LEADER 11 October 2D 17 It looks like an oxymoron, but Earth optimism is worth a try Decades of environmental doom-monger ing have falten on deaf ears. Maybe a new environmental ca mpaign with a message of hope is just what we need Home I Features | Earth BUr~On@WS*9rCBn news climate nature living eco-in novation opinion series 41 CUE LH NÍW5 FEATURE 11 October 2017 Here are all the positive environmental stories from 2022 Is positive thinking the way to save the planet? Most view Move over doom and gloom, there is 3 new environmental movement in town. Earth 1 Howistr optimists say focusing on small successes is the way forward Europe's Bangkok H05pttall Energy c sales důL Meet the who func mauemei po Fearless, independent, reader-funded Support us 1 1 News Opinion Sport Culture Lifestyle More v World UK Coronavirus Climate crisis Environment Science GLobaL development Football Tech Business Obituaries o This article is more than 5 months old Opinion Climate crisis Reasons for (cautious) optimism: the good news on the climate crisis Adam Morton Zvýraznit vše Rozlišovat vel i kost Celá slova Hledaný text nenalezen v Sunll Sep 202218.30 BST f W 13 529 Every fraction of a degree of global heating avoided makesa difference. Here are some reasons for hope Get our free news app, morning email briefing oi daily news podcast Everything Everywhere All at Once triumphs at Oscars with major sweep Hugh Grant getsOscarsoff to awkward start on red carpet - before comparing himself to a scrotum on stage Brendan Fraser wins best actor Oscar for The Whale Live India v Australia: fourth Test, day five - live Reasons to be hopefu The extent of protected areas is increasing, particularly in the oceans £ BO E I 40 m S! 30 ■c at s B 20 2 a. ^ 10 Terrestrial i Marine O 0 2000 2010 2017 !r dQlb, ft:- the second year in a row, cenewables accounted for more than half of the new power capacity added globally (in gigawatts) Large hydro Othei The number of oil spills has dropped markedly fn recent decades oir spills 100 ^ 80 o o 60 40 20 7- 700 tonnes ^700 tonne* 0 , 1970 ~ t r t I960 1990 2000 2010 Positive envi. news for each month 2022! https://www.euronews.com/green/2023/01/03/here-are- all-the-positive-environmental-stories-from-2022-so-far B6B 6 What feelings does such information evoke in you? 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Gethelpatpollev.com/app History of the Sustainable Development concept Possible reaction to global challenges 1) Ignoring or downplaying - attitude that the global issues (climate change, poverty, biodiversity loss, etc.) is not worthy of concern - it results in inactivity, and „business-as-usual" behaviour - it does not solve the issues, they exacerbate and become more difficult to solve Env. reasons of the Western Roman Empire fall - highly increasing prosperity of the Roman society - deforestation, excessive grazing, water overuse and salinisation - the growth of urban population by the migration of peasants due to taxes and hard work on the more and more degraded fields - consequences: food and water shortages, illnesses —► social weakening Date Population Date Population 800 BCE 5,000 1084 15,000* 800-500 80,000 1377 17;000 -* 400 300,000 1527 55,000- 200 300,000 1550 60,000 100 800,000 1748 150,000 100CE 1,000,000 1800 153,000 500 500,000 1870 226,000 600 100,000 1895 450,000 700 80,000 1950 1,000,000 900 35,000 1980 3,000,000 The city of Rome's population rose and fell dramatically between 200 BCE and 600 CE. Env. reasons of the Western Roman Empire fall - highly increasing prosperity of the Roman society - deforestation, excessive grazing, water overuse and salinisation - the growth of urban population by the migration of peasants due to taxes and hard work on the more and more degraded fields - consequences: food and water shortages, illnesses —► social weakening Decreasing of positive energy balance EROEI - Energy Return On Energy Invested • still increasing E-dependency Today? • agriculture • resources extraction • western lifestyle in general Date Population Date Population 800 BCE 5,000 1084 15,000*. . 800-500 80,000 1377 17-;doo ** 400 300,000 1527 55,000- 200 300,000 '1550 60,000 100 800f000 1748 150,000 100CE 1,000,000 1800 153,000 500 500,000 '1870 226,000 600 100,000 1895 450,000 700 80,000 1950 1,000,000 900 35,000 1980 3,000,000 The city of Rome's population rose and fell dramatically between 200 BCE and 600 CE. 2) Recognizing seriousness of the issue, but not solving it - we are afraid of disaster, but do not believe that we can change anything by ourselves - we remain passive in the fear of what will come and hope that „it will be resolved somehow" - or the "flood after us" approach - grab what can be grabed 2) Recognizing seriousness of the issue, but not solving it - we are afraid of disaster, but do not believe that we can change anything by ourselves - we remain passive in the fear of what will come and