite as the vein lithology. New Vein System Select lithology Vein lithology: j^|Dacite Outside lithology: j| [Unknown Mame: ID a cite Vein System Help if Cancel <«3oK 8. Right click on the Dacite Vein System which is created in the scene, and select new vein > from base lithology © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 23 of 36 & leapfrog FplSl.Dtr.flr-.iCGFO.0C.iCAl MOOFUIN Open >...Worfpass_Lid f2 Structural Date e 1— | 2J New Vein Evaluations ► 38 Woifpass_L.d . ► Sf Worfpass_Ltd ' ^*~" *"* C-T Porylme □ V,«v Object L' Structural Trend: ▼ E^/ Geological Modf ▼ (i Woffpass GM ^. prioritise ► fcj Boundary Rename.. Fault Syrt* Q Qcfate ► 1=1 Lithologie ▼ ^..Surfaced " View All Veins View Active Veins ■^J^Cqmrtients |j£_ From BaseLithology... A* From Other Contacts.,. & From GIS Vector Data... From Points... £ From Polyline... iFrom Curved Polyline. . Export... ► p Unknown - Recent contacts North sectic *\ Sheer 9. Select dyke 1 as the vein lithology, and click OK. 10. Repeat for dyke 2. 11. View the dykes in the scene, and note that they cross over each other at the southern end of the model. 12. Double click on the dacite vein system, then click on the vein system tab. 13. Activate each of the dykes by ticking the checkbox next to each, then add an interaction for dyke 2 - it should terminate against dyke 1 on the hanging wall side. I— fe j s E= j 55 & 5 E = E = E = E s E ä £ = Č S E = F 5 1 s F m E = E = 5 s E - E = E = d * leapfrog Lithology | ty**' Vein priority jTj Veins E Dykel 0 Dyke2 Higher Lower Interactions of Dyke 2 Interaction Type Vein Side Terminates against Dyke 1 Hanging wall ^Add 1 — Remove Name: i DacŕteVein System tí Help ffCmctl <í9flK 14. Click OK, then view the dykes in the scene again. Note that they no longercrass over, and that dyke 2 terminates against dyke 1 on the hanging wall side. Elev (Z) We will look at editing the dykes at the end of this session once the other lithologies have been created. Modelling the Other Lithologies Model the other lithologies using the techniques from earlier sessions and add the lithologies to the surface chronology. The Intermineral and Early Diorites will both be modelled as intrusions, then the Basement added as the 'other side' of the Early Diorite. Once the surfaces have been created, the volumes can be created by 24 of 36 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 25 of 36 ;U. leapfrog double clicking on the Surface Chronology folder, making sure the surfaces are in the correct order, and ticking the checkboxes. iy - WoBfpass GM i Contact surface chronology 0 Contact surface 0 Unknown - Recent contacts 0 "Sir DsctteVein System @ '% Interrnlneral- Diorite 0 ;K Early DIoFfte Qlclei 1 Hhelp 1 1 X&"«1 II The model should appearsimilartothis: }v Project Tjee ►> □ WP_»SHy- ► 3 WPJith Ě! Composite 4 WJ)H5trartB,e 0 VJP.DHStructu.iAlphaB ÖPfanned Drill holes »gl Paint, fftSAPR contacts is. Wnrlpaii,Lidar_TDpi) B9 StBJtiuial D»u ▼ Ě MeshK •* 9 Offset Topography gg Praects 0 SfEoe Vitu ■_■ Boundarj > 1=1 Li T (J1 Surfsce Chronology ► jf' Unknown - Rftiait coi F- -Í rj,citt Vein System ► .1 InMtminiral Diorite ► 9 Ea.ly Dipnte ► pi Output Volume IÜ' líitírpolsnti Ě Block Models £3 Saved Scenes and Messes Č Cess Sacvons and Contours Sate. ea. fa, .Vra-ment X s%IJshnsiigye »,,1,1 .„,. x Sj #j> .V * lat- X A «» It/clf árie Snapping a Surface to Points By default, surfaces in Leapfrog don't snap to perfectly to points. This is becausethe method Leapfrog uses to create surfaces involves turning categorical intervals to numeric values, and putting a surface through the "0" isovalue (with progressively more positive values inside the volume, and progressively more negative values outside the volume). 26 of 36 ) 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited tS =5 E S3 Ě £ i s I s E a i = E ä E = £ = 1 - i = i = E - i = 5 - i = »5 - , leapfrog last ü.Nr.MK -,11.111 i a, t.i Default surfaces will always pass through the contact very close to the 0 isovalue, but it is sometimes necessary to force surfaces to exactly honour the contact point. 1. Double click on the surface you would like to snap to contacts, and go to the "surfacing" tab. 2. There is a "snap to contact points" dropdown option - change this to "on". The maximum snap distance controls the distance away from the default surface that the snap will move. By making this as large as possible (which will be the same as the resolution for the surface), the new "snapped" surface is able to move that distance away from its default. By making it as small as possible (zero), the surface won't be able to move away from its default at all. Edit Early Diorite Uřitalogies Surfacing Trend 0 Ignore surface data outride boundary 0 inherit resolution from GM Snap to contact pointa; On Maximum snap dístanccc i ea|" Additional optio XCincel I I «eiert. Editing the dykes Now that the initial geological model has been completed, we will look at editing the dykes. There are a number of tools available to use-these will be discussed in more detail in the Vein Modelling exercise. For this session, there is a cross section which can be imported to add additional detail to the dykes. 1. To import the cross section to Leapfrog, right click on the Cross Sections and Contours folder in the project tree and select New Cross Section from Image. 2. Navigate to the cross section named "Wolfpass Section.png", which is in the folder for this session. 3. It is a vertical section, so tick the "vertical section" checkbox in the bottom right comer of the import window. ) 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 27 of 36 g£ leapfrog T. OrMAM*C GEOLOGI CAl Import image ■ vVc fl • 1 • ■ ° 4. Place the yellow square and green circle markers on two points along the grid of the section. 5. In the "Georeference Data" area, complete the easting, northing and elevation for each marker. * 444594 x: 444891 y: 493467 493498 i. .■ S ._ □ ] 4M3S1 , 1 Q 44S&I2 . _^ -1 x +4S089 y: 493528 x: 445286 y: 493559 □ £«tF«ii 6. Click OK and the section will be imported. 7. An easy method of viewing the cross section in relation to the existing GM is to clear the scene, then drag the current geological model and the imported cross section into the scene. 8. By default, the cross section will be displayed using a flat colour - this can be changed to the actual cross section using the dropdown box in the scene list. 9. Now put a slicer through the scene -it can be anywhere and doesn't have to line up with the cross section. 10. Highlight the "Slicer" icon in the scene list, then in the properties panel to the right, click the Set To dropdown box. Select "Wolfpass Section", and the slicer will move to be located along the imported section. 28 of 36 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 5 3 £ -a E s E = = = E 9 = = = s -5 = = = E a E a E - IS 5 s = 5 s 5 5 £ 1 leapfrog FAST. 11. If the slicer has removed the wrong side of the model oris showing the thick slice, make sure "Remove Back" is selected as the slice mode. 12. To view the geological model behind the cross section, make the cross section slightly transparent using the transparency slider. Now that we can seethe interpreted section next to our existing geological model, we can use two methods to edit the geological model. Firstly we can edit the interval selections forthe dykes, and secondly we can draw polyline edits forthe hangingwall and footwall surfaces of the dykes. Editing interval selections based on cross section Keep the geological model and partially transparent cross section in the scene, and drag in the "Split_Dykes" intervals (these are the intervals we used to split the dacite into two separate dykes). Make sure only the dykes are visible, and the drillholes are being displayed in 3D. It's also useful to change the slice mode of the drillholes to "thick slice" so the drillholes are visible in front of the geological model. If we zoom in on this image, we can see why there is a difference between the dyke in the cross section and the dyke in the geological model: © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 29 of 36 j& leapfrog We can see there are two intervals in the same drillhole which have been classified as dyke 1. When Leapfrog creates the hangingwall and footwall surfaces, the bottom of the lowest interval becomes the footwall point, and the top of the highest interval becomes the hangingwall point. In this case, the preferred surface would be created by using the top and bottom of the lowest interval only. This means we need to edit our original interval selection to remove the upper intervals in the image above. 1. Right click on the "SplitTJykes" drilling table and select Open. 2. Make sure that only the intervals classified as either Dyke 1 or Dyke 2 are visible, and change the drillholes to 3D view. 3. Using the interval selection tool, select the upper intervals and assign them to "Unassigned". Inter/ai Seiedion - SplitJ)yic« El Name Coloui Basement □ Darite pjj, ■i Dykel ■ .1 Dyke? □ Early Diorite lr.tKm.ne.il MWM □ Recent □ | Assign to p ^■H^^^^^^^^K + Create Nevv Lrthotogj Select these | intervals Then assign them | e "Unassign category 4. Click the save button, and the entire model will be re run to include the edited interval selection. 30of36 ©2013 ARANZ Geo Limited B I 22 e a ^ a 5 a £ a ■ = E = t= = t= = 5 s e a ■ = ■ :! 5 m E 5 I 5 ^ = is s C? IB 5 m It* 5 leapfrog i ii^ri.vr.'k -.in.nccM 5. Once the model has finished processing, it will be displayed in the scene automatically Depending on the interval selections you made, there may also be an issue with dyke two towards the bottom of the model: x: 445682 y: 493620 To correct this issue, we need to manually edit the hangingwall and footwall with polylines based on the cross section. Editing using polylines based on a cross section 1. Keep the same sliced view as earlier, and expand the "Dyke 2" object out in the project tree until the hangingwall and footwall objects are visible (the icon is a blue triangle). 2. Right click on the hangingwall object and select Edit > With Polyline. 3. The polyline editing toolbar will appear at the top of the screen. Select the Draw Lines button, and digitise along the bottom few hundred metres of dyke 2 as shown on the cross section. 4. Click Save, then repeat for the footwall. © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 31 of 36 leapfrog r»5i.rriTiAHicGtoioGiCfli mowllinc 5 Again, the model will be reprocessed to include the new edits. Compare the edited geological model with the cross section to check that it represents it as expected. If required, edit dyke 2 using polylines. Creating a Refined GM Now that the grouped lithologies have been modelled, we can look at the original pre-grouped H"^** see if there is anv part of the model which can be created in more detail. In this case, the grouped Early Dionte see if there is any part lithology can be split up and modelled as seperate lithologies. 1. Right click on the Geological Models folder and select New Refined Model. 