6. Socio-ekonomické
aspekty využívání
nerostných zdrojů (…a s nimi
spojeného průmyslu)
…další významnější rys průmyslu nerostných surovin a s nimi svázaných zdrojů
Socio-economic impact of mining I.
Serial No. Type of Impacts Nature of
Impact
Socio-economic impacts
1 Income (+)
2 Employment (+)
3 Livelihood (+) or (-)
4 Poverty (+) or (-)
5 Exports (+)
6 Training & skills development (+)
7 Education & literacy (+) or (-)
8 Community development (+)
9 Community access to services (+) or (-)
10 Water (scarcity and quality) (-)
11 Land impacts (-)
12 Assets impacts (-)
13 HIV/AIDS/STDs (-)
14 Security (-)
15 Gender (+) or (-)
16 Safety and accidents (-)
17 Violence, drug trade and money laundering (-)
18 Cultural pollution (-)
19 Child labour (-)
20 Social transformation (-)
21 Migration (-) or (+)
22 Impacts on indigenous and tribal people (-)
23 Impacts on agriculture (-)
Mining provides inputs for other industrial sectors that are vital for sustaining
population wellbeing and the functioning of global economies. At the same
time, it can generate social and environmental impacts, which could
compromise public acceptance of the sector. Given this twofold role in human
society, the improvement of the sustainability performance is a very important
objective both for industry and for the European policy, willing to boost a
sustainable supply of raw materials. In various contexts, social impacts of mining
are assessed with different sets of indicators and targets.
Adator Stephanie Worlanyo, Li Jiangfeng, Evaluating the environmental and economic impact of mining for postmined
land restoration and land-use: A review, Journal of Environmental Management, Volume 279, 2021, 111623,
ISSN 0301-4797, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111623
conceptualized framework
depicting the general impact of
mining. Authors' Construct (2020)
Socio-economic impacts of mining II.
Illustrative results showing
impacts occurrence and
their geographical
distribution, in the selected
studies. Dots and triangles
represent negative and
positive impacts,
respectively.
Mancini, Lucia & Sala,
Serenella. (2018).
Frequency of positive or negative impacts in the selected studies, by
macro area of impact. Mancini, Lucia & Sala, Serenella. (2018).
Net income
2022 ranking of global leading mining companies based on net income(in billion U.S. dollars)
https://www.statista.com/statistics/272708/top-10-mining-companies-worldwide-based-on-
net-income/
Příjmy a čistý zisk
Norilsk+…8% svět.
produkce Ni
Income, careers
Careers in mining: how do salaries
compare around the world?
Global mining stocks are worth close to
$500bn, yet an individual worker’s income
can vary greatly based on where their
operations are based: the average
Australian miner earns $46,956 per year,
compared to just $3,672 for a Thai miner.
Kongo – DRC, příjmy/výdaje
In Eastern Congo, a couple, typically parents sustaining a
household of six members, working full-time in artisanal
mining can earn around US$ 202 per month, but with four
dependents, they would need around US$ 243 to cover the
expenditures for the basic needs of the family.
Still, ASM is one of the best sources of income in Eastern
DRC, especially for populations with limited education or
qualifications, who do not own land or other assets. Miners
seem to be significantly better off than other populations in
DRC, where 73% of the population live below 1.90 USD per
day. In comparison, miners can make 2.7 – 3.3 USD per day.
US$ 202 / 243 / 1,9 / 2,7–3,3
The mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo produces copper, diamonds, tantalum, tin,
gold, and more than 63% of global cobalt production. Minerals and petroleum are central to the DRC's
economy, making up more than 95% of value of its exports.
A representative image of gold mining in Congo. (Photo credit: @ADFmagazine)
https://www.news9live.com/videos/congos-mountain-of-gold-turns-fortunes-overnight-12728.html
© UNICEF/Patrick Brown
Children at work mining for
gold in Luhihi village, South
Kivu Province in DRC.
An artisanal miner or small-scale miner (ASM) is a subsistence miner who is
not officially employed by a mining company, but works independently,
mining minerals using their own resources, usually by hand.
Kongo - těžba
A young boy carries a sack at a small-scale
cobalt mining site in the Democratic Republic
of the Congo
(Siddharth Kara)
https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/phone-electric-vehicle-congo-
cobalt-mine-b2277665.html
A Sky News investigation has found children as young as four working in Congolese
mines where cobalt is extracted for smartphones.
https://news.sky.com/video/inside-the-congo-mines-that-exploit-children-10784310
Half of the workforce of the artisanal mining sector is comprised of
children. Without viable economic alternatives, most children must
join their parents in rudimentary mining pits. Children as young as two
years transport, wash, and crush minerals to earn half a dollar a day.
The Mutanda copper mine in Katanga province, Democratic Republic of
Congo, in 2012.Photographer: Simon Dawson/Bloomberg.
Glencore Plc could reopen its Mutanda Mining copper and cobalt project in
Democratic Republic of Congo by the end of 2021.
Minerál: Carrollite
Cu(Co,Ni)2S4
Composition:
Cobalt 28.56 % Co
Copper 20.53 % Cu
Nickel 9.48 % Ni
Sulfur 41.43 % S
______
100.00 %
Employment
https://mineralsmakelife.org/blog/mining-top-jobs-contributor-through-2022/
US, mining
US Bureau of Labor Statistics
Poverty
$ 1,9 / den
Community development Collaborative Governance Approach to Sustainable
Community Development in Resource regions
(Franco, I.B. et al.. Sustainability 2018, 10, 504.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020504)
Deepwater Horizon – havárie vrtné plošiny v Mexickém
zálivu, duben 2010, značné finanční náklady na
likvidaci havárie a sanace a odškodnění pro oblast
okolo Mexického zálivu.
Hasičské lodě se snaží uhasit
požár na Deepwater Horizon
21. dubna 2010
Cerro de Pasco sits in the middle of the
Peruvian Andes, at 4,300 meters above sea
level. The department of Pasco is among
the eight poorest departments in Peru, and
a quarter of its children are chronically
malnourished. The only paved road……
…pomoc ale asi nesměřuje moc na
původní obyvatelstvo…
https://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/do-local-communities-benefit-mining
Příklad: Heidelberg, … Mokrá…
Zapojení vládních (které profitují z
těžby vyhrazených nerostů) a
nevládních organizací do
spolupráce s regionálním řízením …
přínos, aktiva…
Např. Belgie – regionální rozdíly a zdroje
Steelmaking along the Meuse at Ougrée,
near Liège
Water
Location of copper and lithium mines and water
stress levels, 2020
Supplying oil, natural gas, coal and the critical
minerals used in the energy sector requires
billions of cubic metres of water each year.
Water is used along the entire supply chain,
from exploration to processing and transport,
as well as in many standard operations, such
as cleaning, cooling, dust control and
pumping.
souběh faktorů = riziko pro
kvalitu vody
Turów, Polsko
Hnědé uhlí, povrchový lom, ohrožení
režimu podzemní vody
AMD – acid mine drainage
Staré haldy a opuštěné
doly bez rekultivace a
zajištění po těžbě
Upozornění na nebezpečí ohrožení
zdraví v rozkrytých označených
haldách na Kaňku u Kutné Hory (arzen)
pyrit ---- hydroxidy Fe
Voda a těžba (štěrkopísků)
Těžba z vody (mechanická
zařízení)
Jezera u Spytihněvi (povodí Moravy)
po těžbě štěrkopísku.
… ale má to zřetelně i pozitivní efekt
zdroje štěrkopísků: říční
terasy, nížiny a povodí
velkých řek
Child labor
Child miners can be found in parts of Asia, Africa,
Latin America and Europe. Most of these children,
from economically downtrodden backgrounds, are
either uneducated or school-dropouts, with the
exception of a few who attend both work and
school. They work in inhumane and dangerous
conditions to extract minerals and ores in high
demand in the global market.
Mining is considered one of the worst forms of child
labor as the hazardous working conditions in mines
adversely affect the safety and health of children.
Raw mica is
milled into
shimmer for the
cosmetics
industry. |
photographed
by Jack
Pearce.
……If Pooja’s lucky, she’ll make between 20 to 30 rupees
for a day’s work (converted to roughly 29 to 43 cents in
U.S. currency at time of publication). Not only is her work
keeping her from attending school, but it also puts her in
harm’s way every single day. If a mine collapses while
she’s inside — a daily risk for the estimated 22,000 kids
that work in the mica mines in neighboring states of
Jharkhand and Bihar — it could leave her injured,
paralyzed, or dead. It’s a risk she’s all too aware of. The
tops of her hands are already scarred from sharp, fallen
rocks and she often thinks about a boy her age who
died in a nearby mine when it collapsed.
Pooja has no idea where the mica goes after it’s sold to
brokers in town — she just knows that it’s the only way to
feed her family……..
Migrace obyvatel (…v souvislosti s využíváním
nerostných zdrojů)
 Např….
 Afrika
 Jižní Amerika
 Střední Evropa
 Kalifornie
 Aljaška
Jen globální statistika… pro porovnání
Jižní Afrika
South Africa’s gold and platinum
miners are racing to bring back
thousands of skilled migrant workers
who are crucial to ramping up output
following the easing of the nation’s
coronavirus lockdown.
For almost 150 years, South Africa’s
deep-level mines relied on cheap
labour from neighbouring Lesotho,
Eswatini, Mozambique and Botswana.
They still account for about 10% of the
industry’s 450 000-strong workforce,
and their skills are key to rebooting
the nation’s mines.
https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/rebooting-world-s-deepest-mines-sparks-massive-labor-migration-1.1448697
Amazonie
……With 9.6m hectares (23.7m acres) of wild forest – an area bigger than
Portugal – Yanomami is Brazil’s largest reserve. A fifth of its indigenous
population died from diseases after 40,000 garimpeiros flooded the reserve in
the 1980s, according to Survival International. The miners were expelled and the
area declared a reserve in 1992 following a campaign by Survival,
photographer Claudia Andujar and Davi Kopenawa, director of the Hutukara
Yanomami Association, which invited the Guardian to visit the reserve…..
Mining has heavily impacted water quality.
Photograph: João Laet/The Guardian
Many of the garimpeiros are from small towns in Brazil’s
impoverished north and north-east. Photograph: João
Laet/The Guardian
Peru
Deforestation in the Peruvian
Amazon as a result of illegal
gold mining hit record
numbers in 2017 and 2018,
according to an analysis of
satellite imagery by the
Monitoring of the Andean
Amazon Project (MAAP).
During that period, more
than 180 square kilometers
(70 square miles) of forest
was destroyed,
….. According to Guzmán,
between 6,000 and 7,000
people have entered into
and settled in this area…..
Peru’s government has spent
millions of dollars on raids of illegal
miners as the industry has
continued its advance into
protected areas of the Amazon
jungle. Results Map. Major gold mining fronts in the southern Peruvian
Amazon before (yellow) and after (red) Operation Mercury.
Data: MAAP.
https://maaproject.org/2022/gold-mining-peru-update/
Peru – gold mining, social and envi
issues
Gold miner Reynaldo Cavero walks on a gold mining raft in
the Malinowski River of the Madre de Dios region in
Peru.Danielle Villasana for Al Jazeera America
http://america.aljazeera.com/multimedia/2015/9/Peru-mining.html
Jáchymov, … příklady migrace ve střední Evropě
Na počátku 16. století zde bylo objeveno bohaté ložisko stříbra. V roce 1516, na
místě osady Konradsgrün, bylo založeno Štěpánem Šlikem město sv. Jáchyma,
dnešní Jáchymov. Nově založené město bylo v roce 1520 povýšeno na
svobodné a královské. Bohatá naleziště kvalitního stříbra přilákala řadu
prospektorů a horníků nejen z Čech, ale také ze Saska, Tyrol a z Porýní. Počet
obyvatel vzrůstal a tak již počátkem roku 1520 zde žilo 4 963 osob, v roce 1533
dokonce 18 000. Jáchymov byl v Čechách druhým největším městem po Praze.
Joachimsthaler (28.58 g). Dated 1525.
Počty obyvatel významných měst v roce 1534
Město počet obyvatel
Jáchymov 18200 (2300 v roce 2022)
Praha 50000
Cheb 15000
Plzeň 3300
Karlovy Vary 600
Norimberk 40000
Drážďany 6500
Jáchymov – muzeum, královská mincovna
Nesmíme zapomínat na UHLÍ (19.-20.stol.): ostravsko = uhlí + průmysl
Jihlava, Freiberg, …Kutná Hora…
Tzv. exemplář „A“ jihlavského horního a městského
práva, konec 70. let 13. století. Moravský zemský
archiv v Brně - Státní okresní archiv Jihlava.
(1234 těžba stříbra, 1249 Jihlavské horní právo)
In 1168 silver ore was discovered near
Christiansdorf. From the middle of the 15th century,
the search for silver deposits spread to the upper
Erzgebirge south-west of Freiberg and led to a
revival of silver production in the region. Rich silver
deposits were found in 1470 in Schneeberg, in
1491/92 near Schreckenberg (today AnnabergBuchholz),
and in 1516 near St. Joachimstal
(Jáchymov) in the Bohemian area of the
Erzgebirge.
Jihlava was originally a Slavic market village with a small Church of
Saint John the Baptist, established on a trade route around 1200. The
first written mention of Jihlava is from 1233. The mining of silver began
here in 1234 and the royal mining town was established between
1233 and 1240. Jihlava thus became the oldest mining town in what
is today the Czech Republic.
The village was originally located on the left bank of the river Jihlava,
but with the expansion of mining and the influx of inhabitants, the
town spread to the right bank, where its historic centre was
established. The regular plan of the rectangular network of streets
with a large square in the middle was given by the building
regulations of King Ottokar II of Bohemia from 1270. Royal privileges
guaranteed prosperity and Jihlava soon became one of the most
powerful cities in the kingdom. It was protected by a massive
fortification and coins were minted here. It became the first city in
Central Europe where mining law was codified.
Mining attracted settlers from Bavaria, Saxony and other Germanspeaking
regions to the city. Gradually a large German-speaking
community was established here.[5]
Sasko 1 tolar, 1765
Freiberg Mining Academy /Frederick Augustus III/
Vzácná knižní miniatura s motivem těžby a zpracování
stříbra v Kutné Hoře. Dílo vytvořil koncem 90. let 15. století
malíř z okruhu přední pražské iluminátorské dílny tohoto
období a byla původně úvodním listem dnes již neznámé
velké chorální knihy, z níž byla vyříznuta.
1848, Kalifornie – zlatá horečka
The California Gold Rush (1848–1855) was a gold rush that began on January
24, 1848. The news of gold brought approximately 300,000 people to California
from the rest of the United States and abroad. In 1848, San Francisco was a
town of 1,000 people, mostly Mexican American and white merchants. By 1849,
the first year of the California Gold Rush, the city boomed to 25,000 people from
the eastern United States, Europe, Asia, Africa, and South America.
The importance of San Francisco was validated when it was decided that the
first transcontinental railroad, a train line that connected the east coast and the
west coast of the United States, would have its western terminus in the growing
city.
California goldfields (red) in the Sierra
Nevada and northern California
První zmínka v novinách o
nálezu zlata v Kalifornii
Percentage of Men Ages 20-40
from Last Residence Who Were in
California in 1850
The transcontinental railroad began it's construction in 1862 and the
Pacific Railroad officially opened in 1869. The opening of this railroad
made the West even more accessible than before. This sparked a
new era in US history, as more and more immigrants came from
foreign countries. Instead of the journey to California taking several
months, it could now take several weeks.
1896, Aljaška – au-horečka
The Klondike Gold Rush was a migration by an estimated 100,000 prospectors to
the Klondike region of Yukon, in north-western Canada, between 1896 and
1899. Gold was discovered there by local miners on August 16, 1896; when news
reached Seattle and San Francisco the following year, it triggered a stampede
of prospectors. Some became wealthy, but the majority went in vain.
To accommodate the prospectors, boom towns sprang up
along the routes. At their terminus, Dawson City was founded at
the confluence of the Klondike and Yukon rivers. From a
population of 500 in 1896, the town grew to house
approximately 30,000 people by summer 1898.
Chilkoot Pass (el. 1067 m./3057 ft.)
The largest gold nugget
ever found in Alaska is
named the Alaska
Centennial Nugget. It
weighs a whopping 294.10
troy ounces (9.14 Kilograms,
20.16 pound), and was
found near the town of
Ruby, Alaska in 1998.
Impacts on indigenous and tribal
people
Waanyi traditional owner Henry Aplin at the old
Century zinc open-cut mine in NW Queensland.
Picture: Brian Cassey
Northern Territory, 1982. Aboriginal
communities continue to be impacted by
mining across Australia, including the
Ranger Uranium Mine. National Archives of
Australia, A6135, K2/3/82/93
Aboriginal communities remain at a disproportionate risk because
large uranium deposits exist in lands deemed sacred and
significant, while the testing and dumping of nuclear material is
rarely undertaken in areas inhabited by settlers.
The federal government’s ambivalence toward these impacts has
most recently culminated in their decision to give Cameco the goahead
for the Yeelirrle uranium mine, a blow to the traditional
owners of Tjiwarl country.
Ložiska uranu
Jižní Amerika
With 9.6m hectares (23.7m acres) of wild forest – an
area bigger than Portugal – Yanomami is Brazil’s
largest reserve. A fifth of its indigenous population
died from diseases after 40,000 garimpeiros flooded
the reserve in the 1980s, according to Survival
International. The miners were expelled and the area
declared a reserve in 1992… But the current
garimpeiro invasion worsened after Bolsonaro took
office. But garimpeiros bring malaria, prostitution and
violence, indigenous leaders argue, while scientists
say the mercury the miners use to separate gold
particles from mud and silt enters rivers and the food
chain. Their pits and barges upset ecosystems, scare
away wildlife, and fill rivers with mud that distorts fish
behaviour and breeding……
Yanomami children, suffering from a
lack of government healthcare and
often underfed, suffer high rates of
disease. Image by Fiona Watson /
Survival International.
Base Map. Deforestation hotspots across
the Amazon in 2021 (as of September 18).
Data: UMD/GLAD, ACA/MAAP.
Využívání planetárních zdrojů
globalizace
migrace
Predátorská
kultura
Průmyslové
revoluce
Základ prosperity,
rozvoje
Pozitivní
dopady a rizika
Hledání zdrojů,
alternativy
O’Neill, Daniel & Fanning, Andrew & Lamb, William & Steinberger,
Julia. (2018). A good life for all within planetary boundaries.
Nature Sustainability. 1. 10.1038/s41893-018-0021-4.