18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 1
Academic Writing in Practice
Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 2
Coherence
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 3
Coherence · Why?
> The most convincing ideas in the
world, expressed in the most
beautiful sentences, will not form a
readily understadable text unless
those ideas are properly connected.
> The most convincing ideas in the
world, expressed in the most
beautiful sentences, will not form a
readily understadable text unless
those ideas are properly connected.
> The most convincing ideas in the
world, expressed in the most
beautiful sentences, will not form a
readily understandable text unless
those ideas are properly connected.
> The most convincing ideas in the
world, expressed in the most
beautiful sentences, will not form a
readily understandable text unless
those ideas are properly connected.
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 4
Coherence · Why?
> What do you want your text to achieve?
> Your text cannot achieve anything if it is not
accessible to the reader
> Do not assume your readers know everything you
know
> Unless you provide your reader with a certain
amount of guidance, they may lose track of your
reasoning
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 5
Coherence · What?
> Coherence is the property of unity in a
written text that stems from the links
among its underlying ideas and from the
logical organization and development of
its thematic content.
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 6
Coherence · What?
> Coherence is the result of tying
information in your writing together
so that connections you have made
in your own mind are apparent to
the reader.
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 7
TEXT
YOU
READER
your (potentially) coherent text
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 8
Post a sign!
This way!
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 9
TEXT
YOU
READER
your (amazingly) coherent text
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
your (potentially) coherent text
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 10
Coherence · What?
> A well-written text is like honey.
> It flows.
> It sticks together.
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 11
Coherence · What?
> A well-written text is like a chain.
> Each component links to the next.
> Your text is only as strong as its weakest link.
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 12
The harder it is to write,
the easier it is to read –
and vice-versa.
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 13
Coherence · How?
> How can you guide your reader through your text?
1. Ordering ideas in logical and expected ways
2. Using transitional expressions to interconnect ideas
3. Using parallel forms
4. Repeating key words and phrases as needed
5. Focusing on information flow
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 14
Exercise No. 1a
Coherence > Order of Ideas
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 15
Paragraph Coherence > Order of Ideas
> The Egyptians were experts at preserving dead bodies by making
mummies of them. Mummies several thousand years old have
been discovered nearly intact. The skin, hair, teeth, finger- and toenails,
and facial features of the mummies were evident. It is
possible to diagnose the diseases they suffered in life, such as
smallpox and arthritis. The process was remarkably effective.
Sometimes apparent were fatal injuries: a middle-aged king died
from a blow on the head, for example. Mummification consisted of
removing the internal organs, applying natural preservatives
inside and out, and then wrapping the bodies in layers of
bandages.
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 16
Paragraph Coherence > Order of Ideas
1. The Egyptians were experts at preserving dead bodies by making mummies of
them.
2. Mummies several thousand years old have been discovered nearly intact.
3. The skin, hair, teeth, finger- and toe-nails, and facial features of the mummies were
evident.
4. It is possible to diagnose the diseases they suffered in life, such as smallpox and
arthritis.
5. The process was remarkably effective.
6. Sometimes apparent were fatal injuries: a middle-aged king died from a blow on
the head, for example.
7. Mummification consisted of removing the internal organs, applying natural
preservatives inside and out, and then wrapping the bodies in layers of bandages.
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 17
Paragraph Coherence > Order of Ideas
1. The Egyptians were experts at preserving dead bodies by making mummies of
them.
7. Mummification consisted of removing the internal organs, applying natural
preservatives inside and out, and then wrapping the bodies in layers of bandages.
5. The process was remarkably effective.
2. Mummies several thousand years old have been discovered nearly intact.
3. The skin, hair, teeth, finger- and toe-nails, and facial features of the mummies were
evident.
4. It is possible to diagnose the diseases they suffered in life, such as smallpox and
arthritis.
6. Sometimes apparent were fatal injuries: a middle-aged king died from a blow on
the head, for example.
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 18
Exercise No. 1b
Coherence > Order of Ideas
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 19
Coherence > Order of Ideas
> Each of these factors plays its part in influencing national-level
environmental decisions and personal-level environmental values
and behaviors. Protection of the environment is needed due to
various human activities. Environmental protection is influenced
by three interwoven factors: environmental legislation, ethics and
education. For environmental protection to become a reality, it is
important for societies to develop each of these areas that,
together, will inform and drive environmental decisions. Waste
production, air pollution, and loss of biodiversity (resulting from
the introduction of invasive species and species extinction) are
some of the issues related to environmental protection.