32 of 36 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited Ě 2 E S E s E ľ! E = E - P s E s E F É s E = E -I E « E « E » E ä E = E ■ c? ■ S? j' leapfrog 2. Select 'Wolf pass GM 'as the model to refine, and Early Diorite as the Lithology to refine. C hange the Base lithology column to ROCK (this is the drillhole data prior to grouping). New Refined Model Model to refine: ($ Wolf pass GM Lithology to refine ^flBarly Diorite Hi Base lithology column: ROCK Surface resolution: 120.0 C □ Adaptive Name: [ Refined Wolfpass GM j JHelp I j It Cancel [ | ^3oK A new sub folderwill appear underneath the Geological Models folder. This gives you the same options as you have for the full GM, including the ability to create new boundaries and surface chronologies. 3. Build new surfaces to subdivide the existing Early Diorite volume into its separate components (E1, E2, E3, EBX1, EBX2) Exporting a Leapfrog Model You can export an entire Geological Model as a *.lfm file, which will export each surface making up the Geological Model in a single file. This file can then be imported back into Leapfrog Geo under the meshes folder. 1. Right click on the Wolf pass Geological Model and select Export. By default the Only Output Volumes checkbox is ticked. By unticking this, the surfaces making up the geological model also become available for export. For this example, leave the checkbox ticked. ©2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 33 of 36 leapfrog IC GEO. OWCAl MODELLING f LI Meshes ► 9 Offset Topography ► 9 Wotfps5i_Lidar_Topn ► 9 Wolfp3Si_LidBi_TopD 2 S3 Polylines. £) Structural Trends f Ě Geological Models T Refined WoffpassGM Izl Lrthologies ► [d Boundaty Fault Syst. ► 7=] Lrlhologie Surf.« CI ftp> ► * H SuucCopy ► -í Duh. ^ Prio.rtii. ► * Intemi g£n3r ► • Early C g ► ť Output Vt I T m buy DM. P <*"" t> fcj Boundary ► HI Lithclogies <*> Surface Chronology ► Output Volumes ► E' Output Volumes S3 Interpalanti ~ Combined Models Export Model - Wolfpass GM Recent Refined Wolf pass GM - Wolf pass GM - Recent Z to Dante Refined Wolf pass GM - Wolfpass. GM - Dante to Intejminerel Dionte Refined Wolf pass GM - Wolf pass GM ■ Intermineral 0 to Early Dior it e Refined Wolf pass GM - Wolf pass GM - Early Dicrrte Baseme.il Refined WoH pass GM - Wolf pass GM - Basement Format: I Leapfrog Model Fites (.lfm) Folder O\Usfr5\andre/.'.tanlLvelftDeskt0p hi Filename; | Wolfpass GM 2. At the bottom of the window, select the format to export the model in, then choose which folderto save the model to. Exoort Mode1 - Wolfpass GM Select Components 2] Only Output Volumes Objects Filenames ▼ (* Tß El * Recent Refined Wolf pass GM Wolfpaw GM - ✓ * DBcite Refined Wolfpass GM Wolfpass GM - 2 to Intermineial Diorite Refined Worfpass GM Wolf pass GM - ■y. #J Early Diorrte Refined WollpassGM Wolf pass GM - [VI to/ Basement Refined WoHpass GM Wolfpass GM - . 1 rn Export Options Format Leapfrog Model Files (.lfm} Fojden H:\Dat»setS Filename: i WoHpass GM : i Help Jfísncel j I tí"í»F«"t 3. To reimport the meshes to Leapfrog, right click on the Meshes folder and select Import Mesh. Navigate to the saved Leapfrog model file and select Open. 34 of 36 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited I ■ ■ 1 E b ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ US I I Ú leapfrog 4. The meshes will be added to the Leapfrog project, and can be viewed individually or all at once. To add all the meshes to the scene without having to drag each one from the project tree, use the shift key to multiselect the meshes, and drag them into the scene at the same time. ) 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 35 of 36 leapfrog FA£Tr DYNAMIC GEOLOGICAL MODELLING Session 14: Wolfpass Interpolation Contents Modelling Approach Iterative Refinement 2 1 Merged Tables........................................... Creating a First Pass Gold Interpolation............... Copying an Interpolant, and Clipping to a Domain .... Adding a Structural Trend to an Interpolant Model .... Indicator Interpolants ................................... Compositing Outside the Interpolant Model ___________ Exercise: Create an Interpolant Model for the Copper 2 4 14 16 20 23 25 Creating an interpolant in Leapfrog Geo uses assay data, temperature values, geophysical data or any other numeric data which is sparsely distributed in space to interpolate across a region. Interpolation in Leapfrog is fast and flexible, and the shells produced to represent mineralisation are smoother and more reproducible than traditional hand-drawn meshes. This session contains a relatively large amount of theoretical background. To understand how Leapfrog creates interpolants, we will need to introduce basic interpolation and geostatistics concepts. Forthis session we will be using the project used for the Wolfpass sessions. Modelling Approach An interpolant can be built in four steps from a variety of data. Any data that contains points with X,Y,Z coordinates and an associated value can be used for interpolation. • The first step is to clean the drillhole data by removing inconsistencies in the data. This can be a time-consuming process with some data sets, but it is critical as the quality of any model ultimately depends on the quality of the data. In this example, the data has already been cleaned in the first Wolfpass session so we can proceed to the next step. • The second step is to select the numeric values then apply appropriate parameters to the values. An interpolant estimates the values over a region from an initial set of point values. The numeric values can be selected directly as points if they have been imported into the Points folder. If you are creating your interpolant from drillhole data, Leapfrog will allow you to select the segments used to generate points. When you are adjusting the interpolant later on, you can work directly with point values. ■ The third step is to apply a trend. A trend allows the directions and strength of mineralisation to be defined to ensure the resulting interpolant is geologically reasonable. Adding a global or structural trend will alterthe isosurfaces. It should be adjusted to ensure these honour the expected mineralisation patterns. This is where we will initially direct ourfocus in this session. • The final step is to determine how the isosurfaces are bounded and calculate the volume of mineral within each isosurface. © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 1 of 26 leapfrog Iterative Refinement Building an interpolant is a process of successive refinement. This involves: • Defining the interpolant and basic structures. This usually corresponds to defining the topography and boundaries. • Refining the internal structure. This involves setting the proper trends and making manual corrections to the point and value data until the resulting surfaces are geologically realistic. Merged Tables A good way to find out which lithologies are important to the mineralisation is by creating a merged table. 1. Right click on the drillholes object in the project tree, and click new merged table. ▼ ILr Drillhole Data_ T HI Drillhole l> : collar ITU surva •> _t3 wP_i ▼ wpj 1> ■', . Gr Com £ WP_[ fj- Error:. . " New Merged Table 4" Append Drillholes... 0 Reload Drillholes... Import From File Import From ODBC j3 New Evaluation Add Core Photo Link View All £ WP_[ © Q=ltte 3 Plam T £j Points ► f$ SAPRconraets 2. Select the tables you would like to merge. In this case, all of the assay columns, plus the groupedjith and ROCK tables should be selected. Sfilectfd: ▼ —: VYP.Miay A> CU.pd /V DENSITY f\> AS.gpt rt> RF.COV rt> AU gpt ft> AS_ppm (V MO_ppm l> .VP. -I- SeJtitöll SckdNot» JPtvMtSfrlectiw. Htm* ' Mct|gl_T«ble.l _ 3. Click OK. 4. Right click on the merged table in the project tree and select properties. 5. Click on the histogram tab. 2 of 26 \ 23 I \ © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited I H El 3 . * - ■ - E = i ä i - i E II a s = leapfrog Mwsrrv K.qtn wcov «"ppm 6. In the dropdown box which appears, change the selection to ROCK. i2«M iOKX 'mm l 0390577 2MM4 J, 1717« 10J2 DftVIU 1031« 31IU2 1 552.49 336 7 .MBS 10M9I SIS AU.orjl «_|>p™ MOjwm I lliWl iMJtr I owasi -tout i-Hii < I OJWJi 35.1737 fAUa ■ I OJMIRU HjH I5B6» I 0 353313 167?» H7« 7. A table will appear with the rock type down the left hand side, and the numerical data across the top. length ttn^IMM [Upd DENSITY IC.ggl P. U T7SZW HL» MUNI JOUW JIMS E3 11» «i» 1.5Z7W MM *JMW EEK1 2tm7 uk 1.9999 5 08909 359515 EBW 3618» 22J 12«U 3.0KH 193372 h HH HJI oMOsn mjmj JJWJ3 JOW«J 3 51TO *U_$pt *(_pfnn MOjW" 1-»7M «2J70T There are a number of useful statistics in this table. 8. Firstly, we can see the total interval length of each lithology. This can be useful when there are hundreds of codes which require grouping - by sorting the list based on interval length, it is easy to start eliminating the irrelevant codes from the grouping. 9. Secondly, we can sort the columns based on numerical values. Click the AU_gpt heading to sort based on gold grade. ) 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 3 of 26 ^: leapfrog Pts^erlJes - Merged_Table_1 3 Gene»l ti *OÜ.»tT. Errors «X« Lz"i by Category ROCK Length Length TO CUjKt bensttv sq.gpl f.s:c, AU_g.pt «j -3.pp-t- mo.ppm - : 0. 3.16 2 Et 37319 Ii &8271 3.03375 341922 136856 1.57768 184681 57.4489 EBXl 277.47 1 64 1.9999 - - - 1JH11 1.50714 L237B7 225.805 E2 175208 1035 : ; 3.04229 3-1636 ■ MM 1.33946 C3 53M 2&394S B 1165 6.69 1.52742 5 02546 435994 ~i Li 1.16435 I1JSM 153-03* sax 302.53 1.T8 G.53BS7Z 230745 6.54269 1.0528 :il " 25.7946 SAM 429.34 2.54 0.7371 B1 1.15057 5BQ624 0.995102 IS. 3 766 BLB332 E8XZ 3B5893 a.6 I24B4 3.05239 4.99373 1.973» 0.978675 152049 134.597 H mm 1529 0.390577 2.W6M UBM 1.6SM4 0.6.6091 • 27.B348 SGNCWSS 23895 1.41 D407651 1.23337 B.63641 : - 0.636405 2481 IS 36.733 ibx 2456.25 MM 1.14944 3.06982 3307» 1.98431 0.55333:3 ■ t 14724 n 1747.09 1032 0.6D464 3.0119 351522 1.93951 046635 :■=.—.- «.5453. i: HIM i26 1 »3» 3.060*8 3.1561 1.95108 0461.34 143521 153632 DA ■1--- "* 0303017 2 9353s 1351 1.9811 0.414176_ ».63875 64.0455 J {Help 10. We can quickly see the lithologies which contain higher gold grade, as well as those with less. The three lithologies with the highest grade are El, EBX1 and E2, and the three with the lowest grade are the ash, colluvium and dacite veins. 11. Repeat the above for copper, and it becomes obvious that the dacite veins are barren, and the collivium and ash don't hold any grade either. We will take this into account when compositing in Leapfrog. Creating a First Pass Gold Interpolation It is a good idea to run a quick interpolant through numeric data to check how the isosurfaces behave. Once this is done, we can go ahead and create an interpolant model with full knowledge of the data. 1. Right click on the interpolants folder in the project tree, and select New Interpolant. 2. The new interpolant window will appear, with a few basic options for defining the interpolant. Change the numeric values dropdown to AU_gpt, and the interpolant boundary to wolfpass GM: boundary. Change the resolution to 20, then click OK. ValueilornlMpofatc 3 SmfBceEiltv . nteipolgnt Eoundsr. Q .own Hole New Interpolant Interpolint Boumbiy .ode! boundsryorvolums ■VI«!»» In Comjxmte ■ - X Cancel *$9oi 3. Once this has finished processing, drag the interpolant into the scene. 