TRAIT EVOLUTION Identifying complex interactions that modulate trait evolution Natália Martínková Institute of Vertebrate Biology CAS, Brno RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno martinkova@ivb.cz Molar size change during island colonization 1 Photo: Andy Beishaw, flikr; Cucchi et al. 2014. Evolution. 1 Molar size change during island colonization Trait evolution Trait evolution heritable component changes between generations mutation accumulation generations Trait evolution rö Markov chain heritable component vaiue depends on the previous vaiue changes between generations generations time mutation accumulation trait vaiue in a chiid adds a random component 2 Markov chains in a random walk 1Smolinský et al. 2021. J. Vertebr. Biol. 3 Markov chains in a random walk nsim = 1000 Female Male - adult subadult rwsim = matrix(0, ncol = 2, nrow = nsim) for(i in l:(nsim - 1)){ step = rnorm(2, meanh= rwsim[i+l, ] = rwsim[i, } ^é^L, J + step plot(rwsim, type = "1")'s*Ia A/"(0,ct2) 1Smolinský et al. 2021. J. Vertebr. Biol. 3 trait evolution with species divergence Brown Ian motion - neutral evolution Brownian motion - neutral evolution ancestral states <- 5 brownian motion - neutral evolution 'ro ■4—> 2.25 - 3 -► trait evolution brownian motion - neutral evolution Brown Ian motion - neutral evolution 2.25 rö nsim = 1000 r = 1 2.25 > A a A rwsim = matrix(b, ncol = , nrow = nsim) for(i in l:(nsim - 1)){ step = rnorm( , mean = 0, sd = r) rwsim[i+l, ] = rwsim[i, ] + step } 3 plot(rwsim, type = "\") trait evolution l time brownian motion - neutral evolution brownian motion - neutral evolution Simulation of trait evolution on a phylogeny rMyotis nattereri '-Myotis bombinus -Myotis myotis —Myotis bechsteinii r-Myotis daubentonii -Myotis macrodactylus -Myotis petax —Myotis dasycneme —Myotis alcathoe —Myotis emarginatus —Myotis mystacinus —Myotis gracilis —Myotis brandtii —Murina hilgendorfi r-Plecotus auritus r-*-Plecotus austriacus —Plecotus ognevi —Barbastella barbastellus —Eptesicus nilssonii —Miniopterus schreibersii Rhinolophus ferrumequinum Rhinolophus hipposideros Rhinolophus euryale rC 1 1 11 1 , I i l i \ co 3 d o" -10 Fungal load (log10(ng cm 2)) 6 Simulation of trait evolution on a phylogeny rMyotis nattereri '-Myotis bombinus -Myotis myotis —Myotis bechsteinii r-Myotis daubentonii -Myotis macrodactylus -Myotis petax —Myotis dasycneme —Myotis alcathoe —Myotis emarginatus —Myotis mystacinus —Myotis gracilis —Myotis brandtii —Murina hilgendorfi r-Plecotus auritus r-*-Plecotus austriacus —Plecotus ognevi —Barbastella barbastellus —Eptesicus nilssonii —Miniopterus schreibersii Rhinolophus ferrumequinum Rhinolophus hipposideros Rhinolophus euryale rC p f co 3 o' z3 -10 o 2 Fungal load (log10(ng cm 2)) 6 Simulation of trait evolution on a phylogeny r[ Myotis nattereri Myotis bombinus y-Myotis myotis \—Myotis bechsteinii i-Myotis daubentonii n-Myotis macrodactylus \-Myotis petax [—Myotis dasycneme —Myotis alcathoe —Myotis emarginatus —Myotis mystacinus —Myotis gracilis —Myotis brandtii 1—Murina hilgendorfi Plecotus auritus JL Plecotus austriacus —Plecotus ognevi —Barbastella barbastellus 1—Eptesicus nilssonii Miniopterus schreibersii Rhinolophus ferrumequinum Rhinolophus hipposideros Rhinolophus euryale qj (—i-" Q_ CD z3 (—I"" z3 co qj o' z3 CO -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 Fungal load (log10(ng cm )) 6 35 994145 SlMULATlON OF TRAIT EVOLUTION ON A PHYLOGENY rMyotis nattereri y-Myotis bombinus f-Myotis myotis \—Myotis bechsteinii i-Myotis daubentonii n-Myotis macrodactylus \-Myotis petax [—Myotis dasycneme —Myotis alcathoe —Myotis emarginatus —Myotis mystacinus —Myotis gracilis —Myotis brandtii —Murína hilgendoríi r-Plecotus au rítus r-'-Plecotus austríacus —Plecotus ognevi —Barbastella