Materials in human history Historical perspective: New materials bring advancement to societies Stone age Bronze age Iron age Silicon age Materials in human history 50 000 B.C. 24 000 B.C. 3 500 B.C. 3 200 B.C. 1 600 B.C. 1 300 B.C. 1 000 B.C. 105 B.C. 590 A.D. Iron oxide pigments Lascaux, Altamira Ceramics - fat, bone ash, clay Cu metallurgy Glass, Egypt and Mesopotamia Bronze Iron metallurgy, Hittites Steel Glass production, Greece, Syria Paper, China Gun powder, China Porcelain, China Fig. ii,—Egvptian Goldsmiths Washing, Melting and Weighing Gold, Beni Hasan, 1900 b.c. Fig. 12.—Egyptians Making Pottery, with Furnace. Benti Hasan, 1900 b.c. Development of materials in human history 10QOOBC LÜ Z <ť J-CC o G_ > < LU q: 5OOO0C wood SKtH& FIBRES COMPOSJTES STRAW-BflEX PAPER S TOM E FUN T POTTERY GLASS CEMEUT CERAMICS [GLASSES h REFRACTORIES PORTI, AN P CEMENT MŕA f b FUSEO SILICA CERMETS CERAMIC COMPOSITES. POMES ^^tOMPQStTEr PMMA ACRVLCS^^ťEUfcR-FRP, PC PS PP ^^^TťftP pTW CERAMICS, ------1 GL ASSES I0UŮH EMOIMEERIMG laOĎDBC —(------ soooac T 0 -1--------1----- woo tsw 1600 19W «to CERAMICS CERAMICS (ÄfrOj.SijNt, PSZ 500 Á) Micropatterns Nanostructures - spheres, hollow spheres, rods, wires, tubes, photonic crystals Self-assembly - supramolecular chemistry: rotaxenes, catenanes, cavitands, carcerands Direct reactions of solids - „heat-and-beat" Precursor methods Chimie douce, soft-chemistry methods, synthesis of novel metastable materials, such as open framework phases Ion-exchange methods, solution, melt Intercalation: chemical, electrochemical, pressure, exfoliation-reassembly Crystallization techniques, solutions, melts, glasses, gels, hydrothermal, molten salt, high P/T Vapor phase transport, synthesis, purification, crystal growth, doping Electrochemical synthesis, redox preparations, anodic oxidation, oxidative polymerization Preparation of thin films and superlattices, chemical, electrochemical, physical, self-assembling mono- and multilayers Growth of single crystals, vapor, liquid, solid phase chemical, electrochemical High pressure methods, hydrothermal, diamond anvils Combinatorial materials chemistry, creation and rapid evaluation of gigantic libraries of related materials Hexagonal a modification modification Strong covalent bond (4.9 eV) Hardness (a-monocrystal, Vickers 21 GPa) Tensile Strength 1.5 GPa (ß-whisker) Young modulus 350 GPa Decomposition temp. 1840 °C/1 atmN2 Density 3.2 g cm-3 iN. Ceramics Microstructure of materials X50000 t*6S20_Ll 500nm i------------------------- HPI/ALD/REM LA 3 .OOKU Zmm D5M 982 GEMINI Microstructure vs. material properties Sliding of grains Sliding of grains slowed down improved mechanical properties tensile stress SUN, SiC inklu tens.str. SiC inclusion