4. As you would expect for a first pass model which has been created without changing any parameters, it is unrealistic. 4 of 26 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited s 9 1 fc m = - m = E E fc a 6 L= = E ä E i 5 = a = a = a a a 9 g a 5 a leapfrog l-XSI.DVNAMICGEOlOGICALMOMLUNr, We will change a few of the more important parameters, and check how they change the interpolant model. 5. Double click on the AU_gpt interpolant in the project tree, to bring the edit interpolant window up. We will start by creating an interpolant model forthe entire area, then look at creating a model within the Early Diorite (which is the major mineralised lithology). For the first model, we will change parameters in the compositing, value transform, interpolant, and isosurfaces and volumes tabs. When we create the second model within the Early Diorite, we will also look at the value, boundary and trend tabs. Compositing tab Compositing in Leapfrog can be completed either within an interpolant, or in the drillholes folder. We will look at both, but for now will focus on compositing within an interpolant. 1. Click on the Compositing tab, and tick the "Down Hole" check box. Voluei Coapoftaio Bourn)*? ValucTreniform ,mp. , Ijngth: hire to Compoilt* < Entire Drillhole I Interpolant lioiurfaiisjndVolumes Wthm Intfpo'tit Boundary 2. By default, the compositing length is set to 10 and the minimum coverage is set to 50%. Compositing length will vary on a number of factors, including the deposit style, mining method, and raw sample length. In general, high grade underground mines will require a shorter sample length compared to bulk open pit mines. The other point to note is that if possible, samples shouldn't be "split". For example, if most intervals have a 2 m sample length, choosing a composite of 1 m or 5 m will split the intervals, which will artificially reduce variance as an interval with a single value will be represented in more than one composite. In this case, we will change the composite length to 6 m, as the raw interval lengths are mostly 2 m so the intervals aren't being split. A composite of 6 m is also reasonable for the deposit style we are working with in this case. ) 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 5 of 26 - leapfrog 3. Change the Compositing Length to 6. The minimum coverage defines what to do at the end of the drillhole. For example, if the total length of drilling is 181 m and we are compositing to 6 m lengths, our composites will go from 0 m - 6m, then 6m -12 m etc. When we get to the bottom of the hole, the last composite will be 174 m -180 m. There is one metre left over, so the minimum coverage defines the manner in which Leapfrog treats this last section. . If the minimum coverage is 0 %, this means any length, no matter how short, will be retained at the end of the hole • If the minimum coverage is 100%, this means the length at the end of the hole must be 100% of the composite length to be retained (ie, anything less than 6 m for this example will be discarded) • If the minimum coverage is 50%, this means the length at the end of the hole must be at least 3 m to be retained (50% of 6 m). 4. Change the Minimum Coverage to 100% (this will remove any segments shorter than 6m at the end of the hole, ensuring regular sample lengths). Vijw, CojnpMrt.ng fruniMy ' Interpolant i,D,un*«5sndVolumES tio* 5. Click OK to process the changes before moving on to the next step. Value Transform tab 1. Double click on the interpolant again, and move across to the Value Transform tab. The Transform Type can be set eithertoNone (default) or to Log. Forthis example, changing the transform type to Log will change the histogram so it is more normally distributed. ThePre-log shift option becomes available once the Log transform is selected; this prevents issues when taking the logarithm of zero or negative numbers. 2. Change the Transform Type to "Log" by ticking the check box. The Lower bound and Upper bound options become available once the Do pre-transform clipping check box has been enabled. By setting the Upper bound, all samples with a value greater than the specified Upper bound will be reduced to the value of the Upper bound. This prevents samples with very high grades having an undue influence on the model. As a rule of thumb, an Upper bound can be selected where the histogram starts to break down. A simple method of checking this is by looking at the histogram and finding the value at which the columns start to get gaps between them. 3. Change the bin count to around 125 to split the data into more columns, and note that there is a gap in the data at a value of around 8.5. 4. We will use this value as our Upper bound. 5. Tick the Do pre-transform clipping checkbox, and change the value of the Upper bound to 8.5. Vs = j í 6: s Ě j ä EIS í = fc S E - Ě = Ě = = = 1 = £ = £ - S5 3 X ■■ leapfrog aw**! □ Dop-, 6. Note that once the Upper bound has been applied, all values greater than 8.5 have been reduced to be equal to 8.5. M Wilts Compoiiiiiio Bwwhiy I/Alt Tnrafwiii Trend liititpelan! .lotwf.cH and Volum« líjnilc-m Typt 'loo Sa» I 7. Click OK again to process the changes before moving on to the next step. Interpolant tab 1. Double click on the interpolant object to open the Edit Interpolant window. 2. Move to the Interpolant tab. There are a number of parameters here which can be set based either on rules of thumb, or by using geostatistical input from packages such as Supervisor or Isatis. Forthis example, we will look at rules of thumb which work well for a number of examples. The default settings are almost certainly incorrect so the next few paragraphs are important when creating reasonable interpolant models. As you may have figured out by now, Leapfrog is fast at creating models, but that doesn't necessarily mean the models are correct. U nderstanding how the interpolation works is one of the key topics in the Leapfrog Geo Intermediate course, which is an additional day on top of this course, which covers the fundamentals. 6 of 26 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited ) 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 7 of 26 leapfrog V.Jue Cropodljirrj Sotmduy v.lutTunslonn Variance I IB ; tlrrooct ODO Olflt CrrrrrOrrt - Accurrrry OOtOO ÄS'"«" I Interpolant There are two options under the Interpolant dropdown - Linear, and Spheroidal. The Linear interpolant works well for lithology data, and for quickly visualising data trends. It is not suitable for values with a distinct finite range of influence such as most metallic ore deposits. The Linear interpolant assumes that values a certain distance from a particular point have a proportionally greater influence on that point than values further away. The Spheroidal interpolant works well when there is a finite range, beyond which the influence of one point upon another should fall to zero. This is the case for most metallic ore deposits. 1. Change the interpolant type to Spheroidal, and note that the Interpolant Function in the window changes shape to display the Spheroidal interpolant rather than the Linear interpolant. Base Range The Spheroidal interpolant has a Base Range which represents the distance from the data at which the value equals the sill. As we move away from a specif ied point, the influence of that point decays in a roughly linear manner up to a distance of around 30% of the range. Past 30% of the Base Range, the influence of the point starts dropping more quickly until it reaches 96% of the value of the Sill. In simpler terms, the Base Range is the parameter that roughly corresponds to continuity. Leapfrog is essentially creating an isosurface through points of equal value; by increasing the Base Range, the isosurface is able to stretch a further distance between points. The effect of the Base Range can be visualised most obviously when it is too small. For this example, setting a Base Range of around 20 will produce a series of isosurfaces which surround the drilling - these are sometime referred to as "strings of pearls", and are a good indication that the Base Range needs to be increased (it's extremely unlikely that all the drillholes manage to perfectly follow thin pipes of high grade, while missing the surrounding low grade!) See below for an example of this. I of 26 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited - = pa = is = s H E = = s S E = E a E E = E = E s E - E - E s E - a ü $d leapfrog Mirr.s didcicai modeuii As a rule of thumb, the Base Range should be set to 2.0-2.5 times the distance between drillholes. In this case, the average distance between holes is around 100 m, so a Base Range of between 200 and 250 should be a good starting point. 1. Change the Base Range to 250, and note that the shape of the interpolant function changes to include the range of 250 (which is represented using a vertical yellow line). Sill The Sill controls the upper limit of the interpolant function, where there ceases to be any correlation between values. As a rule of thumb, we can use the variance of the data as the Sill (listed at the top of the window). This will give a good starting point, but can be refined by running the data through an external geostatistics package such as Supervisor or Isatis. Note that the listed variance will change depending on whethera log transform/value clip has been applied in the previous step. In this case, the log transform as well as an upper bound of 8.5 have been applied, so the listed variance should be 1.28. 1. Change the Sill to 1.28 2. Note that the shape of the interpolant function changes again, and is now limited inthey-direction by the Sill (the function approaches the sill, and will be at 96% of the sill when the function crosses the Range line). ©2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 9 of 26 S£ leapfrog Wins Comnosiling Boundiiy Value TtandDrm Iifnd tntfioolsnl jwiurtoCttan IV—Ui| _ Inlrrpatint fspheeidW » Alpi>* Is " SIL I uaopcl : [uluggB ; Un = 25ttlnt = 250;Min = £S5 Drift [Centtml I Nugget The Nugget allows for local anomolies in sampled data - where a sample is significantly different to what might be predicted for that point based on the surrounding data. By increasing the value of the nugget, more emphasis is placed on the average values of surrounding samples and less on the actual data point. The nugget can also be used to reduce noise from inaccurately measured samples. The rule of thumb for the nugget changes depending on the deposit type, and geostatistical input is vital. Forthis deposit (a porphyry gold project), a nugget of 10 - 20% is appropriate. It is important to note that the nugget is a percentage of the sill, so in this casea 15% nugget would be 0.19 (15% of 1.28). 1. Change the nugget to 0.19. 