hope that „it will be resolved somehow" - or the "flood after us" approach - grab what can be grabed „By postponing, simple problems become complex, and then difficult to solve" General Ferdinand Foch Mesopotamia/Sumer Saiinization and water logging of Stimer's agroecosystem Around 7000 BC, people in this region (now, largely, Iraq) began to modify the natural environ men! Lacking adequate rainfall, land had to be irrigated for cultivation, and the demand for food increased as the population grew. The irrigated land became salinized and waterlogged. Records noting uthe earth turned white" with salt date back to 2000 BC. By 1800 BC, the agricultural system—the foundation of Sumerian civilization—collapsed. Mayan Empire Soil erosion, foss of agroecosystem viability, and water siitation in Central America Mayans lived in what are now parts of Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras. The agriculture techniques they used were creative and intensive— clearing hillsides of jungle, terracing fields to contain soil erosion, draining swamps by digging ditches and using the soil from the ditches to form raised fields. Eventually too much was demanded of this system, Soil erosion reduced crop yields, and higher levels of silt in rivers damaged the raised fields. Decreased food production and competition for the remaining resources may have led to that civilization's demise. Roman Empire Desertification and toss of agroecosystem viability in North Africa The challenge of providing food for the population of Rome and its large standing armies plagued the empire. The North African provinces, once highly productive granaries, gradually became degraded as Roman demands for grain pushed cultivation onto marginal lands, prone to erosion. Scrub vegetation spread and some intensively cultivated areas became desertified. The irrigation systems the Romans used depended on watersheds that have since been deforested, and now yield less runoff, reducing the chance of restoring productivity. H0O-16D0 Canary Islands Human and natural resource expfoftation, degradation and extinctions in many regions Originally from North Africa, the Guanches were £5 people who inhabited the Canary Islands for more than 1,000 years before the Spanish arrived in the 1400s.The Spanish enslaved the Guanches, cleared the forests, and built sugar cane plantations. By 1600 the Guanches were dead, victims of Eurasian diseases and plantation conditions. As in the Canary Islands, regions in the Americas, Africa, and Asia where people were forced to grow and export cash crops such as sugar, tobacco, cotton, rubber, bananas, or palm oil, continue to suffer from deforestation, soil damage, biodiversity losses, and economic dependency instituted during colonization. 1800 North America Conversion, toss of habitat, and unrestrained kiiting of wildlife in North America As land was cleared for settlement ar,d cultivation around the world, animal habitats of almost every kind were reduced; animals were killed for food, hides, or recreation as commerce spreads In North America, herds of bison, totaling perhaps as many as 50 million, were hunted to near extinction by the end of the 19th century. Aquatic as well as terrestrial spec ies became targets of exploitation and extinction. In the 19th century, whales were killed in large numbers to support industrializing economies in need of whale oil in great quantity, mainly for lighting and lubricants. On the northwest coast of North America, whale populations were on the verge of extinction by the 20th century. 1900 United States The Great Plains of the United States and Canada were ploughed in the late and Canada 19th and early 20th centuries and planted with new forms of drought-resistant wheat Once the protective original grass cover was destroyed, drought in the . So*/ erosion and toss 1930s enabled high, persistent wind storms to blow away much of the dry soil. of biodiversity m the Soil conservation methods were subsequently introduced such that when wind United States and erosion again affected the area in the 1950s and in the 1970s, the consequences Canada were less severe. i rl 3) Recognizing seriousness of the issue, and effort to solve it actively - making an effort to stop and reverse adverse trends to avoid or mitigate the anticipated consequences - the concept of Sustainable Development is such an effort that gives us a hope! We are not responsible for the result, but for the invested effort! 