Adobe Systems Metabolism of sacharides, lipids and proteins. Energy metabolism. Adobe Systems Introduction At steady state, the energy input must correspond to the energy output ̶Energy expenditure = external work + energy reserves + heat ̶Intermediate: various chemical, mechanical and thermal reactions ̶Saccharides, lipids, proteins ̶Conversion of proteins and sugars into fats - efficient energy storage ̶Conversion of proteins into sugars - the need for fast energy ̶BUT: there is no significant conversion of fats into sugars ̶ Adobe Systems Nutrient pools and metabolism Adobe Systems Metabolism of saccharides ̶Energy source ̶Functions of saccharides: ̶Part of glycoproteins and glycolipids ̶Inevitable for nucleic acids and coenzyme synthesis ̶Part of extracellular matter ̶Saccharides: ̶Monosaccharides ̶Oligosaccharides ̶Polysaccharides ̶Digestion and absorption ̶Saliva (salivary amylase) ̶Pancreatic juice (a-amylase) ̶Epithelium of duodenum and jejunum (isomaltase, maltase, saccharase, lactase) ̶ ̶ Adobe Systems Metabolism of saccharides ̶The key substrate is glucose ̶Postprandial plasma glucose level: 3.5 – 5.5 mmol/l ̶Glycemia. Hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia ̶Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis ̶Glycogenolysis, glycogenesis Adobe Systems Metabolism of saccharides ̶Morning glucose intake - 70% consumed by peripheral tissues (muscles), 30% - splanchnic organs (liver) ̶ Adobe Systems Metabolic disorders - saccharides ̶Diabetes mellitus ̶McArdle syndrom (glycogenesis from deficiency of myophosphorylase accumulation of glycogen in muscles: muscle stiffness, rigor during exercise, lower tolerance of load) ̶Galactosemia(inherited deficiency of phosphogalactosauridyltransferase; disorders of growths and development) ̶ Adobe Systems Metabolism of lipids ̶Main and most profitable form of energy store ̶Lipid functions: ̶Part of biological membranes - fospholipids ̶Energy storage ̶Protective cover for organisms ̶Precursors of some important substances ̶Vitamin solvents (A, D, E, K) ̶Lipids: ̶Triglycerides ̶Sterols ̶Phospholipids ̶Digestion and absorption ̶Bile acids salts (emulsification) ̶Pancreatic lipase, cholesterol-estherase, phospholipase a2, enteric lipase(deestherification) ̶ Adobe Systems Metabolism of lipids Adobe Systems Fat tissue http://www.e-dmj.org/ViewImage.php?Type=F&aid=284781&id=F1&afn=2004_DMJ_37_1_22&fn=dmj-37-22-g001_2 004DMJ Adobe Systems Metabolic disorders - lipids ̶Hyperlipidemia ̶Hyperlipoproteinemia ̶Infrequent disorders of lipid metabolis ̶ Adobe Systems Metabolism of proteins ̶Total proteins in body: 10 kg ̶Protein minimum: 0.5 g / kg of body mass ̶Protein optimum: 0.7 g / kg of body mass ̶Increased supply (growth, convalescence, pregnancy, lactation): 1.5 – 2.0 ̶Aminoacides ̶Essential (not synthesised) ̶Non-essential (from glucose metabolism – citrate cycle) ̶0.5 – 1.5 g / day ̶ C:\Documents and Settings\majka.MU2003\Dokumenty\Obrázky\ProteinStructure Adobe Systems Metabolism of proteins ̶Digestion and absorption ̶Stomach (pepsin) ̶Duodenum (trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase) ̶Jejunum (membrane peptidases) ̶Functions of proteines: ̶Structural (collagen, elastin, …) ̶Motoric (actin, myosin, …) ̶Informational (protein hormones) ̶Protective (immunoglobulins, complement, antigens, …) ̶Transport (albumin) ̶ Adobe Systems Metabolic disorders – proteins ̶Proteinemia = plasmatic level of proteins. ̶Dysproteinemia = change in representation of particular proteins (fractions shift) – nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis, inflammatory reactions ̶Paraproteinemia = presence of pathological imunoglobulines (with no antibodies specificity) – monoclonal immunopathy ̶Defect proteinemia = some components of plasma proteins are missing or lowered – syndromes of immunodeficiency, polyclonal hypergamaglobulinemia ̶ Adobe Systems Energy storage Adobe Systems Metabolism = summary of all chemical (and physical) processes included in: ̶Production of energy from internal and external sources ̶Synthesis and degradation of structural and functional tissue components ̶Excretion of waste products and toxins from body ̶ Adobe Systems Metabolic rate ̶Physical work (oxygen debt compensation) ̶Specific-dynamic effect of food (assimilation of nutrients in the body) ̶External temperature ̶Height, weight and body surface ̶Gender ̶Age ̶Emotions ̶Body temperature ̶Thyroid hormone level (T4, T3) ̶Adrenaline and norepinephrine levels ̶ Adobe Systems Adobe Systems Bazal metabolic rate (BMR) ̶Energy for