2. Note the change in the interpolant function - the base point (0.0, 0.0) moves up the y axis to equal the value of the nugget. Drift The Drift controls the manner in which the interpolant decays away from the data. A 'constant' drift means the interpolant will decay to the mean value of the data. A drift of 'none' means the interpolant will decay to a value of zero away from the data, so is useful when there are no low grade holes constraining the deposit. A drift of 'linear' means the interpolant decays linearly away from the data. 10 of 26 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited & i = s = sa 5 E = a E 3 E a E a 1 a E a E a = a E = a" = s E - E - 9 = leapfrog K GUVOC.ILV.L In this case, as the interpolant model is currently not bounded to any domain (geological, structural, weathering etc), a sensible drift to use will be None. This means that as we move away from the data toward the edges of the model, the value of the interpolant will revert to a value of zero. 1. Change the drift to None. y.me flU.gpt Z Alpha The Alpha determines how steeply the interpolant rises toward the Sill. A low Alpha value produces an interpolant function that rises more steeply than a high Alpha value. By looking at the interpolant function while changing the Alpha, we can see that a high Alpha will give points at intermediate distances more influence compared to lower Alpha values. The possible Alpha values are 9, 7, 5 and 3. An Alpha of 9 gives the best approximation to the Spherical Variogram, but takes longerto process and in most situations gives a very similar result to using an Alpha of 3. In this case, we will keep the Alpha at 3 to reduce processing time. Accuracy Leapfrog Geo estimates the Accuracy from the data by taking a fraction of the smallest difference between measured data values. There is little point in changing the accuracy to be significantly smaller than the errors in the measured data, as the interpolation will run more slowly and will degrade the interpolation result. The rule of thumb here is to leave the accuracy as it is. © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 11 of 26 leapfrog ias1 dynamic IjEOLOGICW m Edit lnwrpo:ant Vajues Compositing Boundary Valut Transform Trend Interpol Inttipolant | Spheroidal_ Silt |l.2BDM _ O0t IE ; Nugget KfW j?| c Kta=2»lrrf = ZiO:M,>, = Z» 'None - ArejwKjr O.OIQC Name AU.gpt _J Isosurfaces and Volumes tab The Isosurfaces and Volumes tab lets us choose the values to create isosurfaces at, as well as defining how the isosurfaces create the associated volumes, and the resolution of the isosurfaces. By default there are three isosurf ace values, which are at the lower quartile, median and upper quartile of the data which is being used (in this case 0.25, 0.51 and 1.01). These values are almost always incorrect, but are useful in checking the general shape of the interpolant model. We will go ahead and change them to more reasonable values. 1. Move to the Isosurfaces and Volumes tab. 2. Click to highlight one of the default values beneath the Iso Value heading, then click it again to enable the editing mode. Change the values to 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25 and 1.5. Add additional isosurfaces by clicking the Add button. Edit IntenJOtaftt "21 YijuD Zo&sm*™ f VUueTr-Hfonn H»d tntepote* (»^..«.«JVolu™ Ik 05 US II m 1« OlTJ 10«rrfBi*] MHM WWW! 1 +„. i -s— iaJJ.:i. ICO : ■ •05 ■ l>')-IC □ 1-25-15 □ * 1 -5 1 Resolution is important when creating isosurfaces - ideally we would want it to be equal to the composite length (6 m in this case) - a quick test using one of Leapfrog's laptops (16GB RAM, 2.9GHz processor) took 55 seconds to run these isosurfaces at a resolution of 6, but if your laptop is particularly slow it may be worth increasing the resolution to between 12 -15. This will still give you a reasonable surface, but will process more quickly. 12 of 26 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 1 1 "a 1 = 1 r ris E nij L= = E s ■ m = ■ a = 5= - ■ - - E = a - E E a E = a i leapfrog The resolution is important because it determines the size of the triangles making up the surface. If the resolution is 6, the approximate edge length of the triangles will be 6 units in length (remembering that Leapfrog is unit-less). If the edge length of the triangles is 6 units, they will be able to include intervals which are as small as 6 m long. If we were to increase the resolution to 12, the triangles would only be able to include intervals as small as 12m long (so will miss some of the smaller intervals). Obviously lower resolution produces a more accurate surface, but can take a lot longer to run. A general guide is that if you half the resolution, the processing time will increase by 4 times. 3. Change the Default Resolution to an appropriate value (somewhere between 6 and 20). Note that the resolutions for each surface are set by the default resolution, unless a different resolution for a particular surface is specified. The Volumes Enclose dropdown lets you choose from Intervals, HigherValues, and Lower Values. . Intervals will create a series of "donut" shaped shells (in this example the shells will be < 0.5, 0.5 -0.75, 0.75-1.0, 1.0-1.25, 1.25-1.5, >1.5). • HigherValues will create a series of shells which enclose all higher values within them (in this example the shells will be>0.5, >0.75, >1.0, >1.25, >1.5). • Lower Values will create a series of shells which enclose all lower values within them (in this example the shells willbe<0.5, <0.75, <1.0, <1.25, <1.5). 4. Inthis case we will start by using Intervals, so keep this selected 5. Click OK, and wait forthe interpolant to finish running. Depending on the resolution chosen, this may take a few minutes. )2013ARANZGeo Limited 13 of 26 Z£ leapfrog ,1 DvNAMI. Ci fl. Ill, n.M As a first pass model, this isn't a bad result. We obviously need to add trends to give the mineralisation more of a defined shape, as well as limit the extents of the model to within geological domains (which we made as part of the geological model earlier). Copying an Interpolant, and Clipping to a Domain The easiest way to clip an interpolant to a geological domain is to firstly create a copy of it. Once the interpolant has been copied, we can alter some of the parameters in the new interpolant and check the changes against the original interpolant. 1. To copy an interpolant, right click on the existing interpolant, then click Copy. 2. Renamethe copied interpolant "Au_gpt clipped to Early Diorite". Now that we have a second interpolant model, we can open it up and make appropriate changes to firstly clip the data / surfaces to the Early Diorite, and secondly update the parameters to take into account the changed data (for example, the data will be clipped to the Early Diorite lithology which will change the Upper Bound, Sill, Nugget, and Drift). 3. Expand the new interpolant out until you can see the Boundary folder. 4. Right click on the Boundary folder, and select New Lateral Extent > From Model Volume. 5. Select the Early Diorite output volume, and click OK. ▼ G AU.gpt clipped to Early Dioirte —J'll ► (J Bounc Open J MiM__ ■j#No Comments | ► Q ftU-9F ' Lateral Extent ' feract Mesh Plitt... > B Outpu Ertiart Voices Combined*, □ View Object D Bh>t4 Model VleWjAI. & Sji/ed Seen* ^ pnortae T LT Clou Secttoi ► •» cs • £ From PoJyrme... t From Curved Poly line... 5 FromfilSUectoiC-Ms... ■\. From Points... 0 From Structural Pati... 6 Ficm Surface.. tt From Distance To PonMt_. t, From Distance Function... 14 of 26 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited i = E E = 1 5 E a s t= 5 I B E - E - E - i i c a ? a m leapfrog The model will be reprocessed, and will change in two different ways; firstly it clips the isosurfaces to the Early Diorite boundary, and secondly it clips the data to the Early Diorite boundary. We can see the clipped isosurfaces in the image directly below, and the clipped data in the image below that. Now that the boundary has been changed, we need to edit the other interpolation parameters as discussed above. 1. Doubleclick on the Interpolant object to open the Edit Interpolant window. We will again move across each of the tabs making appropriate changes. 2. In the Values tab, we can see that the surface filter is set to "Boundary". As the boundary is now set to the Early Diorite volume, this means the surface filter is already using the Early Diorite so we don't need to change anything here. 3. Move across to the Compositing tab. Again, we have made all the changes we require so we don't need to change anything here. This is the same with the Boundary tab, and the Trend tab. 4. The Interpolant tab is the first which contains fields we need to change. 5. Using the rules of thumb above, make appropriate changes to the Sill, Drift, and Nugget. © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 15 of 26 leapfrog Uli D.NftVK....... Values ConipMrtiiig Bauddaiy Vitua T.anjfd.n, j/end Irtngclant jso5urlsces iod Volun SJe |!tia2MI^^: Itjuggtt | &O730 firilt I Mme . [accuracy 'uOlOO : Jin* 6. The Isosurfaces and Volumes tab should be correct as it is, so we can click OK and let the interpolant reprocess. Adding a Structural Trend to an Interpolant Model Now that we have changed the parameters of the Interpolant Model to give a reasonable first pass, the final step is to apply a trend in a similar manner to applying a trend to intrusional surfaces. We will have looked at global trends previously in this course (even though we were applying them to Intrusional Surfaces), but forthis model global trends won't provide us with enough detail. When this is the case, the answer is to look at Structural Trends. There is not enough time in this course to look at Structural Trends in too much detail, but a more comprehensive look at structural trends is available in the Leapfrog Geo Intermediate course. Creating a Structural Trend To create a Structural Trend, we need to create meshes which represent the direction of the trend. We can use as many meshes as required, and apply different strengths and ranges to each. A common example of where this might be useful is when dealing with multiple zones of high grade. This could be a syngenetic deposit with an epigenetic zone formed by later weathering, or it could be two separate intrusions each with a different plunge and strike. There are many methods we can use to define meshes, but an easy option is by using Curved Polylines. Take a look at the existing Interpolant Model and pick out a few trends - two possibilities are shown below. Note that 16 of 26 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited E a E = E = P m P 5 E s E - E = t= - P m P - P - P - P - 5 = ^ = P m leapfrog it can be easier to pick trends by hiding the initial isosurfaces and viewing the points which are being used to make the isosurfaces. Once the points are in the scene, use the value filter in the properties panel to slowly hide the lower grade points - as you do this, the trend often becomes clearer. 1. Create two or more meshes defining your trends. In the example above, there is one named "Vertical Trend" and one named "Dipping Trend". Both were made using Curved Polylines. 2. Once the meshes have been created, right click on the Structural Trends folder and select New Structural Trend. 