3) Recognizing seriousness of the issue, and effort to solve it actively - making an effort to stop and reverse adverse trends to avoid or mitigate the anticipated consequences - the concept of Sustainable Development is such an effort that gives us a hope! Sustainable Development - first ideas The Constitution of the Iroquois Nations (circa 14. century) Sustainable Development - first ideas The Constitution of the Iroquois Nations (circa 14. century) The Seventh Generation Principle is based on a philosophy that the decisions we make today should result in a sustainable world seven generations into the future. The Constitution of the Iroquois Nations In all of your deliberations in the Confederate Council, in your efforts at law making, in all your official acts, self interest shall be cast into oblivion. Cast not over your shoulder behind you the warnings of the nephews and nieces should they chide you for any error or wrong you may do, but return to the way of the Great Law which is just and right. Look and listen for the welfare of the whole people and have always in view not only the present but also the coming generations, even those whose faces are yet beneath the surface of the ground — the unborn of the future Nation." 1960 -1972 The advent of the modern environmental movement - influence on the revision of the development strategy - actual development strategy - break free from life in poverty A WorldWatch Institute timeline tracing key moments in the sustainabilty movement from the 1960s to 2004. POLLUTION The Towey Canyon oil tanker runs aground and spills 117,000 tons of oil into the North Sea near Cornwall in the United Kingdom. The massive local pollution helps prompt legal changes to make ship owners liable for all spills. ' (More Info] GOVERNANCE Experts from around the world meet for the first time at the UN Biosphere Conference in Paris France, to discuss global environmental problems, including pollution, resource loss, and wetlands destruction. 9/15/68 (More Info] GOVERNANCE Millions of people gather in the United States for the first Earth Day to protest environmental abuses sparking the creation of landmark environmental laws including the Endangered Species Act and the Safe Drinking Water Act. 4/22/70 (More Info] I960 1961 1963 1964 1965 1966 19691 1970 TOXICS Marine biologist Rachel Carson publishes S/W Spring, calling attention to the threat of tonic chemicals to people and the environment. 3/62 (More Info) POPULATION Paul Ehrlich publishes The Population Bod), describing the ecological threats of a rapidly growing human population. 1968 (More Info] GOVERNANCE 2,200 scientists, gathered for a conference in Menton, France, present a message to the UN stressing the need for collective international action in finding solutions to the "problems of pollution, hunger, overpopulation, and war." 7/71 (More Info] POLLUTION Researchers report that three-quarters of the acid rain falling in Sweden is caused by pollution originating in other countries. 1972 (More Info) CONSUMPTION The Club of Rome, a group of economists, scientists, and business leaders from 25 countries publishes The Limits to Grortn, which predicts that the Earth's limits will be reached in 100 years at current rates of population growth, resource depletion, and pollution generation. 1972 (More Info] Limits to Growth - what are the limits of the Earth??? Have you ever heard about any book, report, paper describing limits of the Earth? Start the presentation to see live content. For screen share software, share the entire screen. Gethelpatpollev.com/app Limits to Growth - what are the limits of the Earth??? Limits to Growth - what are the limits of the Earth??? 1968 - Club of Rome - group of intellectuals engaged in global issues State of the World Limits to Growth what are the limits of the Earth??? Resource* Industry il output _ pq aulation k Vv Food I——----1 Pollution --1 -1 20M 1968 - Club of Rome - group of intellectuals engaged in global issues 1972 - Limits to growth [Meadows et al.) • Earth limits in perspective of the exponential growth • World3 - a feedback model • variables: population, industrial output, food, pollution, resources consumption 21M a THE LIMITS TO GROWTH j. DütLf]tH IL, Meadows l^rnnisl- Vlsadrwa State of the World Limits to Growth what are the limits of the Earth??? Resource* Indulte il output _ Pa\ aulation k l\ Food I——----1 Pollution --1 -1 20M 1968 - Club of Rome - group of intellectuals engaged in global issues 1972 - Limits to growth [Meadows et al.) • Earth limits in perspective of the exponential growth •Finite supply of resources • World3 - a feedback model • variables: population, industrial output, food, pollution, resources consumption 2002 - Limits to growth - 30 year update • update based on actual data 21M a THE LIMITS TO GROWTH j. DütLf]tH IL, Meadows l^rnnisl- Vlsadrwa w Limits to 0^ LI Uli LS LI) Growth ! i- . V.: ,■■ ■ I. ,i J.i ' I'.ii.. ■ '■ I ..' Model WORLD3 - prognosis of development Scenario 1 - without any changes (Business-as-Usua\) State of the World Resources ..................... i i * l » Population * / /\ f_J / ^ Industrial L ^output \ * \ » V 1 Jf ^ y „-* ^__ \ i \ i V * —-—"~*!