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 20
Coherence > Order of Ideas
1. Each of these factors plays its part in influencing national-level
environmental decisions and personal-level environmental values and
behaviors.
2. Protection of the environment is needed due to various human
activities.
3. Environmental protection is influenced by three interwoven factors:
environmental legislation, ethics and education.
4. For environmental protection to become a reality, it is important for
societies to develop each of these areas that, together, will inform and
drive environmental decisions.
5. Waste production, air pollution, and loss of biodiversity (resulting from
the introduction of invasive species and species extinction) are some of
the issues related to environmental protection.
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 21
Coherence > Order of Ideas
2. Protection of the environment is needed due to various human
activities.
5. Waste production, air pollution, and loss of biodiversity (resulting from
the introduction of invasive species and species extinction) are some of
the issues related to environmental protection.
3. Environmental protection is influenced by three interwoven factors:
environmental legislation, ethics and education.
1. Each of these factors plays its part in influencing national-level
environmental decisions and personal-level environmental values and
behaviors.
4. For environmental protection to become a reality, it is important for
societies to develop each of these areas that, together, will inform and
drive environmental decisions.
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 22
Exercise No. 1c
Coherence > Order of Ideas
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 23
Coherence > Order of Ideas
> Click!
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 24
Coherence · How?
> How can you guide your reader through your text?
1. Ordering ideas in logical and expected ways
2. Using transitional expressions to interconnect ideas
3. Using parallel forms
4. Repeating key words and phrases as needed
5. Focusing on information flow
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 25
Basic relationships between ideas
> Addition
> Cause & effect
> Comparison
> Concession
> Contrast
> Emphasis
> Example
> Exception
> Summary
> Time sequence
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 26
Exercise No. 2a
Coherence > Transitions
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 27
Coherence > Transitions
> __________ using transitional expressions may seem like the single
best way to produce a coherent text, it is _________ only one of the
many strategies ________ employed by good writers. __________
___ using transitions, good writers _______ focus on the order their
ideas are presented in. ______________, the correct usage of parallel
forms is a vital component ____. _________, if you wish to produce
a great text, you must be able to tackle a variety of issues at the
same time and, _________, be able to keep an open mind, _________
you will always run into unexpected problems – ________ you plan
ahead!
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 28
Coherence > Transitions
> Although using transitional expressions may seem like the single
best way to produce a coherent text, it is in fact only one of the
many strategies generally employed by good writers. In addition
to using transitions, good writers also focus on the order their
ideas are presented in. Furthermore, the correct usage of parallel
forms is a vital component too. In short, if you wish to produce a
great text, you must be able to tackle a variety of issues at the same
time and, above all, be able to keep an open mind, because you
will always run into unexpected problems – even if you plan
ahead!
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 29
Exercise No. 2b
Coherence > Transitions
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 30
Paragraph Coherence > Transitions
Medical science has succeeded in identifying the hundreds of
viruses that can cause the common cold. It has _______ discovered
the most effective means of prevention. One person transmits cold
viruses to another most often by hand. _____________, an infected
person covers his mouth to cough. ________ he picks up the
telephone. ________________, his daughter picks up the _________
telephone. _____________, she rubs her eyes. _______________,
she, _________, has a cold. _____________ it spreads. To avoid
colds, ____________, people should wash their hands often and
keep their hands away from their faces.
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 31
Paragraph Coherence > Transitions
Medical science has succeeded in identifying the hundreds of
viruses that can cause the common cold. It has also discovered the
most effective means of prevention. One person transmits cold
viruses to another most often by hand. For instance, an infected
person covers his mouth to cough. Then he picks up the telephone.
Subsequently, his daughter picks up the same telephone.
Afterwards, she rubs her eyes. Within a few days, she, too, has a
cold. Thus it spreads. To avoid colds, therefore, people should wash
their hands often and keep their hands away from their faces.
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 32
Exercise No. 2c
Coherence > Transitions
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 33
Paragraph Coherence > Transitions
Shopping at K-Mart enriches my vocabulary. __________ I don't like
spending money, I like shopping ____________ it gives me a chance to
practice my English. K-Mart is the best place to practice.
_____________ it is a large store, there are many customer assistants
who speak English fluently. I look for many items in the store,_______
in each area I find a different customer assistant who is eager to help
me practice English. __________, I am careful to read the section
names of the various parts of the store, _______ I read the information
on the packages of the items that I want to buy; ____________, every
time I shop at K-Mart, I leave the store with some new words that
increase my English vocabulary.