3. Click Add, near the bottom of the window, and select the two meshes that you created in the previous step. 4. The three options at the top of the window are Non-decaying (default), Blending, and Strongest Along Meshes. • Non-decaying assumes the strength of the trend won't decay away from the meshes. • Blending takes any one point in the model, then uses a combination of the multiple meshes to define the direction and strength of the trend at that point • Strongest Along Meshes takes any one point in the model, then uses the closest mesh at that point to define the direction and strength of the trend at that point. Forthis example, the most reasonable type of trend to use is Strongest Along Meshes. 5. Select Strongest Along Meshes, and the Range option becomes available. • The Range defines the perpendicular distance away from each mesh that the mesh has influence on • The Strength defines the strength of the trend (a strength of "5" would be the equivalent of a 5:5:1 ratio in a global trend) • As we move further away from the mesh, the Strength decays until the Range is met (unless Non-decaying is selected, in which case the strength does not decay away from the mesh). 6. Keep the Strength and Range at 5.0 and 100 for both meshes, and click OK. ) 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 17 of 26 leapfrog There is a short description at the bottom of the window giving instructions to turn the total Units into grams. In this case, we can look at the average density of the Early Diorite lithology, multiply it by the total Units, then divide by 31.1 to give total ounces of Gold. . Total Units is 109,158,221 . Density of Early Diorite is 3.05 (which can be found in the histogram tab of the merged table) • (109,158,221 x 3.05)/31.1 = 10.7 million ounces of Gold within the Early Diorite. Note that we haven't included a cut off, so we are calculating the grade within the entire Early Diorite domain. There are several things we could do to get a more constrained result, including limiting the interpolant to within a certain distance to the drilling (New Lateral Extent > From Distance Function), using an Indicator Interpolant as a boundary (see below), and creating further refined geological domains (using Refined Models). Indicator Interpolants In simple terms, Indicator Interpolants allow the user to specify a cut-off grade, then assign either a "0" (for grades below the cut-off) or "1" (for grades above the cut-off). Once the cut-off grade has been defined, a surface is created around the "1" values. Small, uneconomic volumes can be automatically removed using a Volume Filter, and a Statistics tab gives detailed statistics on how the model overlaps with other data in the project. Once the volume has been created, it can be used as a boundary, or region of interest within which further processing can be carried out. In this case, we will define our cut-off at a value of 0.6. 1. Right click on the Interpolants folder and select New Indicator Interpolant. 2. ChangetheNumericValues optiontoAU_gpt. 3. Change the Cut-off to 0.6 4. Keep the Surface Filter as the Interpolant Boundary. 5. Change the Compositing so it is the same as for our Interpolant (composite length of 6, minimum coverage of 100%). 6. Change the I nterpolant Boundary to the existing Geological Model boundary, to limit the I nterpolant to be underneath the topography. 7. Drop the Surface Resolution to 6, and change the Iso value to 0.6. ^ev, Ina cato' hterooiant Vahrna To Interpolate Nurrrenc values: flVAU.gpt uitactFutc. . nterpolant Boundary Where to Composite • a: janae Drillhole JCCarrcai 4^QK 8. Click OK, and the initial interpolation will be processed. E I I 5 s S3 S E E = & a E - E = E = E = & = E s E - E = E = = m & leapfrog QICAL MODELLING As was the case with the I nterpolant Model, we will need to go ahead and make appropriate changes to the default Indicator Interpolant Model. This time we already know most of the rules of thumb, so they will be moved through quickly. 1. Doubleclick on the Indicator Interpolant to open the Edit Indicator Interpolant window. 2. The Values tab can be left without change, as the surface filter is already using the boundary (which is in this case the Geological Model boundary). 3. The Compositing, Boundary and Cut-off tabs can be left as they are as we have already made the appropriate changes. 4. In the Trend tab, we can add our Structural Trend following the same process as for the Interpolant Model (tick the check box, and make sure the correct Structural Trend has been selected). Edit Indicator Interpolant D Vajue. Conipo5i1 no boundary Cut-off Iiend inierp 1.« Mum., Bltp.nla Fat*:: [T - atiucturgl Turd Harare AU_gpt Indicator M a*.£ancal i «9qK 5. There are a number of changes we need to make in the Interpolant tab, following the same rules of thumb as earlier. • Change the Interpolant to be Spheroidal. • Change the Sill to equal the variance (0.25 in this example) • Change the Base Range to be 2.0 - 2.5x the drillhole spacing (250 in this example) • Change the Drift to None • Keep the Alpha at 3 • Change the Nugget to 15% of the Sill (0.0375 in this example) 20 of 26 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 21 of 26 ^ leapfrog it IndKaloi Inlerpoianl £ounda7 Cut-rft limd nIe.polant flumes Intnpolwt Sphyotdil • Alph. 3 £» [nzsotoo : U->vr- [aaa75 I; a«e«w\*A • Dnft None 6. Move across to the Volumes tab, and select the Volume Filtering check box. Change the Discard volume parts smaller than option to 100,000 units cubed (this will remove all volumes smaller than 100,000 units cubed). 7. Drag the Indicator Interpolant into the Scene to view it. 8. Right click on the Indicator Interpolant and click Properties, then navigate to the Statistics tab. Statistics relating to the Indicator are listed in the window, and can be copied to the clipboard for importing into Microsoft Excel or a similar package. 22 of 26 ) 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 9 - £ = 1 i 1 ss E 9 m m = a I a i a E « I m E 5 I ■ ■ a E a a I a E a E a i 9 !5 = leapfrog modelling J_$£l hd cato* 0.6 remove smalt... i Error; Statutes Indicator tUtiitki TntalnuoiberofHmplei 2. 70? Cut-off value 0.6 Numb*, ol points 1.317 Poctnttgc -E Man value 1.42 Maxim um value Standard deviation Co efficient c* variance sun 0.112 0JH 0,537 0.1M 0.523 I-CopytoClipbo.rd Xylose Compositing Outside the Interpolant Model It is possible to create a set of composited drillholes outside the Interpolant Model. To do this, we go directly to the drillholes folder. This folder gives us more options, including whetherto composite the entire drillhole, or only within a particular lithology. Once the composite has been completed, it can be used to create an Interpolant Model. 1. R ight click on the Composites folder, which is under the Drillholes folder in the project tree, and select New N u meric Co mposite. ▼ t Drillhole Data ▼ iii Drillhole; ► Q collar "1 survey ► n WPassay ▼ ~J WP Mh ► ^ Groupedjith r&ROCK ► rjuj Splrt.Dykes ^ 3s- Me,ne(j l ^ New Category Composite % WP DUSt New Numeric Composite % WPJJHSt viewAII 2. We will follow similar rules to earlier; changing the Composite Length to 6 and the Minimum Coverage to 100%. © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 23 of 26 leapfrog 3. Click on the region tab, and change the selected option to'inside a region'. 4. In this case we are looking at this for a demonstration, so there is no need to go any further, however it is worth noting that we can choose to run a numeric composite within a specific region, where a region is determined using categorical or lithological intervals from any drill hole column. N«?w ConooE'twl T: ■ DKfclr ■ Eaitj'Diante 5. Click on the output columns tab, and select copper and gold, then click OK. 24 of 26 ) 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited E ! a I fe a 6 a E a E a ■ a ■ a E a E a a ■ a ■ a ■ n ■ ■■. E n E ■HB ■ 1 E a E ■MB i E a 25 a leapfrog FAS I. DYNAMIC GEOlOGiCAI MOOCH IMG New '.on.nosilttt) Ti * RKOV "i- CUjwl A> A5_grj1 »V MNSITY ■\> MO.pnm ■V ASJtpm r\-Sjirt * The composited table will be available under the Composites sub folder, which is beneath the Drillhole Data folder in the Project Tree. Exercise: Create an Interpolant Model for the Copper Use the rules of thumb discussed above to create an Interpolant Model for the Copper. 3 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 25 of 26 leapfrog FftST,DVNAMiC GeOLOOiCAt, MODELLING Session 15: Wolfpass Cross Sections Contents Setting up a cross section............................... Evaluating a geological model against a cross section Changing the set up of the page........................ Organising the section................................... 5 2 5 1 Annotations 11 Saving and exporting cross sections Creating serial sections .............. Creating fence sections............. 15 16 17 In this session, we will go over the creation of cross sections in Leapfrog Geo, as well as showing a number of related features For this session open the Wolfpass model. Setting up a cross section Cross sections can be accessed in the cross sections and contours folder in the project tree. Before creating a cross section, it is best to bring a model into the scene. This means the extents and location of the default section will be created in the correct general area. Once the location of the cross section has been set up, any model or surface or drillhole in the project can be evaluated against the cross section. The steps required to set up a cross section are listed below. 1. View a model in the scene. This could be a geological model, an interpolant model or another set of surfaces. 2. Put a slice through the model where you would like the cross section to be located. © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 1 of 24 leapfrog 1 UYN/iMI' i:FrjiOi,.r mi 3. Right click on the cross sections and contours folder in the project tree 4. Select new cross section 5. The new cross section window will appear in the scene, as well as a plane which can be manipulated to control the size and location of the cross section. The plane will be positioned on the sliced section of the model. 6. If the location of the cross section has been decided upon, the exact location can be entered in the window. If not, the plane in the scene can be moved to a suitable location. 7. The size, as well as the dip and azimuth of the cross section, can be altered both in the window and by using the plane in the scene. 8. There are shortcut buttons in the window which allow the section to be set to either an north-south or east-west orientation. 9. The front of the cross section can be changed in the window by selecting the swap front button. When clicked, the'B1 for back and'F' for front will be updated on the plane in the scene. This is important, as it controls which side of the plane is in view when the cross section is being edited. 