^ _...... _ - - -™ — w / 1 Pollution Food 1900 20 Human Welfare and Footprint JO 2100 H iman welfare inc /' / / / \ \ 'S \ --'—— / \ t \ / / / \ \ v\ r s'* Hum / in ecologies fool > print 1900 u DO 2100 Scenario 2 - change towards the Sustainable Society State of the World i Industrial output -'*r'. _ * . I 1 ^ ' »i***"......J- ■r' *•....... Food Porj:. at on j$ ■---"---- -»T, Pollution -— ....... 1900 Human Welfare and Footprint 2d 2100 Human welfare index f*** *~- — ■------™ Human ecologi :i\ footprint 1900 )0 2lD0 Reality x predictions of model WORLD3 Graham Turner (Global Environmental Change) 2008 A comparison of the Limits to Growth with 30 year reality, 2008 „ The analysis shows that 30 years of historical data compares favorably with key features of a business-as-usual scenario../1 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2030 211 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100 December 7th.,1972 Apollo 17 December Apollo 17 1972-Stockholm k £± ft UN Conference on the Human Environment —" (UNCHE) - world's first policy response to the global issues - determination of global env. issues threatening the existence of people on the Earth 1972-Stockholm mm UN Conference on the Human Environment ^*7^£f (UNCHE) - world's first policy response to the global issues - determination of global env. issues threatening the existence of people on the Earth 1) production of hazardous gaseous, liquid or solid wastes in excess of the acceptable level endangering human health and nature. 2) risks of disrupting life-giving planetary systems such as the hydrological cycle, the 03 layer and the climate systems. 3) threatened by overexploitation and over-utilization of renewable and nonrenewable resources 4) reduction of planet's biological richness - genetic basis of individual plant and animal species, number of species, and diversity of ecosystems 1972-Stockholm - representatives from 113 countries, 19 intergov. agencies and more than 400 NGOs were present - total >1200 delegates - UNCHE called for immediate action to protect the environment at both national and international level Q When poll is active, respond at poUev.com/lindan443 m Text LINDAN443 to +420 736 350 959 once to join Only the one "Minister of the Environment1 attended the conference? The others had not free time -they had to solve other urgent env. issues. The others did not considered that it is necessary. No more "MoE" were over the world. Start the presentation to see live content. For screen share software, share the entire screen. Get help at pollev.com/app 1972-Stockholm - representatives from 113 countries, 19 intergov. agencies and more than 400 NGOs were present - total >1200 delegates - UNCHE called for immediate action to protect the environment at both national and international level - followed by the establishment of environmental ministries - established UN Environment Programme - UNEP 1972-Stockholm 1972-Stockholm - pointed out to the great contradiction in the view of the developed vs. the developing countries - „ Po verty is the worst form of pollution "Indira Gandhi - if people deal with existential issues, then the concern for the environment stands apart - priority: to survive here and now - concern for good environment, biodiversity preservation, etc. is a privilege especially in rich countries that are no longer addressing the poverty issues - investment in roads, dams, irrigation, infrastructure etc. 1973 1973 Oil crisis - OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) sharply increases oil prices in the 1970s - price of oil from Abu Dhabi - $ 2.54 (1972) x $ 36.56 (1981) per barrel - sharp price increases and supply constraints as a result of support of western countries to Israel in the Arab-Israeli conflict ISRAELI ARTILLERI ON SYRIAN FRONT 1973 Oil crisis - OPEC sharply increases oil prices in the 1970s - price of oil from Abu Dhabi - $ 2.54 (1972) x $ 36.56 (1981) per barrel - sharp price increases and supply constraints as a result of support of western countries to Israel in the Arab-Israeli conflict Consequences - queues at petrol stations, - panic among business investors - recession and uncontrollable inflation - USA severely affected 1977 - 70% of oil imports from OPEC 1973 Oil crisis - OPEC sharply increases oil prices in the 1970s - price of oil from Abu Dhabi - $ 2.54 (1972) x $ 36.56 (1981) per barrel - sharp price increases and supply constraints as a result of support of western countries to Israel in the Arab-Israeli conflict Consequences - queues at petrol stations, - panic among business investors - recession and uncontrollable inflation - USA severely affected 1977 - 70% of oil imports from OPEC - reassessing energy performance - investment in energy savings - increasing production efficiency - investment in research and development of renewable sources 1600 1890 1920 1950 1980 1200 CM c o (jy 0." z 800 400 1981 • 1982* /* 1980 1974/*1976 1975/' '1973 •1972 .1979 '1978 1977 99.27 + 0.02 (fuel) (-9.35) (71.59) 2 = 0.98 5 10 Fuel energy (1015 kcal) —i— 15 —I 20 Fig. 1. (a) Annual rate of change