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 34
Paragraph Coherence > Transitions
Shopping at K-Mart enriches my vocabulary. Although (even though) I
don't like spending money, I like shopping because (since, as) it gives me a
chance to practice my English. K-Mart is the best place to practice. Since
(because, as) it is a large store, there are many customer assistants who
speak English fluently. I look for many items in the store, and (so) in each
area I find a different customer assistant who is eager to help me practice
English. Also (in addition, furthermore, moreover), I am careful to read
the section names of the various parts of the store, so (and) I read the
information on the packages of the items that I want to buy; in fact
(indeed, as a matter of fact, as a result), every time I shop at K-Mart, I
leave the store with some new words that increase my English vocabulary.
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 35
Coherence · How?
> How can you guide your reader through your text?
1. Ordering ideas in logical and expected ways
2. Using transitional expressions to interconnect ideas
3. Using parallel forms
4. Repeating key words and phrases as needed
5. Focusing on information flow
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 36
Exercise No. 3a
Coherence > Parallel Structures
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 37
Coherence > Parallel Forms I
> Mary likes hiking, swimming, and to ride a bike.
> Mary likes hiking, swimming, and biking.
> In English class, Paul learned to read poems critically and he appreciated good
prose.
> In English class, Paul learned to read poems critically and to appreciate good prose.
> Raoul's motivation to succeed in this program seems to be greater than his sister’s.
> Raoul's motivation to succeed in this program seems to be greater than his sister.
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 38
Coherence > Parallel Forms II
> He was a poor student because he waited until the last minute to study for the
exam, completed his lab problems in a careless manner, and his motivation was
low.
> He was a poor student because he waited until the last minute to study for the
exam, completed his lab problems in a careless manner, and lacked motivation.
> The dictionary is useful for these purposes: to find word meanings, pronunciations,
correct spellings, and irregular verbs.
> The dictionary is useful for these purposes: to find word meanings, pronunciations,
correct spellings, and looking up irregular verbs.
> The dictionary is useful for these purposes: to find word meanings, to find
pronunciations, to find correct spellings, and to find irregular verbs.
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 39
Exercise No. 3b
Coherence > Parallel Structures
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 40
Coherence > Parallel Forms
> Smith worked at the English Department and wanted
to become the Head. This was because he wanted more
money. Status was also something he desired. Another
strong motivation was that he didn’t want to teach so
many hours. But he never got the job because of his
terrible English. The fact that the Dean didn’t like him
was another reason. So he stayed at the English
Department as an ordinary teacher and spent most of
his time teaching Pragmatics. He also liked to surf the
Internet for hours.
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 41
Coherence > Parallel Forms
> Smith worked at the English Department and wanted to become the Head.
> This was because he wanted more money.
> Status was also something he desired.
> Another strong motivation was that he didn’t want to teach so many
hours.
> But he never got the job because of his terrible English.
> The fact that the Dean didn’t like him was another reason.
> So he stayed at the English Department as an ordinary teacher and spent
most of his time teaching Pragmatics.
> He also liked to surf the Internet for hours.
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 42
Coherence > Parallel Forms
> It is not terrible but it could be improved by
using parallel structures in three different
places:
> to express why Smith wanted to become the Head
> to explain why he didn’t get the job
> to describe his activities as an ordinary teacher
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 43
Coherence > Parallel Forms
> Smith worked at the English Department and wanted to become the Head.
> This was because he wanted more money.
> Status was also something he desired.
> Another strong motivation was that he didn’t want to teach so many
hours.
> But he never got the job because of his terrible English.
> The fact that the Dean didn’t like him was another reason.
> So he stayed at the English Department as an ordinary teacher and spent
most of his time teaching Pragmatics.
> He also liked to surf the Internet for hours.
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 44
Coherence > Parallel Forms
Smith, an ordinary teacher at the English Department,
wanted to become the Head because________________
__________________________________________________
_____________________. However, he never got the job
because (of) _______________________________________
__________________________________________________
________________________________________. Therefore,
he stayed at the Department as an ordinary teacher,
spending _________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
_________.
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 45
Coherence · How?
> How can you guide your reader through your text?
1. Ordering ideas in logical and expected ways
2. Using transitional expressions to interconnect ideas
3. Using parallel forms
4. Repeating key words and phrases as needed
5. Focusing on information flow
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 46
Theme and Rheme
> In order for a paragraph to be easy to read, the
information in it must flow easily from one sentence to
the next.
