2005 World Development Indicators56 2.3 Employment by economic activity Agriculturea Industrya Servicesa Male % of male employment Female % of female employment Male % of male employment Female % of female employment Male % of male employment Female % of female employment 1990­92b 2000­02b 1990­92b 2000­02b 1990­92b 2000­02b 1990­92b 2000­02b 1990­92b 2000­02b 1990­92b 2000­02b Afghanistan 63 .. 85 .. 10 .. 13 .. 28 .. 3 .. Albania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 18 .. 57 .. 38 .. 7 .. 45 .. 36 .. Angola 65 .. 86 .. 14 .. 2 .. 21 .. 13 .. Argentina 0c 1 0c 0c 40 30 18 12 59 69 81 87 Armenia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Australia 6 6 4 3 32 30 12 10 62 64 85 87 Austria .. 5 .. 6 .. 43 .. 14 .. 52 .. 80 Azerbaijan .. 37 .. 43 .. 14 .. 7 .. 49 .. 50 Bangladesh 54 53 85 77 16 11 9 9 26 30 2 12 Belarus .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Belgium 3 .. 2 .. 38 .. 13 .. 57 .. 84 .. Benin 62 .. 65 .. 12 .. 4 .. 27 .. 30 .. Bolivia 3 6 1 3 42 39 17 14 55 55 82 82 Bosnia and Herzegovina 9 .. 16 .. 54 .. 37 .. 37 .. 48 .. Botswana .. 22 .. 17 .. 26 .. 14 .. 51 .. 67 Brazil 31 24 25 16 27 27 10 10 43 49 65 74 Bulgaria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso 91 .. 94 .. 2 .. 2 .. 7 .. 5 .. Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cambodia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon 62 .. 83 .. 12 .. 3 .. 26 .. 14 .. Canada 6 4 3 2 31 33 11 11 63 64 86 87 Central African Republic 74 .. 87 .. 6 .. 0 .. 20 .. 13 .. Chad 77 .. 91 .. 7 .. 1 .. 16 .. 8 .. Chile 24 18 6 5 32 29 15 13 45 53 79 83 China .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Hong Kong, China 1 0c 0c 0c 37 27 27 10 63 73 73 90 Colombia 2 33 1 7 35 19 25 17 63 48 74 76 Congo, Dem. Rep. 58 .. 81 .. 20 .. 5 .. 23 .. 14 .. Congo, Rep. 33 .. 69 .. 23 .. 4 .. 44 .. 27 .. Costa Rica 32 22 5 4 27 27 25 15 41 51 69 80 Côte ďIvoire 54 .. 72 .. 12 .. 6 .. 34 .. 22 .. Croatia .. 16 .. 15 .. 37 .. 21 .. 47 .. 63 Cuba 24 .. 8 .. 36 .. 21 .. 41 .. 71 .. Czech Republic 9 6 7 3 55 50 33 28 36 44 61 68 Denmark .. 5 .. 2 .. 36 .. 14 .. 59 .. 85 Dominican Republic 26 21 3 2 23 26 21 17 52 53 76 81 Ecuador 10 10 2 4 29 30 17 16 62 60 81 79 Egypt, Arab Rep. 35 27 52 39 25 25 10 7 41 48 37 54 El Salvador 48 34 15 4 23 25 23 22 29 42 63 74 Eritrea 77 .. 85 .. 8 .. 2 .. 16 .. 13 .. Estonia 23 10 13 4 42 42 30 23 36 48 57 73 Ethiopia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Finland 12 7 6 4 39 40 15 14 49 53 78 82 France 2 2 1 1 40 34 17 13 58 64 83 86 Gabon 46 .. 59 .. 21 .. 10 .. 33 .. 32 .. Gambia, The 74 .. 92 .. 12 .. 2 .. 14 .. 6 .. Georgia .. 53 .. 53 .. 12 .. 6 .. 35 .. 41 Germany 4 3 4 2 51 44 24 18 45 52 72 80 Ghana 66 .. 59 .. 10 .. 10 .. 23 .. 32 .. Greece 20 15 26 18 32 30 17 12 48 56 56 70 Guatemala .. 50 .. 18 .. 18 .. 23 .. 27 .. 56 Guinea 83 .. 92 .. 3 .. 1 .. 15 .. 7 .. Guinea-Bissau 78 .. 96 .. 3 .. 1 .. 19 .. 3 .. Haiti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2005 World Development Indicators 57 PEOPLE Employment by economic activity 2.3Agriculturea Industrya Servicesa Male % of male employment Female % of female employment Male % of male employment Female % of female employment Male % of male employment Female % of female employment 1990­92b 2000­02b 1990­92b 2000­02b 1990­92b 2000­02b 1990­92b 2000­02b 1990­92b 2000­02b 1990­92b 2000­02b Honduras 53 .. 6 .. 18 .. 25 .. 29 .. 69 .. Hungary 15 9 8 4 42 42 29 26 44 49 64 71 India .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Indonesia 54 .. 57 .. 15 .. 13 .. 31 .. 31 .. Iran, Islamic Rep. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Iraq 12 .. 39 .. 19 .. 9 .. 