in fuel use and real GNP in the United States from 1890 to 1982 (55,56). Fuel use includes fossil fuels, nuclear, and hydropower. (b) Fuel use and real GNP per year, (c) Results of linear regression model between fuel use and real GNP in the United States from 1890 to 1982. The numbers in parentheses are /-statistics. Hydro and nuclear power converted to thermal units based on prevailing heat rates at fossil steam electric plants (55, 56). Year 1983 - World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) - founded by the UN decision based on finding that people are increasingly deteriorating life-essential environment and destroys resources - the aim of this scientific commission: „to find ways how to put global development on the road sustainable until the 21st century " - led by Norwegian prime minister Gro Harlem Brundtland („Brundtland commission") Brundtland commision -1987 result: 1987 - report „Our common future" groundbreaking document in the env. protection SD concept defined here OUR COMMON FUTURE! THE WORLD COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT Brundtland commision -1987 result: 1987 - report „Our common future" groundbreaking document in the env. protection SD concept defined here OUR COMMON FUTURE THE WORLD COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT ..Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Brundtland commision -1987 result: 1987 - report „Our common future" groundbreaking document in the env. protection SD concept defined here OUR COMMON FUTURE THE WORLD COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT ^Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts: - the concept of 'needs', in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and - the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs. 1992-Rio de Janeiro United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) - The Earth Summit - representatives of 172 countries (108 presidents / prime ministers), 2400 NGO representatives - parallel NGO Global Forum - 17,000 participants - UN seeks ways to support re-assessment of national economic development and stop destruction of nonrenewable resources and planetary pollution T Ii t 9 2 Global Forum 1992-Rio de Janeiro - governments recognized the need to regulate national and international plans where all economic decisions should consider all environmental consequences 1992-Rio de Janeiro - governments recognized the need to regulate national and international plans where all economic decisions should consider all environmental consequences UN expressed support to governments in the following areas: •production patterns - reassessing the production of toxic substances such as lead in gasoline and toxic waste •alternative energy sources - to replace fossil fuels associated with the development of climate change •the public transport system - a method of reducing transport emissions, congestion in cities and health problems from smog •addressing the alarming increase in water scarcity Do you know any of the important conventions or documents accepted in this conference? 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Gethelpatpollev.com/app 1992-Rio de Janeiro - accepted 5 important treaties: - The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development - Agenda 21 - Convention on Biological Diversity (B) - UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (B) - The Forest Principles - established „The UN Commission on SD" 1992-Rio de Janeiro - accepted 5 important treaties: - The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development - Agenda 21 - Convention on Biological Diversity (B) - UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (B) - The Forest Principles - established „The UN Commission on SD" Take-home message of the Earth Summit „To achieve the necessary changes needs nothing less than a change in our attitudes and behaviour" 2000 - New York Millennium Summit - expressed support for the intention of the international community to "develop genuinely sustainable,, - respect for nature declared as a fundamental value 2000 - New York Millennium Summit - expressed support for the intention of the international community to "develop genuinely sustainable,, - respect for nature declared as a fundamental value - 8 Millennium Development Goals developed after the summit - main focus is to eradicate poverty and other ills of the world 2015x1990 Goal 1 Eradicate Extreme Hunger and Poverty Goal 2 Achieve Universal Primary Education Goal 3 Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women Goal 4 Reduce Child Mortality Goal 5 Improve Maternal Health Goal 6 "Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases Goal 7 Ensure Environmental Sustainability Goal 8 Develop a Global Partnership for Development Africa Latin a ■■ ■ . and Ihe Caribbean Caucasus and Central Asia Goals and Targets Northern Sub -S aha ran Eastern South-Eastern