Magnetic Anisotropy of Rocks
Martin Chadima
AGICO Inc., Brno, Czech Republic (chadima@agico.cz)
Institute of Geology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
 Tarling, D.H. & Hrouda, F. 1993. The Magnetic Anisotropy of Rock. Chapman & Hall, 217 pp.
 Lanza, R. & Meloni, A. 2006. The Earth’s Magnetism: An Introduction for Geologist. Springer, 278 pp. (Chapter 5).
 Hrouda, F. 2007. Magnetic Susceptibility, Anisotropy. Encyclopedia of Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism. Springer. 546-560.
 Sagnotti, L. 2009. Magnetic anisotropy. Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics. Springer. 717-729.
 Tauxe, L. 2013. Lectures in paleomagnetism. http://magician.ucsd.edu/Essentials_2/WebBook2ch13.html#x15-15500013.
 Hrouda, F., 1982. Magnetic anisotropy of rocks and its application in geology and geophysics. Geophysical Surveys, 5, 37–82.
 Borradaile, G. J. & Henry, B. 1997. Tectonic applications of magnetic susceptibility and its anisotropy. Earth Science Reviews, 42, 49–93.
 Jackson,M.J. & Tauxe, L. 1991. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility and remanence: developments in the characterization of tectonic, sedimentary, and
igneous fabric. Reviews of Geophysics, 29, 371–376.
 Rochette, P., Jackson, M. J. & Aubourg, C. 1992. Rock magnetism and the interpretation of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility. Reviews of Geophysics, 30,
209–226.
Magnetic Anisotropy of Rocks
Literature
Agenda
1. Definition and application in geology
2. Magnetic anisotropy of minerals
3. Magnetic fabric vs. texture of rocks
4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed
rocks
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
Magnetic Anisotropy of Rocks
Agenda
1. Definition and application in geology
2. Magnetic anisotropy of minerals
3. Magnetic fabric vs. texture of rocks
4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed
rocks
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
1. Definition and application in geology
 Magnetic anisotropy is a directional variability of a certain magnetic
property, usually Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS)
 Tool to study rock texture (Petrofabric)
 Compared to the other methods of fabric analysis (U-stage, X-ray
texture goniometry, neutron texture goniometry, EBSD), AMS is fast,
cheap, high-resolution, non-destructive.
 It can be applied to many samples covering whole outcrops, drill cores,
or geological units.
 Application in structural geology and tectonics, volcanology,
sedimentology, and paleomagnetism.
Definition
1. Definition and application in geology
H
M
k = M / H
M = Mi + Mr
Mi = k  H
Magnetic susceptibility
Remanent magnetizationInduced magnetization
1. Definition and application in geology
 Magnetic susceptibility is the ability to acquire
induced magnetization, i.e. ability to get magnetized
k = Mi / H
Diamagnetism
k < 0
Paramagnetism Ferromagnetism (s.l.)
M M M
k > 0 k >> 0
Induced magnetization antiparallel to
the external field
Induced magnetization parallel to the
external field
Complex relationship between
external field and induced
magnetization: hysteresis curve
Magnetic susceptibility relatively low
and negative
Magnetic susceptibility relatively low
and positive
Magnetic susceptibiliy relatively high
No remanence No remanence Remanent magnetization
quartz
calcite
aragonite
pyroxene
hornblende
olivine
micas
iron
magnetite
hematite
pyrrhotite
1. Definition and application in geology
M = k  H
 Magnetic susceptibility is the ability to acquire
induced magnetization, i.e. ability to get magnetized
Contribution of selected minerals to
whole rock susceptibility
k = M / H
1. Definition and application in geology
Magnetically isotropic material
M1 = k H1
M2 = k H2
M3 = k H3
Magnetization of anisotropic materials
M1 = k11 H1 + k12 H2 + k13 H3
M2 = k21 H1 + k22 H2 + k23 H3
M3 = k31 H1 + k32 H2 + k33 H3
Matrix notation
M1 = k11 k12 k13 H1
M2 = k21 k22 k23 H2
M3 = k31 k32 k33 H3
Anisotropy magnetic susceptibility (AMS)
Vector of magnetization Susceptibility tensor
Vector of field intensity
1. Definition and application in geology
Anisotropic magnetizing ellipsoidal grain
 If one magnetizes an ellipsoidal
grain of magnetite and the
magnetizing field is parallel to
ellipsoid axes, the magnetization is
parallel to the field.
 Otherwise, the magnetization
deflects from the field.
 The relationship between field and
magnetization is described by the
susceptibility tensor.