69 .. 52 .. Ireland 19 11 3 2 33 39 18 14 48 50 78 83 Israel 5 3 2 1 38 34 15 12 57 62 83 86 Italy 8 6 9 5 38 39 22 20 54 55 70 75 Jamaica 36 .. 16 .. 25 .. 12 .. 39 .. 72 .. Japan 6 5 7 5 40 37 27 21 54 57 65 73 Jordan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kazakhstan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 19 .. 20 .. 23 .. 9 .. 58 .. 71 .. Korea, Dem. Rep. 35 .. 42 .. 38 .. 23 .. 27 .. 35 .. Korea, Rep. 14 9 18 12 40 34 28 19 46 57 54 70 Kuwait 1 .. 1 .. 32 .. 2 .. 67 .. 98 .. Kyrgyz Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Lao PDR 76 .. 81 .. 7 .. 5 .. 17 .. 14 .. Latvia 25 18 14 12 37 35 26 16 38 47 59 72 Lebanon 6 .. 10 .. 34 .. 22 .. 60 .. 68 .. Lesotho 29 .. 59 .. 41 .. 5 .. 30 .. 36 .. Liberia 65 .. 84 .. 9 .. 1 .. 26 .. 16 .. Libya 7 .. 28 .. 27 .. 5 .. 66 .. 68 .. Lithuania .. 20 .. 12 .. 34 .. 21 .. 45 .. 67 Macedonia, FYR .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 70 .. 88 .. 10 .. 3 .. 20 .. 9 .. Malawi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Malaysia 23 21 20 14 31 34 32 29 46 45 48 57 Mali 83 .. 89 .. 2 .. 2 .. 15 .. 9 .. Mauritania 49 .. 63 .. 16 .. 4 .. 35 .. 34 .. Mauritius 17 .. 11 .. 32 .. 64 .. 48 .. 24 .. Mexico 33 24 10 6 25 28 18 22 43 48 72 72 Moldova .. 52 .. 50 .. 18 .. 10 .. 31 .. 40 Mongolia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 4 .. 3 .. 33 .. 46 .. 63 .. 51 .. Mozambique 70 .. 96 .. 15 .. 1 .. 15 .. 3 .. Myanmar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia 46 33 67 29 21 17 12 7 33 49 21 63 Nepal .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Netherlands .. 4 .. 2 .. 31 .. 9 .. 64 .. 86 New Zealand 13 12 8 6 31 32 13 12 56 56 80 82 Nicaragua .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Norway 8 6 3 2 35 33 10 9 57 58 86 88 Oman 48 .. 19 .. 23 .. 35 .. 30 .. 46 .. Pakistan 45 44 69 73 20 20 15 9 35 36 16 18 Panama 35 29 3 6 20 20 11 10 45 51 85 85 Papua New Guinea 72 .. 89 .. 9 .. 3 .. 19 .. 8 .. Paraguay 3 39 0c 20 33 21 19 10 64 40 80 69 Peru 1 11 0c 6 30 24 13 10 69 65 87 84 Philippines 53 45 32 25 17 18 14 12 29 37 55 63 Poland .. 19 .. 19 .. 40 .. 18 .. 40 .. 63 Portugal 11 12 13 14 40 44 24 23 49 44 63 63 Puerto Rico 5 3 0c 0c 27 27 19 14 67 69 80 86 2005 World Development Indicators58 Employment by economic activity2.3 Agriculturea Industrya Servicesa Male % of male employment Female % of female employment Male % of male employment Female % of female employment Male % of male employment Female % of female employment 1990­92b 2000­02b 1990­92b 2000­02b 1990­92b 2000­02b 1990­92b 2000­02b 1990­92b 2000­02b 1990­92b 2000­02b Romania 29 40 38 45 44 30 30 22 28 30 33 33 Russian Federation .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda 86 .. 98 .. 6 .. 1 .. 8 .. 2 .. Saudi Arabia 20 .. 12 .. 21 .. 6 .. 59 .. 82 .. Senegal 70 .. 86 .. 10 .. 4 .. 20 .. 11 .. Serbia and Montenegro .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone 60 .. 81 .. 22 .. 4 .. 18 .. 16 .. Singapore 1 0c 0c 0c 36 31 32 18 63 69 68 81 Slovak Republic .. 8 .. 4 .. 48 .. 26 .. 44 .. 71 Slovenia .. 10 .. 10 .. 46 .. 29 .. 43 .. 61 Somalia 66 .. 87 .. 13 .. 2 .. 21 .. 11 .. South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Spain 11 8 8 5 41 42 16 15 48 51 76 81 Sri Lanka .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sudan 64 .. 84 .. 10 .. 5 .. 26 .. 11 .. Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sweden 5 3 2 1 40 36 12 11 55 61 86 88 Switzerland 5 5 4 3 39 36 16 13 56 59 80 84 Syrian Arab Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tajikistan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania 78 .. 90 .. 7 .. 1 .. 15 .. 