Southern Western Oceania. GOAL 1 I Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Reduce extreme low poverty by rjlF poverty very high low poverty poverty hig* low navertv poverty Ä Ä Productive large and decent employment deficit verv :-3rgř deFici! moderate deficit dEfbCil läge deficit Large deficit wry large deiiciC moderate deficit smalt Reduce hunger low hyh.glF hunger high hunger moderate moderate high hunger moderate COAL 2 1 Achieve universal primary education UriitersaE primary hbgfi schooling enrolment moderate enrolment enrolment hish enrolment hi* en-mtment high enrolment h.gh enroJment high enrolment high enrolment tOAL 3 I Promote gender equality and empower women Equal gifts' enrolment in primary school close to parity CHÜ5C to-parity parity parity parity close to parity close ■ to parity Women's share of paid-employment low share medium share high share medium share tow share low share medium 5 hare high share hiSh share Women's equal represent a Iton m national pariiaments moderate representation moderate representation moderate representee Jaw .representation tow represental km tow representation very low representation moderate representation tow representation COAL 4 1 Reduce child mortality Reduce mo nalil y of under-rLwe-year-otas by i v;c thirds high mortality mobily mortality moderate low mortality moderate mortality mortality COAL 5 1 Improve maternal health Reduce maternal mortali tT by Ihree quarters tow mortality high mortality mariaJilv moderate mortality moderate mortality Eow mortality- moderate mortality low mortality Access :c reřrooL-clive health moderate access tow -access high access moderate access moderate access moderate access low access high access moderate access COAL 6 i Combat HI V7A1US, malaria and other diseases Hart and: begin to reverse the spread oF HIV/A IDS low incidence kivr ■nadence Few incidence low incidence low incidence low incidence Haft and reverse the spread of tubercu Iu-e is low mortality high mortality low moderate moderate mortality low moftaJity moderate mortality luw moderate mortalitv mortality COAL 7 Í Ensure environmentaJ sustainabiliry Hatve pf opcrticm of population without improved drinking water higti courage tow coverage c overage coverage coverage Hai ve pjoportion of population without sanitation very low coverage moderate cove rage foty coverage very low coverage ve- y low coverage moderate coverage Improve the Fives of slurn-dwelters tow proportion at ikim-ttwellers very high proportion oF slum-dwerlers ershíp for d moderate proportion of sfum-d welders moderate proportion of slum-dwellers moderate proportion of sJum-dwellers proportion oE sium-dweNers moderate proportion oF slum-dwellers moderate proportion si urn-dwell er 5 COAL S 1 Develop a global parm iveJopment Internet users tow usag-e tow usage low usage Progress report in 2015 The progress chart operates o-n two- levels. The test in each bo* indicates the present level of development. Thecolours shovj progress made towards the targe! according to the legend below. Target met or efccetlenl progress. Good progress. Fair progress. Poor progress or deterioration. Missing or insuflicient data. 2002 - Johannesburg The World Summit on Sustainable Development A ------- Five key topics of the conference: 1) globalization 2) harmonizing development and the environment protection 3) poverty and the MDGs 4) consumption and production models 5) protection of biodiversity and natural resources - a critical assessment of the journey to SD was expected - the result rather disappointing - instead of confirming and supporting the SD, the delegates went rather "Sustainable" way of discussions, statements and commitment to the world's problems ;-( 2002 - Johannesburg 5 urüFrr^\ \ <ü - main output: Plan of Implementation -it contains goals and a timetable in the discussed SD areas - support for SD by big multinational companies (NGOs in Rio) Main achievement: - global support to fulfilling of 8MDGs Goal 1 Eradicate Extreme Hunger and Poverty Goal 2 Achieve Universal Primary Education Goal 3 Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women! Goal 5 Improve Maternal Health Goal 6 ■ Combat HI V/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases Goal 7 Ensure Environmental Sustainability Goal 8 Develop a Global Partnership for Development 2012- Rio+20 fU -A RIO+20 United Nations Conference on UN Conference on xZ>y sustainable - ^^^^^ Development Sustainable Development (June 20-22,2012) - two main topics: 1) Institutional framework for SD 2) Green economy within the SD and poverty eradication - ad 1) Institutional framework for SD RIO+20 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development - UN Commission for sustainable development (CSD) as the main body covering the issue of SD in the UN, has a very weak mandate (abolish or replace it with a stronger one) - as well as UNEP (env. pillar) - in comparison