For Gilpin & Soulé (1986):


(1) How do determinstic extinctions occur?  How do stochastic extinctions occur?

(2) How do the R, D, F and A Vortices function?  How can they be avoided?

(3) Critique the arguments presented by the authors.  Do you think the science and assumptions

            underlying them are usually valid?


                                        For Menges (1986):

(4) Describe a projection matrix.  How is the data used in them generated?

(5) How do deterministic vs. stochastic projection models differ?

(6) Based on projection matrix studies, critique the likely importance of the above 4 extinction
vortices.


                                         For  Wiens (1989)

(7) Define grain and extent.  What would these represent within a conservation perspective?

(8) Provide examples of an ecological pattern that is scale dependent.  For instance, which is

            negative at a small observation scale, but positive at a larger one.  And the opposite.

(9) What is mean by closed/open and equilibrium/nonequilibrium systems?  How does scale impact

            these states?

                                    For  Palmer & White (1994)

(10) In the Species-Area Relationship the number of species is simply plotted vs area sampled.
Based

            on scaling theory, how could this make fair comparisons difficult or impossible between

            different observational designs or systems?

(11) For a given total area sampled, what is the impact of grain size on richness?  Why does this
exist?

(12) How does the impact of extent differ across different grain sizes?  Why does this exist?