10. Once the section has been positioned as required, click OK to create the cross section. This will appear in the cross sections and contours folder, and can be edited by double clicking on it in the project tree. Evaluating a geological model against a cross section Once the location and size of the cross section have been set up, we can evaluate models and surfaces against it. 1. Right click on the cross section in the project tree, and select evaluations. = s = s = s ě ä ES = ■ Eis E = lp S a i — leapfrog C.ICflt MODELLING Open Evaluations y Evaluate Surface u, t±wt Section Layout... tv Sgj . t» C,opy Section Layout... EMnl«p □ Subject tComh Eename... & Block CJ p-ciete I'T Swed Crass Eropertiej. 2. Choose the geological model to be evaluated against the cross section by moving it across to the window on the right, then click OK. The model will take a few seconds to evaluate onto the section. 3. Drag the evaluated cross section into the scene to view it. By default the display will be flat colour - this can be changed by clicking the display dropdown in the scene list, and changing the display from flat colour to Wolfpass GM. The next step is to create a new section layout and make changes as required to the cross section. This will let us add features such as text, drilling, legends and scale bars to the section. 1. Right click on the cross section in the project tree, and select new section layout. Evaluations Evaluate Surface _lt. New Secti ► py' IB Copy Section Ltyout CTInterp, Eton* - moct (J peiae Ě S*ved rfee Lt Export fß Prupettie. 2. The section editorwindow will appear in the background, as well as a window which allows the basic set up of the section to be changed. 3.1 n the initial window, change the page size to A3 and add the evaluated model to the section 2 of 24 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited ) 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 3 of 24 leapfrog ,-.>M.C:.srlAM:'-!,K):t"ii.".:C 4. Click OK, and you will be able to see the Section Layout Editor. The structure of the editor is similarto Leapfrog; the layout tree on the left side of the window shows the different layers which can be added to the cross section, the object attributes window displays additional options forthe selected object in the layout tree, and the section preview window shows a dynamic view of the section, which is updated whenever changes are made in either of the other windows. The three main folders in the layout tree allow the section, legend group, and annotations to be changed, as shown below. & j :S & j s B j El £ ■ *s 1- j m v 5 ■ BT I r I 4 of 24 ©2013ARANZGeo Limited 5 = 6 E I i i S a E 1 I £ 3 QJI' IUI $£ leapfrog Layout Tree D "age £ ^ection ~j t> Z" [.'.odeis Drillholes Surfaces 11=1 Legend Group l— Anric-tati.os-ii A Title A Titlf. Block .„/ Scale Bar " v Location S3 Text Boxes Q Image; Changing the set up of the page 1. Click on the page folder at the top left of the layout tree. 2. The available options are listed in the object attributes window, including page size, orientation, dimensions (if page size is set to'custom'), and margins. 3. As each option is changed in the object attributes window, the view is updated live in the section preview window. Organising the section The Section folder lets us add models, drillholes and surfaces to the cross section. • Models include any geological, interpolant, combined or refined models. • Drillholes allow traces within a specified distance from the section to be added, then up to three types of associated data (categorical or numeric) can be viewed and filtered on the drillholes in the section. • Surfaces include any surfaces in the model such as meshes, faults, boundaries, topographies and volumes. Models and Surfaces need to be evaluated against the cross section in the project tree before being added to the cross section in the section layout window. Previously we chose to evaluate the Wolfpass GM against the cross section, so this is the only model available to view. We haven't evaluated any surfaces or drillholes against the cross section yet. Adding surfaces to the section To evaluate a surface against the cross section, we need to go back to the project tree in Leapfrog. 1. Right click on the cross section in the project tree, and select Evaluate Surface. t «7 ► F^*> Irtterp Block v '2 Co« Open -Evaluation^ *^ No Comments Tab or d.ck to add Evaluate Surface J*, New Section Layout... tu Copy Section Layout... □ View Object Rename.,. @ Delete g Eroperties... Jl Layout All surfaces in the project are listed. We will evaluate the topography surface against the cross section. )2013ARANZ Geo Limited 5 of 24 leapfrog .'!-: i ivNAMic geo :ii.: .'.i '.uiik i ir,< 2. Move the Topography across to the "Selected" window on the right, either by double clicking on the Topography, or by clicking and dragging it across. & OHntTtjoogupfiy _j i" WaHpatsGM-RctfliHlWal.. §? v1,! C'.!-Ft'-cj /.J1 •V .'. - GURinnRl Wol ■V .VnHpini CM-Refmcd WnL. ■ WoH|u» C'.t-fef.-ed Aal WntfpKS CM: Esse men! ■ j .', i- ■' tfl'. CM Boundity • ;'. f " p?5i GM: Oitite L*l WoMpMf GM bttHi Vert... \ WoHpau GM Dyke I V WoHpui GW Dyke 1 > ■.Vft'p«« GM Dyke 1 Foot.. t* V/oHpKi GM: Dyke 1 Han.. # WclipSM GM; Dyke 1 Ksto... *v ,■>.(,-: r.M _ " Mt« AN SeiKINone |m tn Selerfrjn 3. Click OK, and the topography surface will be added to the cross section. It won't be displayed yet - this is the next step. 4. To display the topography in the section now that it has been evaluated, right click on the Surfaces folder in the layout tree and select Add Surface. 'Add Surface EvaluatL 5. Tick the check box, then click OK. By default the surface is very thin so is difficult to see. Next we will change the colour and thickness of the topography surface. 6. Expand the Surfaces folder out so you can see the topography surface. 7. Click once on the topography surface to highlight it - this also brings up the object attributes window forthe topography surface. At the bottom of this, there are options to change the line width, style, colour, and the pattern scale (depending on the style of line chosen). 8. Change the line width to around 1.5, and the line scale / colour as appropriate. 9. Tick the Show in legend check box. 6 of 24 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 21 «3 & 2* Es 5 E a E a a 5 a E a 5 a & a t= IBM t= = E a a S a E a E a I a E a ä ä g ä <£; leapfrog For this example we won't add any additional surfaces, but there are a number of useful surfaces which could be added - a weathering surface, planned pit shell, or existing / planned underground workings. Adding drillholes to a section To add drillholes to a section, we can go straight to the drillholes folder in the cross section layout tree, rather than having to go back to the project tree and evaluate them against the section. 1. Right click on the drillholes folder in the cross section layout tree and select Add Drillholes. 2. Select WP_assay, and click OK. a Dm moies from WP_a Diiplnvmj 3d ol H hold 11 Hole ID MMe.fr. □ WPD53 D □ WW» 1 □ WWB3 6 !_l haw* 7 D WP«9 29 I I WHC-5 33 ("I WWW 40 I.I WPfjn so □ WMIO » □ □ w«l» «1 □ wpmb m □ wfem in □ WPOM HH □ WP055 101 □ WM33 IH □ WMII 111 3. Drillholes are able to be filtered based on minimum distance from the section plane. In the top right corner of the window, enter the distance you would like to filter to. Forthe example above, a distance of 10 m is appropriate. Once the filter has been applied, tick the check boxes to the left of each of the drillholes to add them to the cross section. ) 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 7 of 24 leapfrog 0 Finer by minimum dirt g"] Holt ID Dulentefi 2 WP0J3 D meWjssay lonplen| |m.O | JfCeneeJ «J9qk 4. Click OK , and the drillhole traces will appear in the cross section. To change the display along the traces, we need to look in the object attributes window in the bottom left corner. U p to three different properties can be displayed, along the left, centre and right of the trace. 1. Tick the "Left" checkbox, and change the display to "AUgpt". 2. Click the Options button to the right of the dropdown box. 3. Add a value filter with a lower cut off of 0.5. 4. Move across to the Lines and Labels tab, and increase the line width to 2.5. In this case it is best to keep the labels off, as there are too many intervals so the text overlaps itself. Editing the models in a section Now that we have added the geological model, drillholes and the topography surface to the section, we will edit the display of the model by changing colours, transparency and hatches. 1. Go to the models folder in the layout tree, and expand the triangle out until you can see each volume. ""; ■.„. ▼ E^Modeb y ff WeHpacs &M 2. Click on the "Basement" volume to bring up the basement editing features in the object attributes window. 6 5 6 S 6 5 f= = ■ 3 t= a t= a = « P= - is ™ s = (5 leapfrog rAST.DYNAM.CGEÜLOGICAl Tft yVortp.il tjM T L1 Output Volgi ▼ t± Surft™ ■ 1 T»P»9'»r*> □ HetjrftgM fobui 0 £ill □ Et» In this window we can change whether the basement is visible, its label in the legend, whetherto highlight it, and the colour / hatch of the volume. 3. Keep the basement visible and the description as default. 4. Tick the "Edit" check box, then click on the colour swatch to edit the colour. Keep the colourthe same, but change the opacity to 100. Set Colour Hue |0 I"! Red-|lfJ9 \Z\ k Saturation: |{l ", QMS* 109 \% I ^ ■ Value 109 |j ßiue; [lOfl |;| 1 m (.Opacity. — 1 loo : J v. Color namei 1 %T Pstrttf. M ■ ■■■■ ■ ■ ;;HeiP Rindttm ; ' Jf Caned | ' «jfiQK 5. Tick the "Hatch" checkbox, then click on the hatch swatch to edit the hatch pattern. *-— DtHTiptiorr Q £_it Colour J [ill ^ jit.e 1 1,1,,. 1 ITS 8 of 24 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited S 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 9 of 24 leapfrog There are a number of common rocktypes that can be searched for in the search window, otherwise you can look through each folder to find an appropriate rock type. Forthe basement in this model, we will use a schist hatch pattern. 6. Type "Schist" into the search box and 21 different options appear. 7. Choose the first by clicking on it, and click OK. -I ~ Current Selection MM Gleen» hi SI SpontrJ ScWn CilcSilii The cross section will be updated to include the hatch pattern. 8. To change the scale and line width of the hatch pattern, use the options in the object attributes window. 9. Add appropriate hatch patterns to the other lithologies in the section. 10 of 24 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited s = = 9 e" 2 = = = E a = fc s i= ü a 9 ■ a - 5 !■ 1. BH 1 ■ SI Tu i 9 leapfrog 10. To highlight a particular lithology with a bold outline, we can click on it in the layout tree, then tick the "Highlight" check box. • Annotations Next we will edit the annotations, including the title and title block, as well as scale bar, location labels, text boxes and images. To edit the title, there are two options. We could either click on the title in the section layout view, or click on the title in the layout tree. Either will highlight the section and display the options in the object attribute table. ©2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 11 of24 $£ leapfrog f&5T. dynamic geological 1. To edit the name of the title, tick the "Edit" checkbox which activates the text box editor. 