barbastellus —Eptesicus nilssonii —Miniopterus schreibersii Rhinolophus ferrumequinum Rhinolophus hipposideros Rhinolophus euryale dl Q_ (tj z3 r-h' O qj < qj (tj co -10 T" 0 2 Fungal load (log10(ng cm 2)) 1Zukal etal. 2016. Sci. Rep. 6 35 Simulation of trait evolution on a phylogeny r[ Myotis nattereri Myotis bombinus y-Myotis myotis \—Myotis bechsteinii i-Myotis daubentonii n-Myotis macrodactylus \-Myotis petax [—Myotis dasycneme —Myotis alcathoe —Myotis emarginatus —Myotis mystacinus —Myotis gracilis —Myotis brandtii 1—Murina hilgendorfi Plecotus auritus Plecotus austriacus >— Plecotus ognevi Barbastella í 1—Eptesii rumequmum lus hipposideros olophus euryale -10 I -8 -6 -4 -2 o ~i 2 Q_ CD z3 (—I"" o qj < qj CD co Fungal load (log10(ng cm )) 6 35 moving across space Geographically explicit phylogeography Geographically explicit phylogeography each sequence has two geographic coordinates each coordinate evoives with Brownian motion as a trait Králová I. 2016. Master Thesis. MUNI. Geographically explicit phylogeography each sequence has two geographic coordinates each coordinate evolves with Brownian motion as a trait 1 Králová I. 2016. Master Thesis. MUNI. 8 Geographically explicit phylogeography each sequence has two geographic coordinates each coordinate evoives with Brownian motion as a trait Králová I. 2016. Master Thesis. MUNI. 8 Discrete traits Discrete traits Discrete traits i ancestral range 9 Discrete traits ancestral range 9 Discrete traits 9 Discrete traits 9 Tree squirrel divergence and dispersal 1Pecnerova & Martinkova. 2012. Zool. Scr. 10 Tree squirrel speciation explosion in South America Tree squirrel speciation explosion in South America distribution ranges in a grid with presence/absence data modeiied as evolution of discrete characters Microsciurus flaviventer jj^J Sciurus flammifer Sciurus igniventris Jj^J Sciurus pyrrhinus 3h Sciurus aestuans Sciurus gilvigularis % Sciurus ignitus % Sciurus spadiceus |^ Sciurus stramineus 1Pecnerova etal. 2015. Syst. Biol. 12 Tree squirrel speciation explosion in South America I 1.0 0.5 0.1 88§° a Microsciurus flaviventer jj^J Sciurus flammifer Sciurus igniventris jj^J Sciurus pyrrhinus Sciurus aestuans jj^J Sciurus gilvigularis Sciurus ignitus Sciurus spadiceus U Sciurus stramineus 1Pecnerova etal. 2015. Syst. Biol. 12 Tree squirrel speciation explosion in South America I 1.0 0.5 0.1 88§° SI Microsciurus flaviventer Sciurus flammifer Sciur dciurus pyrrhinus Sciurus aestuans jj^J Sciurus gilvigularis Sciurus ignitus Sciurus spadiceus U Sciurus stramineus 1Pecnerova etal. 2015. Syst. Biol. 12 Tree squirrel speciation explosion in South America 1.0 0.5 0.1 88§° a -Jjj Microsciurus flaviver1 r3sc/t/rt/s f/'^ -OB— 0° ^\>^ Sciurus pyrrhinus Sciurus aestuans jj^J Sciurus gilvigularis Sciurus ignitus Sciurus spadiceus U Sciurus stramineus 1Pecnerova etal. 2015. Syst. Biol. 12 Pine vole ancestral range 13 Pine vole ancestral range 13 Pine vole ancestral range 13 Pine vole ancestral range 13 3d - biotic interactions across space Other species interactions influence trait evolution Size (log CS) 1 Photo: Andy Belshaw, flikr; Cucchi et al. 2014. Evolution. Bat ecological diversity 1Barracuda1983, wikimedia 16 Bat ecological diversity continuous trait, discrete space Bat ecological diversity trait divergence trait convergence low colonisation rate high colonisation rate divergent lineages coexist similar lineages coexist -10 -5 0 5 10 CO 17 Bat ecological diversity low colonisation rate, trait convergence Bat ecological diversity Bat ecological diversity low colonisation rate, trait convergence Can we estimate species interactions on trait evolution in continuous distribution ranges? with intraspecific variability? I Not that I know of :( Thank you for your attention