8 .. Thailand 60 50 62 48 18 20 13 17 22 30 25 35 Togo 66 .. 65 .. 12 .. 7 .. 22 .. 29 .. Trinidad and Tobago 15 .. 6 .. 34 .. 14 .. 51 .. 80 .. Tunisia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Turkey 33 24 72 56 26 28 11 15 41 48 17 29 Turkmenistan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Uganda 91 .. 91 .. 4 .. 6 .. 5 .. 3 .. Ukraine .. 22 .. 17 .. 39 .. 22 .. 33 .. 55 United Arab Emirates 9 9 0 0c 30 36 3 14 61 55 97 86 United Kingdom 1 2 1 1 34 36 15 11 45 62 75 88 United States 4 3 1 1 33 32 14 12 62 65 85 87 Uruguay 7 6 1 2 36 32 21 14 57 62 78 85 Uzbekistan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Venezuela, RB 17 15 2 2 32 28 16 12 52 57 82 86 Vietnam .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. West Bank and Gaza 20 9 20 26 43 32 30 11 37 58 50 62 Yemen, Rep. 50 .. 88 .. 22 .. 6 .. 29 .. 7 .. Zambia 68 .. 83 .. 13 .. 3 .. 19 .. 14 .. Zimbabwe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. World .. w .. w .. w .. w .. w .. w .. w .. w .. w .. w .. w .. w Low income .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Middle income .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Lower middle income .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Upper middle income 22 17 8 8 32 32 22 19 46 51 70 73 Low & middle income .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. East Asia & Pacific .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Europe & Central Asia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Latin America & Carib. 23 21 13 9 29 27 15 14 48 52 71 76 Middle East & N. Africa 23 .. 39 .. 27 .. 19 .. 50 .. 41 .. South Asia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sub-Saharan Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. High income 6 4 4 3 38 35 19 15 55 60 76 82 Europe EMU 7 5 6 4 43 40 20 16 51 55 74 80 a. Data may not add up to 100 because of the workers not classified by sectors. b. Data are for the most recent year available. c. Less than 0.5. 2005 World Development Indicators 59 PEOPLE About the data Definitions 2.3Employment by economic activity The International Labour Organization (ILO) classifies economic activity on the basis of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) of All Economic Activities. Because this classification is based on where work is performed (industry) rather than on what type of work is performed (occupation), all of an enterprise's employees are classified under the same industry, regardless of their trade or occupation. The categories should add up to 100 percent. Where they do not, the differences arise because of workers who cannot be classified by economic activity. Data on employment are drawn from labor force surveys, household surveys, establishment censuses and surveys, administrative records of social insurance schemes, and official national estimates. The concept of employment generally refers to people above a certain age who worked, or who held a job, during a reference period. Employment data include both full-time and part-time workers. There are, however, many differences in how countries define and measure employment status, particularly for students, part-time workers, members of the armed forces, and household or contributing family workers. Where the armed forces are included, they are allocated to the service sector, causing that sector to be somewhat overstated relative to the service sector in economies where they are excluded. Where data are obtained from establishment surveys, they cover only employees; thus self-employed and contributing family workers are excluded. In such cases the employment share of the agricultural sector is severely