2. Enter an appropriate title forthe cross section. 3. Choose whether to display a boundary box around the title, and change the line style, width and colour. There is one title block available, which can be seen in the section by ticking the "Visible" check box. If required, enter the attributes for each part of the title block and they will be updated in the section layout. A Tille Block J Visible Tutnylr Tele Block Entry Change the scale bar options as required. 12 of 24 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited I ts z s 6: & a E r ä E E ü El si I I E r E = E E E E E m E a E 5» I leapfrog Itoojh' 200.0 t Jilhiont |4_t Bii style » Thickness 5.-5 ; IJMC_nMi: 10-2 ft Griouf I s:.-!■■ I.... r.bii.-i. ■/ : ■ ■ V Show Units Z End Points Only Tori Style |Sc»ttLttnHs_ » EditStyles B Show sole V| Veil Tert style Bod) - Edn Style! □ BoufldHryboi Choose whether or not to view the location of the section Adding a text box 1. To add a text box to the cross section, right click on the Text Boxes folder and select Add Text Box. 2. Once the text box is in the cross section, it can be moved by clicking and dragging. 3. To enter text, go to the object attributes window and type in the blank box. itvDcmtiti.UUIAti. [ ■I li-wOu-int furnstt ■ 4. Now to add an arrow coming from the text box, right click on the text box in the layout tree and click Add Arrow. An arrow will appear on the text box, which can be dragged around using the node on the end of it. ©2013ARANZGeoLimited 13of24 leapfrog 5. The "Automatic Anchoring" option chooses whether the text box end of the arrow moves around the text box dynamically, or whether it is anchored in one position to the text box. The line style and colour can also be changed. The last option we will look at is the images folder. Adding an image Images can be a useful way to describe the location in space of the section. There are multiple possible options, but two common options are to take a screen shot in plan view showing the location of the section, and take a screenshot in oblique view showing the location. 1. To save the section layout, click OK in the bottom right corner of the section layout window. 2. Set the scene up so you can see the location of the cross section in relation to the geological model, and take a screen capture. You can either use the built-in "Render I mage" option in Leapfrog (under the orange Leapfrog Geo menu), or use any screen capture software such as Snipping Tool, which is installed for free with Windows. 3. To add the image to the cross section, go back to the Cross Sections folder in the project tree and double click on the layout we were working on a few minutes ago. This will open the section as it was when we clicked OK. 4. Go to the Images folder, right click on it, and select Add Image. 5. Mavigatetothe screen capture that was taken instep 2, and click Open. 14 of 24 ) 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited = ■ a t= = E = t= ;= \W (2 fa- IS ts = I ■ t= is S ]■ E !■ e 5 1 ■ m I Li i i ii leapfrog FAST. DYNAMIC GEO,OGlCAl MOfltLLINC. 6. The image will be added to the cross section, and can be repositioned and resized as required. Saving and exporting cross sections Once the cross section has been set up as required, click OK in the bottom right corner of the section layout editor. This will save the layout under the section in the project tree. To access it again, doubleclick on the layout in the project tree. The section can be saved in'.pdf, *.svg and *.png formats by clicking on the button to the right in the image below. 50% ' ©x * ^ Once the section has been saved in the required format, click OK. An option asking whether you would like to open and view the exported section will appear. Wolfp ass Cross Section 1, A - - I - J \Y ;"¥;:\ "j V ■ -\ - ■ The line work forthe cross section can be exported as a dxf by right clicking on the cross section and selecting export, choosing which model to evaluate on the section, and clicking OK. © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 15 of 24 ]& leapfrog rftST.DVNAMicr.tO: nr.,: ai moijfi , mz, In this case the geological model line work has been exported, which means each volume on the cross section will be exported as a separate dxf line. These can be viewed together (as above) or separately (as below): Creating serial sections Serial sections at specific spacings can easily be created in Leapfrog. 1. Right click on the cross sections and contours folder in the project tree in Leapfrog, and select New Serial Section. 2. Choose the location of the base section either by using the arrows in the scene, or typing directly into the New Serial Section window. 3. Change the spacing between each section to an appropriate distance, and click OK. 4. A new serial section will appear under the Cross Sections and Contours folder. 16of 24 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited ■■I ■» I* ■ * ■ a E— ■ » Ei ■ a c. ■ m S mm ■ m urn] ■ m ■ ll ■ m P ! = ■ ■ i i m — 6 ■ i P i i ■ m ■ i ■ ■ ■ i P i i « m ■ 1 i P n P n 1 m P i i ■ m P i! P ■ ■ P ii d leapfrog 5. Right click on the serial section and select Evaluations. Select a model to evaluate on the sections, and click OK. Depending on the number of sections making up the serial section, the model may take a few minutes to evaluate. 6. Drag the top level serial sections object into the scene, and make sure the view is changed to "Wolfpass GM" ratherthan "Flat Colour". Now that the model has been evaluated, we can create a new layout. This needs to be done for each section. 1. Right click on one of the serial sections, and select New Section Layout. 2. Change the settings for the section as described above, and click OK. 3. Right click on the next serial section, and select either New Section Layout, or Copy Section Layout. 4. When Copy Section Layout is selected, it is possible to copy a layout from an existing cross section (either a serial section or individual section), ratherthan creating a new layout for each section. Creating fence sections Create a new fence section by right clicking on the Cross Sections and Contours folder, and selecting New Fence Section. A fence section can be created using either an existing polyline, or by drawing a new polyline. Evaluations can be made on the fence section by right clicking on it, and selecting evaluations. Section layouts can be created as above, then exported. The fence section can be viewed in the scene, and the linework exported as a dxf by right clicking on the fence section and selecting Export. © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 17 of 24 leapfrog FAST. IWNAMiC GEOLOGICAL MODELLING Session 16: Wolfpass Drillhole Planning Contents Set up of a Planned Drillhole . Creating a Fence of Drillholes Exporting Planned Drillholes . 23 22 18 Goals In this session, we will look at planning drillholes in Leapfrog Geo. This is a simple process, and can include outputs such as expected grade and lithology based on existing models, as well as the standard survey data. We will continue with the Wolfpass dataset for this session. Set up of a Planned Drillhole The easiest method of setting up a Planned Drillhole is to view the topography and the drillholes in the scene, as well as the target (which could be the interpolant model or a geological model). We will then specify the collar and target locations, and alter the lift, drift and depth. Once the location of the drillhole has been entered, a prognosis can be made. This takes any existing model and evaluates it against the planned drillhole, letting us look at expected grade and lithology down hole based on current models. 1. The first step is to drag the drillholes, topography and Early Diorite output volume into the scene. A good way to visualise the location of the high grade based on existing data is to run an evaluation on the Early Diorite. 2. Right click on the Early Diorite output volume and select Evaluations. 3. Select the AU_gpt clipped to Early Diorite Structural Trend interpolant model, and drag it across to the right hand window. 4. Click OK, and the interpolant will be evaluated against the Early Diorite surface. 5. Once the evaluation has finished processing, click the display dropdown box in the Scene List, and select the interpolant. c Plunge -08 Azimuth 161 250 5Ö0 18 of 24 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited leapfrog Now that we can see the interpolant evaluated against the mineralised Early Diorite, we can see that there are patched where the high grade is well defined, and also patches where the high grade is poorly defined. To the southern end of the Early Diorite there is a large area of blue, which we can see contains no drillholes. We will plan a drillhole in this area to better define the edge of the deposit. 6. Rotate the scene until you can see both the point on the topography that you would like your collarto be located, and the point on the Early Diorite that you would like the drillhole to target (note that you can be looking underneath the topography to make it easier to visualise) 7. Right click on the Planned Drillholes folder, which is beneath the top level Drillhole Data folder. 8. Select Plan Drillhole, and the Drillhole Planning window will appear. &■ ft? I ' ^ 5 J Ej S E E 5L E= -1 E s ii E = E = E = E 5 E s S = E ■ E 5 5 3 5 leapfrog s»... In this window we have several main sections. At the top of the window, we can specify whetherto start at the Collar or start at the Target. Depending on which is selected, either the Collar or the Target window will be greyed out (in the image above, the Collar is selected so the Target section is greyed out). Around halfway down the window there is a Path section. Once the start point of the drillhole has been specified, we can change its path by varying the lift, drift, and depth. At the bottom of the window in the Description section, we can add a comment, change the name and change the phase of drilling. We will look at each of these sections during this session. 9. Firstly, make sure the Collar option is selected at the top of the window. 10. Making sure the scene is still in the correct position so that the desired collar location on the topography, as well as the target location are both visiblefas in step 6), click the cursor icon in the top right corner of the Drillhole Planning window. ;:h„p [,,„.„ Jttiw« «9f* 11. Click on the topography where you would like the collarto be located, then drag to the point on the Early Diorite where you would like the target to be located. © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 19 of 24 5 20 of 24 )2013ARANZGeo Limited leapfrog (.FIJI DGICftL MODELLING 12. When you release the cursor, a straight drillhole will be in the scene. 13. It is now possible to edit the lift (vertical movement) and drift (horizontal movement), as well as the total depth, and the distance past the target. The dip and azimuth at the surface can also be edited in the top section. 14. Click OK and the planned drillhole will be saved underthe Planned Drillholes folder. Now we will create a prognosis, which will show the expected grade and lithology at depth based on existing models. © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 21 of 24 mi = - s E ■jjj = = (= 2 E S E S & s E = E 2 E = E ! E m el 2 E mm el 2 el ■ E 2 el 3 2 leapfrog 1. Right click on the planned drillhole, and select Drilling Prognosis. 2. The default model is the geological model. Forthe planned drillhole in the example above, the first 12.188 m is expected to be Recent, then from 12.15 makes up the final 60 m. ! m to 565.506 m is Basement, then the Early Diorite intrusion Dril.'fig Prognoses' 0„ 'rtfWcrrBBIsSM 12158 565306 Bistmtnt :;!;>. MS E»rt, Oiornc \ Cnpy to Clipboard 3. To change the prognosis to the interpolant model, click the dropdown at the top of the Drilling Prognosis window and select the most recent interpolant model. 4. The prognosis will take a few seconds to process, then we can see the grade that is expected to be hit down hole. In this example, we are drilling into an area which currently doesn't show any grade so the prognosis isn't very impressive, although it does increase as we move into the Early Diorite which is expected. Ccpy Image ID Clipbui'd Xs- Creating a Fence of Drillholes To create a fence of drillholes at a set distance and azimuth apart, we can edit the Drilling Planning Options. 1. Right click on the Planned Drillholes foider and select Edit Planned Drillhole Defaults. 22 of 24 ©2013 ARANZ Geo Limited leapfrog Specify • Collar Default Path Value* £nd ot hole k 0.0 " unrts past target Offset la H. Diltaiice | _1_0_: geimuUi 10.00 ; The easiest way to plan a fence is to change the Offset To Next Hole options (both the distance and azimuth). 2. Forthis example, we will specify a distance of 50 m and an azimuth of 25 degrees, then click OK. 3. Right click on the Planned Drillholes folder and select Plan Drillholes. 4. As we did above, specify the collar location by clicking on the cursor, then clicking on the desired collar location on the topography. 5. Once the initial hole has been created, click Next Hole in the bottom right hand corner of the Drillhole Planning window. In the plan view above, we can see that each time Next Hole is clicked, a new hole is created at a distance of 50 m and an azimuth of 25 degrees from the previous hole. Each hole will have a collar on the topography, and will have the lift and drift that were specified in the Drillhole Planning Options (in the example above these were both left at 0.0, so the drillholes are vertical). Exporting Planned Drillholes There are two ways to export planned drillholes.The first is to export a csv file, and the second is to export a Viewer file. 1. To export a csv file, right click on the Planned Drillholes folder and select Export Planned Drillholes. 2. Select the drillholes to export using the check boxes, then click Export. 3. Browse to an appropriate location, give the file a name, then click Save. 4. The planned drillholes will be exported to a csv file which can be opened in Microsoft Excel or any text editor. © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 23 of 24 e Ě Ě L= E « b E E ;= F Eš leapfrog 1 Drillhole I Easting Northine Elevation Wimuth Dip Lift R*M Drift R; - WP060 445246.5 «29)3.7 2804.37 25.99119 55 0.6 3 WP061 4459S3 49360X1.1 2827.392 n 90 0 4 WP062 446010,1 493645.4 2311.99 0 90 0 6 WP0B4 446052.4 492736 2781.328 0 90 0 I WP065 44607Í.5 492781.3 2753.92 O 90 O 0 WP066 446094.7 4921)26,6 2723.ÍS6 0 SO 0 1. To export a Viewer file, save a scene containing the planned drillholes, then export the scene. The scene can then be opened by anyone with the free Leapfrog Viewer installed on their computer. U 24of24 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited leapfrog fAST. DVNAMJCGEOlOňiCAL MODELLIwr. Exercise 2: Vein Modelling Contents Importing Data............... Building the geological model Modelling the dykes .......... Creating a vein network..... Adjusting reference surfaces Editing the segments ........ Adding terminations .......... Additional features ........... 4 7 2 2 7 5 1 Completed Model 8 Goals In this exercise, we will look at creating a geological model with three dykes, then use the features in Leapfrog Geo to create a vein system to model the dykes with. The data forthis exercise is in the Exercises \ Exercise 2 - Vein Modelling folder. Importing Data Import the data following the same steps as have been covered in previous sessions. Forthis session, we have: • Topography (as GIS contour lines) • Drilling data (collar, survey, lith) • GfS data (surface contacts for breccia, granodiorite and sandstone-marble) • Structural data (sandstone-marble contact) Building the geological model Create a geological model for the project, setting an appropriate boundary and surface resolution. The chronology for the model is as follows: Youngest Diorite Dykes Hydrothermal Breccia Granodiorite Marble Sandstone Oldest 1. Create the above as new lithologies under the geological model. © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 1 of 8 leapfrog DlOC.ICAl MODEl Lil Cl leapfrog I I [IVN/.P.'if C.K> CK.K ,M Mt.llfl UNI. 2. Start by building a depositional surface for the marble-sandstone contact. There are no drillhole intercepts for this surface, so the only option is to build the surface from theGIS line representing the contact, and the structural measurements at the surface. 3. Model the granodiorite contact using an intrusional surface. Include both the drilling intercepts and theGIS line on the surface. Make sure that you ignore the younger lithologies and alter the anisotropy of the surface. 4. Model the hydrothermal breccia using another intrusional surface. Again, there are drilling intercepts as well as a GIS line on the surface delineating the outcrop. Alter the anisotropy of the unit, and also add a root to the breccia using curved polylines. Modelling the dykes Leapfrog Geo has an advanced implicit vein modelling tool which allows the user to create a vein network with terminations and pinchouts based on the drilling data and a curved reference surface. Forthis project we do not need to use the interval selection tool to define the veins, as they have already been logged in the drilling. Creating a vein network In Leapfrog there are two options for creating veins. We can either create a single vein by selecting New Vein under the surface chronology, or we can create a new vein system. The vein system allows a network of veins with one assigned lithology to be created, and interactions between veins added. 1. Double click on the lithologies object underthe GM and add a unit called "diorite". This will be the lithology which makes up the three dykes. 2. Right click on the surface chronology under the GM and select New Vein System. ▼ ^ Surfaci > m Bre JE New/ E.cpoirt * ► Output f- Nř-wEiosion K Iriterpolants M Ktv. Intrusion • B Combined M & Mew yen ■ B Block Models -Í NemVein System If Saved Scene 3 New Stratigraphy 2 Cfosi Section. View All □ Motes •f- Piioiitist 2 Properties... ^ Nc Co, -, „- !i 3. The interior lithology for the vein system will be diorite. Select this, then click OK. 2 of 8 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited li.n Oil** tttwjUgy: □ :: unp řHrn-iitřii;; 4. The vein system will have appeared as an object under the surface chronology folder. Build each of the dykes (diorite 1, diorite 2, diorite 3) separately by right clicking on the vein system and selecting New Vein : From Base Lithology. -Sf Diorite W " ► MX Breccia ► (5 Sandston ► b Output Vol u I" Interpolants [ ~' Combined Models IC Block Models t-' Saved Scenes and r \~ Cross Sections and CI Notes % New Vein Evaluations & Extiact Mesh Parts... •\. Extract Vertices □ View Object View All Veins View Active Veins | No Comments | <\> From Base Lithology... •V From Other Contacts... ■ From fj IS Vector Data... From Points... From Polyline... { From Curved Polyline... ♦ Prioritise Rename... 9 Delete rj" Export... g Properties.. ] Lrth J Breccia 2 |Editing) GM; Breccia 5. The three dykes should look like the following: 6. These are the default surfaces, so we will now go through and make the required edits. NOTE: If there are drillholes that don't penetrate all the way through the unit that is being modelled, you can choose whether or not to add a point at the end of the drillhole by ticking the include points at the ends of holes checkbox. table i itli Vein in column i ii h' t Ve ■- the -; [_I" V Include points at the ends of holes Name: Di ante Dyk« 4 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited 3 of 8 leapfrog Adjusting reference surfaces In Leapfrog Geo a vein is built using an offset surface from a reference plane. The plane is interpolated from the centre points of the vein segments. This surface is then offset to create the hanging wall and foot wall surfaces. There are two options for creating the vein reference plane. Either a curved surface generated from the centre points can be used, or else a flat plane can be used (this was the only available option in the previous versions of Leapfrog Geo). A curved reference plane can easily be edited using polylines and structural data, making it much more flexible than Leapfrog's previous vein modelling tool. For this model, we will edit the reference plane of dyke 2 which is only present at the south western end of the deposit, as it splays off dyke 1. We need to make this edit as we want dyke 1 to cross over dyke 2 to start with, then laterwe can terminate it against dyke 2 to create a more realistic splay. 1. Select the triangle to the left of dyke 2 to expose the objects under it. Drag the reference surface into the scene. V9.SM ► U> Bound", r! ! Dk, Add > GIS Vector Data. Make sure to choose the 'On Topography' version of the file. • Andesite: New intrusion from base lithology, ignoring no return and dacite. Set an appropriate trend (0.3 out of plane works well) ■ Alluvium: New erosion from base lithology, using contacts below. Import the GIS layer'superficial deposit outline' and add it to the surface, making sure to use the 'on topography' version. Import the structural measurement 'structural data superficial' and add it to the surface. • Dacite: New intrusion from base lithology, ignoring the no return. Import the GIS layer'dacite outline' and add it to the surface, making sure to use the 'on topography' version of the GIS line. Put the surfaces in the correct chronological order, and activate them by ticking the checkboxes in the Surface Chronology folder. Check whether any manual edits are necessary. In the South West corner, the sediments - alluvium contact will need to be edited. Create the Fault System Create the faults by drawing new GIS lines using the geological map as a guideline. Adjust the surfaces to add dips. There is downhole structural data that can be imported for Fault 2, the dip of Fault 1 is vertical, and the dip of Fault 3 is 77 degrees to the East. Add interactions to the faults based on the traces on the geological map, then activate the faults to split the model into four fault blocks. 2 of 2 © 2013 ARANZ Geo Limited