> The terms theme and rheme refer to how information
is distributed in a sentence. If information is carefully
distributed, it enhances the coherence of a text.
> Theme = known information
> Rheme = new information
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 47
Theme and Rheme
1. I live in Prague. Prague is the largest city in
the Czech Republic.
2. I live in Prague. The largest city in the Czech
Republic is Prague.
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 48
Theme and Rheme
1. In the past 60 years, as many as 65 different classification systems
have been developed to define the dimensions of leadership. The
scheme proposed by Bass (1990, pp. 11-20) is one such classification
system.
2. In the past 60 years, as many as 65 different classification systems
have been developed to define the dimensions of leadership. One
such classification system is the scheme proposed by Bass (1990, pp.
11-20).
3. In the past 60 years, as many as 65 different classification systems
have been developed to define the dimensions of leadership. Bass
(1990, pp. 11-20) proposed such a classification system.
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 49
Theme and Rheme
Darwin’s The Origin of Species published in 1859 was hugely influential in
the field of science and in society in general. Indeed it has often been
referred to as the ‘book that shook the world’. The book outlined how
there could be a relatively gradual change in the characteristics of
successive generations of a species and that higher plants and animals
evolved slowly over time from lower beings. This evolution occurred as a
result of competition within local interacting communities. Darwin’s
book helped throw the idea that there was a complete difference between
humans and the animal world into turmoil as he reinforced the
suggestion that humans evolved from lower beings. Prior to this it was
believed in the western world, based on biblical works, that humans were
created superior to other beings.
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 50
Theme and Rheme > 1
> The complete electrical behaviour of any valve or transistor can be
described by stating the interrelation of the currents and the
voltages between all the electrodes. These relationships can
conveniently be displayed graphically, and the various curves are
known as the ‘characteristics’ of the device. In principle, all the
characteristics should be available to the designer proposing to use
the device in a circuit.
behaviour interrelation
relationships characteristics
characteristics available to designer
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 51
Theme and Rheme > 2
> Anthropology is the study of humankind, especially of Homo sapiens, the
biological species to which we human beings belong. It is the study of how
our species evolved from more primitive organisms; it is also the study of
how our species developed a mode of communication known as language
and a mode of social life known as culture. It is the study of how culture
evolved and diversified. And finally, it is the study of how culture, people,
and nature interact wherever human beings are found.
anthropology study of humankind
anthropology how species evolved
anthropology development of language and culture
anthropology how culture evolved
anthropology how they interact
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 52
Exercise No. 4a
Coherence > Theme & Rheme
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 53
Coherence > Theme and Rheme
> Every substance contains a certain amount of heat,
even a relatively cold substance such as ice. The
substance's molecules are in continual motion and, by
this motion, possess kinetic energy which produces
heat. The average kinetic energy of the molecules are
measured by temperature. Cooling to the point at
which molecular movement ceases completely should
thus be possible. Scientists are very interested in this
point, absolute zero, but it is in practice unattainable. At
temperatures close to absolute zero some materials
exhibit remarkable properties, such as
superconductivity and superfluidity.
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 54
Coherence > Theme and Rheme
> Every substance contains a certain amount of heat, even a relatively cold substance
such as ice.
> The substance's molecules are in continual motion and, by this motion, possess
kinetic energy which produces heat.
> The average kinetic energy of the molecules are measured by temperature.
> Cooling to the point at which molecular movement ceases completely should thus
be possible.
> Scientists are very interested in this point, absolute zero, but it is in practice
unattainable.
> At temperatures close to absolute zero some materials exhibit remarkable
properties, such as superconductivity and superfluidity.
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 55
Coherence > Theme and Rheme
> Every substance contains a certain amount of heat, even a relatively cold substance
such as ice.
> The heat is the result of the continual motion of the substance's molecules which,
by that motion, possess kinetic energy.
> Temperature is a measurement of the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
> The cooler a substance becomes the less its molecules move.
> Thus it should be possible to continue cooling to the point at which molecular
movement ceases completely.
> This point, absolute zero, is of great interest to scientists but in practice is
unattainable.
> At temperatures close to absolute zero some materials exhibit remarkable
properties, such as superconductivity and superfluidity.
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 56
Coherence > Theme and Rheme
> Every substance contains a certain amount of heat, even a
relatively cold substance such as ice. The heat is the result of the
continual motion of the substance's molecules which, by that
motion, possess kinetic energy. Temperature is a measurement of
the average kinetic energy of the molecules. The cooler a substance
becomes the less its molecules move. Thus it should be possible to
continue cooling to the point at which molecular movement ceases
completely. This point, absolute zero, is of great interest to
scientists but in practice is unattainable. At temperatures close to
absolute zero some materials exhibit remarkable properties, such
as superconductivity and superfluidity.
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 57
Coherence > Theme and Rheme
> The most striking example of value rigidity I can think
of is the old south Indian Monkey Trap, which depends
on value rigidity for its effectiveness. A hollowed-out
coconut chained to a stake makes the trap. A monkey
can put its hand through a small hole in the coconut
and grab some rice inside. The monkey can put its hand
into the hole but cannot take its fist out with rice in it.
The monkey's value rigidity traps it when it reaches in.
The rice cannot be revalued. He cannot see that
freedom without rice is more valuable than capture
with it.
> Robert Pirsig: Zen and the art of motorcycle maintenance
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 58
Coherence > Theme and Rheme
> The most striking example of value rigidity I can think of is the old south Indian
Monkey Trap, which depends on value rigidity for its effectiveness.
> He cannot see that freedom without rice is more valuable than capture with it.
1. A hollowed-out coconut chained to
a stake makes the trap.
2. A monkey can put its hand through
a small hole in the coconut and grab
some rice inside.
3. The monkey can put its hand into
the hole but cannot take its fist out
with rice in it.
4. The monkey's value rigidity traps
it when it reaches in.
5. The rice cannot be revalued.
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 59
Coherence > Theme and Rheme
> The most striking example of value rigidity I can think of is the old south Indian
Monkey Trap, which depends on value rigidity for its effectiveness.
> He cannot see that freedom without rice is more valuable than capture with it.
1. A hollowed-out coconut chained to
a stake makes the trap.
2. A monkey can put its hand through
a small hole in the coconut and grab
some rice inside.
3. The monkey can put its hand into
the hole but cannot take its fist out
with rice in it.
4. The monkey's value rigidity traps
it when it reaches in.
5. The rice cannot be revalued.
> The trap consists of a hollowed-out
coconut chained to a stake.
> The coconut has some rice inside which
can be grabbed through a small hole.
> The hole is big enough so that the
monkey's hand can go in, but too small
for his fist with rice in it to come out.
> The monkey reaches in and is suddenly
trapped - by nothing more than his own
value rigidity.
> He can't revalue the rice.
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 60
Coherence > Theme and Rheme
> The most striking example of value rigidity I can think of is the old south Indian
Monkey Trap, which depends on value rigidity for its effectiveness.
1. The trap consists of a hollowed-out coconut chained to a stake.
2. The coconut has some rice inside which can be grabbed through a small hole.
3. The hole is big enough so that the monkey's hand can go in, but too small for his fist
with rice in it to come out.
4. The monkey reaches in and is suddenly trapped - by nothing more than his own
value rigidity.
5. He can't revalue the rice.
> He cannot see that freedom without rice is more valuable than capture with it.
> (Robert Pirsig: Zen and the art of motorcyclemaintenance)
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 61
Exercise No. 4b
Coherence > Theme & Rheme
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 62
Coherence > Theme and Rheme
> Hemp’s environmental credentials are indisputable. Hemp grows better in organic systems
than in conventional ones. It smothers weeds and controls pests, clearing the land for other
crops. It improves the structure of the soil, with strong roots to prevent erosion. If processed in
the field, it returns nutrients to the land and purports to ‘clean up’ soil contaminated with
heavy metals. In fact, it is one of a minority of textile-fibre crops that can be grown in temperate
climates. So why, given its potential, is so little hemp used today?
Hemp’s credentials indisputable
Hemp grows better in organic systems
It [Hemp] smothers weeds and controls pests
It [Hemp] improves structure of soil
It [Hemp] cleans up the soil
It [Hemp] grows in temperate climates
Hemp why not used today?
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 63
Coherence > Theme and Rheme
> The inventor of the diode valve was Fleming. He made use of the
fact, first noticed by Edison, that an electric current could be made
to flow across the empty space between the hot filament of an
electric lamp and another metal electrode placed inside the
evacuated bulb. This effect depends upon the thermionic emission
of electrons from the heated metal filament.
Inventor of diode Fleming
He made use of the fact that...
This effect depends on thermionic emission
18.03.2021 Mgr. David Konecny / RECETOX 64