underreported. Countries also take very different approaches to the treatment of unemployed people. In most countries unemployed people with previous job experience are classified according to their last job. But in some countries the unemployed and people seeking their first job are not classifiable by economic activity. Because of these differences, the size and distribution of employment by economic activity may not be fully comparable across countries. The ILO's Yearbook of Labour Statistics and its database Key Indicators of the Labour Market report data by major divisions of the ISIC revision 2 or ISIC revision 3. In this table the reported divisions or categories are aggregated into three broad groups: agriculture, industry, and services. Classification into such broad groups may obscure fundamental shifts within countries' industrial patterns. Most economies report economic activity according to the ISIC revision 2, although a group of economies moved to ISIC revision 3. The use of one classification or another should not have a significant impact on the information for the three broad sectors presented in this table. The distribution of economic wealth within the world remains strongly correlated with employment by economic activity. The wealthier economies are those with the largest share of total employment in services, whereas the poorer economies are largely agriculture-based. The distribution of economic activity by gender reveals some interesting patterns. Industry accounts for a larger share of male employment than female employment worldwide, whereas a higher proportion of women work in the services sector. Employment in agriculture is also male-dominated, although not as much as industry. Segregating one sex in a narrow range of occupations significantly reduces economic efficiency by reducing labor market flexibility and thus the economy's ability to adapt to change. This segregation is particularly harmful for women, who have a much narrower range of labor market choices and lower levels of pay than men. But it is also detrimental to men when job losses are concentrated in industries dominated by men and job growth is centered in service occupations, where women often dominate, as has been the recent experience in many countries. There are several explanations for the rising importance of service jobs for women. Many service jobs--such as nursing and social and clerical work-- are considered "feminine" because of a perceived similarity to women's traditional roles. Women often do not receive the training needed to take advantage of changing employment opportunities. And the greater availability of part-time work in service industries may lure more women, although it is not clear whether this is a cause or an effect. * Agriculture corresponds to division 1 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories A and B (ISIC revision 3) and includes hunting, forestry, and fishing. ˇ Industry corresponds to divisions 2­5 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories C­F (ISIC revision 3) and includes mining and quarrying (including oil production), manufacturing, construction, and public utilities (electricity, gas, and water). ˇ Services correspond to divisions 6­9 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories G­P (ISIC revision 3) and include wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and hotels; transport, storage, and communications; financing, insurance, real estate, and business services; and community, social, and personal services. Data sources The employment data are from the ILO database Key Indicators of the Labour Market, third edition.