maintaining all vital functions ̶Thermoneutral environment ̶12 - 14 hours after a meal ̶24 hours without exhausting physical work ̶Elimination of all negative physical and mental factors Adobe Systems http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/fig/caloribomb1.gif Direct calorimetry = measuring the energy released by burning food outside the body (oxidation of compounds in a calorimeter ) ̶Calorimetry: ̶adiabatic = heating of the calorimeter content ̶isothermal = generated heat is dissipated ̶ http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/fig/calorimeter.gif Adobe Systems Direct calorimetry Noooooooooooooo!!!! Adobe Systems Direct calorimetry Adobe Systems BMR. Calculation Adobe Systems Energy expenditure ENERGY EQUIVALENT (EE): ̶the amount of energy released when consuming 1 liter of O2 ̶The thermal oxygen coefficient of individual nutrients differs, so the EE also differs ̶EE saccharides 21.1 kJ = 5.05 kcal ̶EE proteines 18.0 kJ = 4.31 kcal ̶EE lipides 19.0 kJ = 4.55 kcal ̶In a mixed diet (60% carbohydrates, 30% fat, 10% protein): ̶EE = 20.1 kJ = 4.81 kcal ̶ ̶ ̶ Adobe Systems Indirect calorimetry ̶The amount of consumed O2 ̶Influence of diet composition - energy equivalent = universal constant for calculation of energy expenditure under the assumption of mixed diet intake ̶Open system ̶Close system Adobe Systems Indirect calorimetry Barret, K.E., Boitano, S., Barman, S.M., Brooks, H.L. Ganong´s Review of Medical Physiology. 23rd Ed. McGraw-Hill Companies 2010 ̶ Adobe Systems Respiratory quotient ̶Saccharides (glu) ̶C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H20 ̶RQ = 6/6 = 1.00 ̶Lipides ̶2 C51H96O6 + 145 O2 = 102 CO2 + 98 H2O ̶RQ = 102/145 = 0.703 (0.70) RQ = VCO2 : VO2 Adobe Systems Respiratory quotient Substrate or metabolic process RQ saccharides/glycogen 1 lipids 0.7 proteins 0.9 glucogenesis 0.4 lipolysis 0.7 lipogenesis 2.75 ̶Hyperventilation RQ decreasis ̶Workload RQ increases ̶Acidosis RQ increases ̶Alkalosis RQ decriases ̶ Adobe Systems Water ̶ 50-70% of body mass, newborns ̶ 2/3 intracellularly, and 1/3 extracellularly ̶metabolism ̶compartmentalisation ̶functions in the human body: ̶the transport medium ̶solvent ̶wetting ̶protection of the mucous membranes ̶ Adobe Systems Adobe Systems Adobe Systems Vitamins ̶all organic compounds of diet, necessary for life, health and growth; ̶NO source of energy; ̶soluble in: ̶in water ̶in lipids Adobe Systems Vitamin Deficiency disease(s) Overdose syndrome/symptoms Food sources Vitamin K Bleeding diathesis Decreased anticoagulation effect of warfarin Leafy green vegetables such as spinach; egg yolks; liver Vitamin E Deficiency is very rare; mild hemolytic anemia in newborn infants Possible increased incidence of congestive heart failure Many fruits and vegetables, nuts and seeds, and seed oils Vitamin D Rickets and osteomalacia Hypervitaminosis D Eggs, liver, certain fish species such as sardines, certain mushroom species such as shiitake Vitamin A Night blindness, hyperkeratosis, and keratomalacia Hypervitaminosis A from animal origin: fish in general, liver and dairy products; from plant origin: orange, ripe yellow fruits, leafy vegetables, carrots, pumpkin, squash, spinach Adobe Systems Vitamin Deficiency disease(s) Overdose syndrome/symptoms Food sources Vitamin C Scurvy Stomach Pain, Diarrhoea and Flatulence Many fruits and vegetables, liver Vitamin B12 Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia None proven Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk Vitamin B9 Megaloblastic anemia and deficiency during pregnancy is associated with birth defects, such as neural tube defects May mask symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency; other effects. Leafy vegetables, pasta, bread, cereal, liver Vitamin B7 Dermatitis, enteritis Raw egg yolk, liver, peanuts, leafy green vegetables Vitamin B6 Anemia, Peripheral neuropathy Impairment of proprioception, nerve damage (doses > 100 mg/day) Meat, vegetables, tree nuts, bananas Vitamin B5 Paresthesia Diarrhea; possibly nausea and heartburn Meat, broccoli, avocados Vitamin B3 Pellagra Liver damage (doses > 2g/day) and other problems Meat, fish, eggs, many vegetables, mushrooms, tree nuts Vitamin B2 Ariboflavinosis, glossitis, angular stomatitis Dairy products, bananas, green beans, asparagus Vitamin B1 Beriberi, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome Drowsiness and muscle relaxation Pork, whole meal grains, brown rice, vegetables, potatoes, liver, eggs Adobe Systems Thank you for your attention