with ILO (social pillar) or WTO (economic pillar) has a weak position - it is "only" program (Ill The United Nations System un principal organs GENERAL ASSEMBLY SECURITY COUNCIL ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL SECRETARIAT INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL6 Subsidiary Organs Disarmament Commission Human Rights Council International Law Commission Joint Inspection Unit (JlU) Main Committees Standing committees and ad hoc bodies Subsidiary Organs - Counter-Terrorism Committee Functional Commissions * Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice - Narcotic Drugs ■ Population and Development * Science and Technology for Development * Social Development ■ Statistics - Status of Women * United Nations Forum on Forests Departments and Offices9 EOSC Executive Office of the Secretary-General DCO Development Coordination Office Department of Economic and Social Affairs DGACM Department for General Assembly and Conference Management DGC Department of Global Co m m umcatio ns DMSPC Department of Management Strategy. Policy and Compliance DOS Department of Operational Support DPO Department of Peace Operations DPPA Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs DSS Department of Safety and Secunty OCH A Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Funds and Programmes' UNDP United Nations Development Programme ■ UNCDF United Nations Capital Development Fund • UNVunited Nations volunteers UNEP8 Jn ted Nations Environment Programme UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UN-HABITAT8 United Nations Human Settlements Programme UNICEF united Nations Children's Fund WFP World Food Programme (UN/FAO) International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals Military Staff Committee Regional Commissions3 CCA Economic Commission for Africa ECE Economic Commission for Europe ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia OCT Offceof Counter-Terrorism ODA Office for Disarmament Affairs OHCHR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights OIOS Office of Internal Oversight Services OLA Office of Legal Affairs OOSA Office for Outer Space Affairs OSAA Office of the Special Adviser on Africa SRSG/CAAC Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict SRSG/SVC Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual violence in Conflict SRSG/VAC Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence Against Children Research and Training UNIDIR United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research UNITAR United Nations institute for Training and Research UNSSC Un ited Nations System Staff College UNU United Nations University ^ Other Entitles ITC international Trade Centre (UN/WTO) UMCTAD*" United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNHCR1 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNOPS1 united Nations Office for Project Services UNRWA1 United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East UN-WOMEN1 united Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women Peacekeeping operations and political missions Sanctions committees (ad hoc) Standing committees and ad hoc bodies Other Bodies10 • Committee for Development Policy • Committee of Experts on Public Administration • Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations • Permanent Forum on indigenous Issues UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS UNGEGN United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names UNGGIM Committee of Experts on Global Geospatial Information Management Research and Training UNICRI United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute UNRISD United Nations Research Institute for Social Development UNDRR jn ted Natiors Office far Disaster Risk Reduction UNODC1 U nited Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNOG united Nations Office at Geneva UN-OHRLLS Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States UNON united Nations Office at Nairobi UNOP2 United Nations Office for Partnerships UNOV united Nations Office at Vienna Related Organizations CTBTO Preparatory Commission Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization IAEA1-3 international Atomic Energy Agency ICC International Criminal Court IOM1 international Organization for Migration ISA International Seabed Authority ITLOS international Tribunal for the Law of the Sea OPCW3 Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons WTO1,4 World Trade Organization Peacebuilding Commission H LP F Hi^h-level Political Forum on sustainable Development t 2021 Unitfld Nations. All rights rrservod woildwidn- Published by the United Nations Department of Global Co m muni cation s .21-00054 — July 2021 Specialized Agencies15 RAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ICAO international Civil Aviation Organization IFAD international Fund for Agricultural Development ILO international Labour Organization IMF international Monetary Fund IHO International Maritime Organization ITU International Telecommunication Union UNESCO united Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNWTO world Tourism Organization UPU universal Postal Union WHO World Health Organization WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization WMO World Meteorological Organization WORLD BANK GROUP7 * IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ■ IDA international Development Association * IFC International Finance Corporation Notes: 1 Members of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB). 