E12.3 Employment by economic activity Agriculture3 Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bangladesh Belarus Belgium Benin Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Central African Republic Chad Chile China Hong Kong, China Colombia Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Costa Rica Côte d'lvoire Croatia Cuba Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt, Arab Rep. El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Finland France Gabon Gambia, The Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Haiti Male % of male employment 1990-92b 2000-02b 63 18 65 0C 1 5 37 53 3 62 3 9 31 91 74 77 24 1 2 58 33 32 54 24 9 26 10 35 48 77 23 12 2 46 74 22 24 0C 33 5 21 10 27 34 10 7 2 53 3 15 50 Female % of female employment 1990-92b 2000-02b 85 83 78 2 65 1 16 25 94 83 3 87 91 0C 1 81 69 5 72 3 2 52 15 85 13 1 59 92 4 59 26 92 96 43 77 3 2 2 4 39 4 53 2 Industry3 Male % of male employment 1990-92b 2000-02b 10 38 14 40 32 38 12 42 54 27 2 12 31 6 7 32 37 35 20 23 27 12 36 55 23 29 25 23 8 42 39 40 21 12 51 10 32 3 3 30 30 43 14 11 26 27 33 27 19 50 36 26 30 25 25 42 40 34 12 44 30 18 Female % of female employment 1990-92b 2000-02b 13 7 2 18 12 Services3 13 4 17 37 10 2 3 11 0 1 15 27 25 5 4 25 21 33 21 17 10 23 2 30 15 17 10 2 24 10 17 1 1 12 10 14 7 9 14 10 10 17 28 14 17 16 7 22 23 14 13 12 23 Male % of male employment 1990-92b 2000-02b 28 45 21 59 69 62 64 52 49 26 30 57 27 55 37 43 7 26 63 20 16 45 63 63 23 44 41 34 41 36 52 62 41 29 16 36 49 58 33 14 45 23 48 15 19 51 49 64 73 48 44 59 53 60 48 42 48 53 64 35 52 56 27 Female % of female employment 1990-92b 2000-02b 36 13 81 85 84 30 82 48 65 5 73 74 14 27 71 61 76 81 37 63 13 57 78 83 32 72 32 56 7 3 87 87 80 50 12 67 74 87 90 76 85 81 79 54 74 73 41 80 70 56 56 I 2005 World Development Indicators Employment by economic activity 2.3 O "D Agriculture3 Honduras Hungary India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea, Dem. Rep. Korea, Rep. Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lao PDR Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Lithuania Macedonia, FYR Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Male % of male employment 1990-92b 2000-02b 53 15 9 12 19 5 19 35 14 1 76 25 6 29 65 7 11 3 20 4 12 Female % of female employment 1990-92b 2000-02b Industry3 39 3 2 9 16 7 20 42 18 1 81 14 10 59 84 28 23 21 20 83 89 49 63 17 11 33 24 52 10 4 3 70 96 14 Male % of male employment 1990-92b 2000-02b 18 42 42 19 33 38 38 25 40 23 38 40 32 7 37 34 41 9 27 31 2 16 32 25 33 15 39 34 39 37 34 34 28 18 31 32 Female % of female employment 1990-92b 2000-02b 25 29 26 9 18 15 22 12 27 9 23 28 2 5 26 22 5 1 5 32 2 4 64 18 46 1 13 14 12 20 21 21 29 22 10 9 12 Services3 Male % of male employment 1990-92b 2000-02b 29 44 49 48 57 54 39 54 58 27 46 67 17 38 60 30 26 46 15 35 48 43 63 15 56 50 62 55 57 45 45 48 31 64 56 Female % of female employment 1990-92b 2000-02b 52 78 83 70 72 65 71 35 54 98 14 59 68 36 16 48 9 34 24 72 51 3 80 83 73 67 57 72 40 82 8 6 3 2 35 33 10 9 57 58 86 88 48 19 23 35 30 46 45 44 69 73 20 20 15 9 35 36 16 18 35 29 3 6 20 20 11 10 45 51 85 85 72 89 9 3 19 8 3 39 0C 20 33 21 19 10 64 40 80 69 1 11 0C 6 30 24 13 10 69 65 87 84 53 45 32 25 17 18 14 12 29 37 55 63 19 19 40 18 40 63 11 12 13 14 40 44 24 23 49 44 63 63 5 3 0C 0C 27 27 19 14 67 69 80 86 2005 World Development Indicators I 57 E12.3 Employment by economic activity Agriculture3 Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia and Montenegro Sierra Leone Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia Somalia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela, RB Vietnam West Bank and Gaza Yemen, Rep. Zambia Zimbabwe Male % of male employment 1990-92b 2000-02b 29 20 70 60 1 40 10 64 78 60 50 91 9 1 4 7 20 50 22 9 2 3 Female % of female employment 1990-92b 2000-02b Industry3 Male % of male employment 1990-92b 2000-02b Female % of female employment 1990-92b 2000-02b Services3 Male % of male employment 1990-92b 2000-02b Female % of female employment 1990-92b 2000-02b 38 98 12 81 0C 87 84 90 62 65 91 45 0C 4 10 44 21 10 22 36 30 31 48 46 30 1 6 4 4 32 22 18 26 29 10 28 59 20 18 63 21 26 83 32 43 22 13 28 12 52 37 29 19 30 44 43 1 40 36 12 11 55 61 3 39 7 36 16 1 13 56 15 59 8 18 20 13 17 22 30 12 7 22 34 14 51 57 33 2 82 11 25 29 80 82 50 7 14 33 81 71 61 35 17 39 22 33 55 0 0C 30 36 3 14 61 55 97 86 1 1 34 36 15 11 45 62 75 88 1 1 33 32 14 12 62 65 85 87 1 2 36 32 21 14 57 62 78 85 Low income Middle income Lower middle income Upper middle income Low & middle income East Asia & Pacific Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Carib. Middle East» N.Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa High income Europe EMU 22 23 23 13 39 32 29 27 32 22 15 19 19 46 48 50 70 71 41 73 a. Data may not add up to 100 because of the workers not classified by sectors, b. Data a re for the most recent yea r ava 3 38 35 19 15 55 60 76 82 4 43 40 20 16 51 55 74 80 ata a re for the most recentyearavailable. c. Less than 0.5. 58 I 2005 World Development Indicators Employment by economic activity 2.3 o "a About the data The International Labour Organization (ILO) classifies economic activity on the basis of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) of All Economic Activities. Because this classification is based on where work is performed (industry) rather than on what type of work is performed (occupation), all of an enterprise's employees are classified under the same industry, regardless of their trade or occupation. The categories should add up to 100 percent. Where they do not, the differences arise because of workers who cannot be classified by economic activity. Data on employment are drawn from labor force surveys, household surveys, establishment censuses and surveys, administrative records of social insurance schemes, and official national estimates. The concept of employment generally refers to people above a certain age who worked, or who held a job, during a reference period. Employment data include both full-time and part-time workers. There are, however, many differences in how countries define and measure employment status, particularly for students, part-time workers, members of the armed forces, and household or contributing family workers. Where the armed forces are included, they are allocated to the service sector, causing that sector to be somewhat overstated relative to the service sector in economies where they are excluded. Where data are obtained from establishment surveys, they cover only employees; thus self-employed and contributing family workers are excluded. In such cases the employment share of the agricultural sector is severely underreported. Countries also take very different approaches to the treatment of unemployed people. In most countries unemployed people with previous job experience are classified according to their last job. But in some countries the unemployed and people seeking their first job are not classifiable by economic activity. Because of these differences, the size and distribution of employment by economic activity may not be fully comparable across countries. The ILO's Yearbook of Labour Statistics and its database Key Indicators of the Labour Market report data by major divisions of the ISIC revision 2 or ISIC revision 3. In this table the reported divisions or categories are aggregated into three broad groups: agriculture, industry, and services. Classification into such broad groups may obscure fundamental shifts within countries' industrial patterns. Most economies report economic activity according to the ISIC revision 2, although a group of economies moved to ISIC revision 3. The use of one classification or another should not have a significant impact on the information for the three broad sectors presented in this table. The distribution of economic wealth within the world remains strongly correlated with employment by economic activity. The wealthier economies are those with the largest share of total employment in services, whereas the poorer economies are largely agriculture-based. The distribution of economic activity by gender reveals some interesting patterns. Industry accounts for a larger share of male employment than female employment worldwide, whereas a higher proportion of women work in the services sector. Employment in agriculture is also male-dominated, although not as much as industry. Segregating one sex in a narrow range of occupations significantly reduces economic efficiency by reducing labor market flexibility and thus the economy's ability to adapt to change. This segregation is particularly harmful for women, who have a much narrower range of labor market choices and lower levels of pay than men. But it is also detrimental to men when job losses are concentrated in industries dominated by men andjobgrowth is centered in service occupations, where women often dominate, as has been the recent experience in many countries. There are several explanations for the rising importance of service jobs for women. Many service jobs—such as nursing and social and clerical work— are considered "feminine" because of a perceived similarity to women's traditional roles. Women often do not receive the training needed to take advantage of changing employment opportunities. And the greater availability of part-time work in service industries may lure more women, although it is not clear whether this is a cause or an effect. •Agriculture corresponds to division 1 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories A and B (ISIC revision 3) and includes hunting, forestry, and fishing. * Industry corresponds to divisions 2-5 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories C-F (ISIC revision 3) and includes mining and quarrying (including oil production), manufacturing, construction, and public utilities (electricity, gas, and water). * Services correspond to divisions 6-9 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories G-P (ISIC revision 3) and include wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and hotels; transport, storage, and communications; financing, insurance, real estate, and business services; and community, social, and personal services. Data sources The employment data are from the ILO database Key Indicators of the Labour Market, third edition. 2005 World Development Indicators 59