M = k  H
1. Definition and application in geology
M1 = k11 k12 k13 H1
M2 = k21 k22 k23 H2
M3 = k31 k32 k33 H3
Ellipsoid as geometrical visualization of tensor
1. Definition and application in geology
Rock fabric defined from magnetic anisotropy
Magnetic fabric
Shape parameter
Degree of anisotropy
X
Y
k1  k2  k3
km = (k1 + k2 + k3) / 3
P = k1 / k3
T = (2h2 - h1 - h3) / (h1 - h3)
where h1 = ln k1, h2 = ln k2, h3 = ln k3
+1 > T > 0 oblate (planar) fabric
-1 < T < 0 prolate (linear) fabric
Mean susceptibility
Principal susceptibilities
1. Definition and application in geology
Shapes of anisotropy ellipsoids
Rotational prolate
Triaxial prolate
Triaxial oblate
Neutral
Rotational oblate
1. Definition and application in geology
k1  k2  k3
km = (k1 + k2 + k3) / 3
P = k1 / k3
L = k1 / k2
F = k2 / k3
T = (2h2 - h1 - h3) / (h1 - h3)
where h1 = ln k1, h2 = ln k2, h3 = ln k3
+1 > T > 0
-1 < T < 0
Pj = Pa
a = (1+T2 / 3)
Quantitative parametrs of anisotropy
principal susceptibilities
mean susceptibility
degree of anisotropy
degree of magnetic lineation
degree of magnetic foliation
shape parameter
oblate (planar) ellipsoid
prolate (linear) ellipsoid
corrected degree of anisotropy
1. Definition and application in geology
1. Definition and application in geology
Flinn diagram (L-F plot)
1. Definition and application in geology
Jelinek diagram (Pj-T plot)
N
90
180
270
Geographic
coordinate
system
Equal-area
projection
N=35
Max
Int
Min
D
50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105
Km [E-03 SI]
1.00
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
P
1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10
P
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
T
Lambert projection, Lower hemisphere Degree of anisotropy vs. Mean susceptibility
P-T plot (Jelinek plot)
1. Definition and application in geology
Agenda
1. Definition and application in geology
2. Magnetic anisotropy of minerals
3. Magnetic fabric vs. texture of rocks
4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and
metamorphosed rocks
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
2. Magnetic anisotropy of minerals
Shape anisotropy
Magnetite
Magnetocrystalline anisotropy
All other minerals
BiotiteBiotite
2. Magnetic anisotropy of minerals
Hematite
k1 = k2 >> k3
P > 100
Pyrrhotite
k1 = k2 >> k3
P > 300
Magnetocrystalline anisotropy
2. Magnetic anisotropy of minerals
Magnetocrystalline anisotropy
2. Magnetic anisotropy of minerals
Biotite
k1 = k2 > k3
P = 1.2-1.6
Muscovite
k1 = k2 > k3
P = 1.3-1.4
Chlorite
k1 = k2 > k3
P = 1.2-1.8
2. Magnetic anisotropy of minerals
Magnetocrystalline anisotropy
Mineral Susceptibility [10-6] Degree of anisotropy Shape of anisotropy Anisotropy type
Magnetite 3000000 1.1 to 3.0 Variable Shape
Hematite 1300 to 7000 >100 ~1.00 Magnetocrystalline
Pyrrhotite 100 to 10000 ~1.00 Magnetocrystalline
Actinolite 490 1.2 to 1.2 -0.40 to 0.40 Magnetocrystalline
Hornblende 746 to 1368 1.665 -0.51 Magnetocrystalline
Glaucophane 787 1.205 0.10 Magnetocrystalline
Chlorite 70 to 1550 1.2 to 1.7 ~1.00 Magnetocrystalline
Biotite 998 to 1290 1.2 to 1.6 ~1.00 Magnetocrystalline
Phlogopite 1178 1.3 0.95 Magnetocrystalline
Muscovite 122 to 165 1.4 0.44 Magnetocrystalline
Quartz -13.4 to -15.4 1.01 1.00 Magnetocrystalline
Calcite -13.8 1.11 1.00 Magnetocrystalline
Aragonite -15.0 1.15 0.80 Magnetocrystalline
Magnetic properties of selected minerals
2. Magnetic anisotropy of minerals
Contribution of selected minerals to whole rock susceptibility
2. Magnetic anisotropy of minerals
Agenda
1. Definition and application in geology
2. Magnetic anisotropy of minerals
3. Magnetic fabric vs. texture of rocks
4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and
metamorphosed rocks
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
3. Magnetic fabric vs. texture of rocks
Rock anisotropy degree as a function of preferred
orientation of its minerals
3. Magnetic fabric vs. texture of rocks
3. Magnetic fabric vs. texture of rocks
Magnetic fabrics of higher order
oblate fabric prolate fabric
3. Magnetic fabric vs. texture of rocks
Comparison of magnetic fabric and neutron texture
goniometry
3. Magnetic fabric vs. texture of rocks
Shale, Rhenohercynian Belt,
Czech Republic
Isolines of chlorite
c-axes
AMS principal
directions
 1.00 1.20 1.40  1.60
N
Eigenvectors of
Orientation tensor
Comparison of magnetic fabric and neutron texture
goniometry
Neutron texture goniometer TEX2
GKSS Forschungszentrum
Geesthacht GmbH, Germany
3. Magnetic fabric vs. texture of rocks
3. Magnetic fabric vs. texture of rocks
Comparison of magnetic fabric and neutron texture
goniometry
3. Magnetic fabric vs. texture of rocks
(courtesy F. Cifelli)
Neogene basin,
Southern Italy
Agenda
1. Definition and application in geology
2. Magnetic anisotropy of minerals
3. Magnetic fabric vs. texture of rocks
4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and
metamorphosed rocks
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks
Magnetic susceptibility usually carried by paramagnetic minerals
4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks
P < 1.05
P < 1.30
K < 30010-6
K < 50010-6
Sedimentary rocks
Anchimetamorphosed sediments
•Anisotropy degree < 5%
•Oblate fabric
•Relatively low magnetic susceptibility
4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks
•calm sedimentation
•slow current
•fast (turbulent) current
4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks
(after Tauxe 2013)
4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks
4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks
Pencil structure
(southern Pyrenees, Spain)
4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks
Accretionary wedge
4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks
4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks
Tertiary accretionary wedge, southern Pyrenees
4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks
(Parés & van der Pluijm 1999)
Tertiary accretionary wedge, southern Pyrenees
4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks
(Parés & van der Pluijm 1999)
Tertiary accretionary wedge, southern Pyrenees
4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks
Paleozoic accretionary wedge Rhenohercynian Belt, Czech Republic
4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks
(Chadima et al. 2006)
Paleozoic accretionary wedge
Rhenohercynian Belt, Czech Republic
Anisotropy degree (P) Shape parameter (T)
4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks
•Extentional setting
•Neogene basin, southern Italy
Extentional tectonic setting
(courtesy F. Cifelli)
4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks
4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks
paleosol
silty paleosol
paleosol
loess
loess
loess
4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks
N
90
180
270
N=85
K1
K2
K3
4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks
4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks
Cross-section of unconsolidated sediment from Baltic Sea
Ref03_20150
90
180
270
Geographic
Coordinate
System
Equal-Area
Projection
N = 88
Max
Int
Min
-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
T
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Counts
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Kmean [E-06 SI]
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
1.25
1.30
P
1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30
P
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
T
4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks
Ref03_20160
90
180
270
Geographic
Coordinate
System
Equal-Area
Projection
N = 88
Max
Int
Min
-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
T
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Counts
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Kmean [E-06 SI]
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
1.25
1.30
P
1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30
P
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
T
4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks
Ref03_20170
90
180
270
Geographic
Coordinate
System
Equal-Area
Projection
N = 88
Max
Int
Min
-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
T
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Counts
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Kmean [E-06 SI]
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
1.25
1.30
P
1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30
P
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
T
4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks
Ref03_2015(black) + 2016(blue) + 2017(red)0
90
180
270
Geographic
Coordinate
System
Equal-Area
Projection
N = 264
Max
Int
Min
-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
T
0
50
100
150
200
250
Counts
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Kmean [E-06 SI]
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
1.25
1.30
P
1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30
P
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
T
4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks
Ref03_2015 minus Ref03_20160
90
180
270
Geographic
Coordinate
System
Equal-Area
Projection
N = 65
Max
Int
Min
-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
T
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Counts
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Kmean [E-06 SI]
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
1.25
1.30
P
1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30
P
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
T
4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks
4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks
(Hajná et al. 2010)
(Hajná et al. 2010)
4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks
(Hajná et al. 2010)
4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks
Agenda
1. Definition and application in geology
2. Magnetic anisotropy of minerals
3. Magnetic fabric vs. texture of rocks
4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and
metamorphosed rocks
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
1. Volcanic rocks
2. Dikes
3. Plutonic rocks
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
Magnetic susceptibility dominantly carried by magnetite
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
P < 1.03
K < 50 0000 10-6
Very high magnetic susceptibility Relatively low anisotropy degree
Igneous rocks
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
Volcanic rocks
A’a
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
Pahoehoe
Lava flows
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
Lipari Island, Tyrrhenian Sea,
Italy
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
Lipari Island, Tyrrhenian Sea
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
Chaîne des Puys, Massif Central, France
(Loock et al. 2008)
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
Section across lava flow
(Gurioli et al. 2005)
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
Pyroclastic flow, Pompeii, Italy
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
(Gurioli et al. 2005)
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
Pyroclastic flow, Pompeii, Italy
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
Dikes
Estimate of flow direction
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
Dikes
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
•magnetic lineation is not always parallel to flow direction
•preferably use imbrication of magnetic foliation
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
Wilson, J. T. 1963. A possible origin of the Hawaiian Islands. Canadian Journal of Physics, 41, 863-670.
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
Island of Oahu
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
Geology of Oahu
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
SENW
Keneohe Bay Kawainui Swamp
Waimanalo Bay
1 2 3
Koolau (Knight & Walker 1988)
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
Plutonic rocks
weakly magnetic (paramagnetic) granitoides
S type (“Sedimentary”)
carrier of magnetization mainly biotite (hornblende)
Plutonic rocks
strongly magnetic (ferromagnetic) granitoides
I type (Igneous)
carrier of magnetization mainly magnetite
•bimodal distribution of magnetic susceptibility
(granitoids of former USSR)
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
Brno Massif
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
Foliations and lineations in plutons originate by magma flow
Magnetic foliation = magma flow plane
Magnetic lineation = magma flow line
Regional-scale investigation of magnetic fabric helps to decipher magma flow
within whole pluton
FLOW LINES
FLOW PLANES
VELOCITY GRADIENT
FLOW DIRECTION
RIGID WALL
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
Monte Capanne granodiorite pluton (Elba Island, northern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy)
(Bouillin et al. 1993)
Magnetic anisotropy in pluton scale
Magnetic lineationMagnetic foliation
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
Agenda
1. Definition and application in geology
2. Magnetic anisotropy of minerals
3. Magnetic fabric vs. texture of rocks
4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and
metamorphosed rocks
5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
Oriented samples
V = 11.15 ccm V = 8 ccm
6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
Field Drilling Oriented Cores
Petrol powered portable drilling machine
6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
(Tauxe. 2005)
Block specimens
6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
R = T r, K = T k T',
•r, R vectors in sample or geographical coordinate systems
•k, K tensors in sample or geographical coordinate systems
•T transformation matrix (T’ transposed matrix of T)
Sample to geographical coordinate system transformation
6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
KLY-1 (1967)
KLY-2
KLY-3 & 4
Kappabridge (and PC) evolution
6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
MFK1
Three operating frequencies and respective field
ranges (peak values):
•F1 (976 Hz): 2 - 700 A/m
•F2 (3904 Hz): 2 - 350 A/m
•F3 (15616 Hz): 2 - 200 A/m
• Accuracy within one range:±0.1 %
• Accuracy of absolute calibration: ±3.0 %
6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
MFK1-FA
X
 15 directional measurements
 Duration: ca. 9 min
15 position design
6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
Three plane rotation
 64 readings during each rotation
 Multiple rotations
 Duration: ca. 3-4 min
6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
X
 320 readings during full rotation
 Repeated two times
 640 directional measurements
 Duration: ca. 1.5 min
3D Rotator
6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
Safyr - Data acquisition software
6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
Anisoft - Data processing software
6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
Mean tensor (Jelinek 1978, Hext 1963)
 Mean directions
 Confidence ellipses
6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
0
90
180
270
Geographic
Coordinate
System
Equal-Area
Projection
N = 35
Max
Int
Min
Bootstrap (Constable & Tauxe 1990)
6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
•projection of mean susceptibilities •magnetic lineation of mean tensor •isolines of shape parameter (T)
Data presentation in regional scale
6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
 Tarling, D.H. & Hrouda, F. 1993. The Magnetic Anisotropy of Rock. Chapman & Hall, 217 pp.
 Lanza, R. & Meloni, A. 2006. The Earth’s Magnetism: An Introduction for Geologist. Springer, 278 pp. (Chapter 5).
 Hrouda, F. 2007. Magnetic Susceptibility, Anisotropy. Encyclopedia of Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism. Springer. 546-560.
 Sagnotti, L. 2009. Magnetic anisotropy. Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics. Springer. 717-729.
 Tauxe, L. 2013. Lectures in paleomagnetism. http://magician.ucsd.edu/Essentials_2/WebBook2ch13.html#x15-15500013.
 Hrouda, F., 1982. Magnetic anisotropy of rocks and its application in geology and geophysics. Geophysical Surveys, 5, 37–82.
 Borradaile, G. J. & Henry, B. 1997. Tectonic applications of magnetic susceptibility and its anisotropy. Earth Science Reviews, 42, 49–93.
 Jackson,M.J. & Tauxe, L. 1991. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility and remanence: developments in the characterization of tectonic, sedimentary, and
igneous fabric. Reviews of Geophysics, 29, 371–376.
 Rochette, P., Jackson, M. J. & Aubourg, C. 1992. Rock magnetism and the interpretation of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility. Reviews of Geophysics, 30,
209–226.
Magnetic anisotropy of rocks
Literature
Magnetic Anisotropy of Rocks
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