2 UN Office for Partnerships (UNOP) is ihe UN's focal point vis-a-vis the United Nations Foundation, inc. S IAEA and OPCW report to the Security Council and the General Assembly (G A) 4 WTO has no reporting obligation to the GA, hut contributes on an ad hoc basis toGA and Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) work on, inter alia, finance and development issues. ■ Specialized agencies are autonomous organizations whose work is coordinated through ECOSOC (intergovernmental level) and CEB (inter-secretariat level). £ The Trusteeship Council suspended operation on 1 November 1994, as on l October 1994 Palau, the last united Nations Trust Territory, became independent. 7 international Centre for Settlement or Investment Disputes (ICSID) and Multilateral investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) are not specialized agencies in accordance with Articles 57 and 63 ol the Charter, but are part of the World Bank Group. • The secretariats of these organs are part ol the UN Secretariat. • The Secretariat also includes the following offices: The Ethics OMe*. United Nations ombudsman and Mediation Services, and the Office of Administration oT Justice. 10 For a complete list of ECOSOC Subsidiary Bodies see un.org/ecosoc. This Chart It a reflection of the functional organlEatlon of the United Nations Syitem and for informational purposes only. It does not include all erf ices or entities of the United Nations System. - ad 2) Green economy „A green economy is low-carbon, resource efficient, and socially inclusive." RIO+20 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development - measuring the success (now GDP) must be reassessed, taking account of pollution, resource depletion, ecosystem decline, services, and the effects of this on the poor Biodiversity Ecosystem goods and services (examples) Economic values (examples) Ecosystems (variety & ertent/area) ■ Recreation ■ Water regulation - Carbon storage Avoiding greenhouse gas emissions by conserving forests: USS 3.7 trillion (NPV) Spedes (diversity & abundance) - Food, fiber, fuel - Design inspiration - Pollination Contribution of insect pollinators to agricultural output: ~U5$ 190 billion/year Genes (variability & population) - Medicinal discoveries ■ Disease resistance ■ Adaptive capacity 25-50% of the US5 640 billion pharmaceutical market is derived from genetic resources Table 1: Natural capital - Underlying components and illustrative services and values Source: Eliasch £003*; &a Hai et al (2009); TEEB f2O09) * 1997: Red+5 1972: UN Conference on the Human Environment - 1992: UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCEOl * 2D12: UN Conference on Sustainable Development (Hio+20) 2002: Rio+IQ JOHANNESBURG 2015-2030 Sustainable development goals (SPG) AFFORDABLE AND CIEANENERGY 7 CLIMATE ACTION ÄSUSTAINABLE A I C W DEVELOPMENT UVMLO ZERO HUNGER DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH LIFE BELOW WAT ER 0 GOOD HEALTH 0 AHO WELL-BEING A QUALITY 4 EDUCATION Iii Q MUSTRHNNOVAT10H 9 «CMRASTRUCTURE Ifl REDUCED IU INEQUALITIES IE 13 QN LAND 1 Iß PEACE,JUSTICE ID AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS 5GENDER EQUALITY PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE GOALS CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION O RESPONSIBLE £ CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION GO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS Smarter Global Targets to 2030 PEOPLE • LOWER CHRONIC CHILD MALNUTRITION BY 40% • HALVE MALARIA INFECTION • REDUCE TUBERCULOSIS DEATHS BY 90% • AVOID 1.1M HIV INFECTIONS THROUGH CIRCUMCISION • CUT EARLY DEATH FROM CHRONIC DISEASE BY 1/3 • REDUCE NEWBORN MORTALITY BY 70% • INCREASE IMMUNIZATION TO REDUCE CHILD DEATHS BY 25% • MAKE FAMILY PLANNING AVAILABLE TO EVERYONE • ELIMINATE VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS PLANET • PHASE OUT FOSSIL FUEL SUBSIDIES • HALVE CORAL REEF LOSS TAX POLLUTION DAMAGE FROM ENERGY CUT INDOOR AIR POLLUTION BY 20% PROSPERITY • REDUCE TRADE RESTRICTIONS (FULL DOHA) • IMPROVE GENDER EQUALITY IN OWNERSHIP, BUSINESS AND POLITICS • BOOST AGRICULTURAL YIELD GROWTH BY 40% • INCREASE GIRLS' EDUCATION BY TWO YEARS • ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA • TRIPLE PRESCHOOL IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA