6. PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS Useful website: www.webelements.com 1. Speaking. Discuss these questions in pairs. Take notes. a) What is the periodic table of the elements? Try to define it. b) How are the elements organized in the periodic table – according to what principle? c) Who organized the periodic table? Where was he from? d) Do you know how many elements are known today? e) What is the difference between an element (e.g. H) and a compound (e.g. H[2]SO[4])? f) What types and groups of elements do you know? g) Do you know any names of elements? What do you know about them? h) What information can you find in the periodic table? 2. Listening. Listen to the song of the elements by Tom Lehrer and fill in the gaps.^1 ^ ^ There’s antimony, arsenic, aluminum, selenium, And hydrogen and and nitrogen and rhenium. And nickel, neodymium, neptunium, germanium, And , americium, ruthenium, uranium, Europium, zirconium, lutetium, vanadium, And lanthanum and osmium and astatine and _____________ . And gold, protactinium and indium and gallium, And and thorium and thulium and thallium. There’s holmium and helium and hafnium and erbium, And and francium and fluorine and terbium. And manganese and mercury, molybdenum,_____________________ Dysprosium and scandium and cerium and cesium, And lead, praseodymium, and platinum, plutonium, Palladium, promethium, , polonium, Tantalum, technetium, titanium, tellurium, And cadmium and and chromium and curium. There’s yttrium, ytterbium, actinium, . And boron, gadolinium, niobium, iridium. And strontium and and silver and samarium, And bismuth, bromine, lithium, beryllium and barium. There’s sulfur, californium and fermium, berkelium, And also mendelevium, einsteinium and nobelium. And argon, , neon, radon, xenon, zinc and rhodium, And chlorine, carbon, cobalt, copper, Tungsten, tin and . These are the only ones of which the news has come to Harvard, And there may be many others but they haven’t been discovered. Now look at the at the periodic table with pronounciation. Read aloud the names of elements. Mind your pronounciation. 3. Find the following chemical elements, there are 15 of them. If you cross all of them, the remaining letters, if read from left to right, form a word. Which word is it? C A R B O N I T E A L U M I N I U M L E B S L E M M E C K I N O E N N T I C D R R D A E L U I I C O Z I N C M N U R A N I U M S R M O S M I U M Y T T E R B I U M /´æl yə’mɪn i əm/ /’ɒz mi əm/ /’mɜr kyə ri/ /’kæl si əm/ /ru’bɪd i əm/ /’ni ɒn/ /’kɑr bən/ /’soʊ di əm/ /ɪ’tɜr bi əm/ /’aɪ ərn/ /tɪn/ /’nɪk əl/ /lɛd/ /yʊ’reɪ ni əm/ /zɪŋk/ 4. Speaking. Work in small groups. Try to answer these questions: a) Which element makes more then 90 % of the universe? b) What is the lightest element? c) What elements are present in the air? Do you know the percentages? d) Which element is used as rocket fuel and as alternative fuel for cars? e) What elements are present in the human body? f) Which elements are important for our good health? What are they good for? g) What forms of carbon do you know? What are their uses? h) What is an isotope? Do you know any isotopes? Which ones? i) Do you know any alloys (combinations of metals)? Which ones? What metals are they made of? j) Which elements can be dangerous? How are they dangerous? 5. What do you know about arsenic? Listening / Watching. ARSENIC. Watch the video and note down the uses of arsenic.^2 Vocabulary: sample (n) - vzorek dispose of (v+prep) – zbavit se mould (n) – plíseň feed livestock (v) – krmit dobytek volatile (adj) – těkavý powder (n) – prášek common (adj) – běžný poisonous (adj) - jedovatý Uses of arsenic: Reading: ARSENIC ^ 6. Vocabulary: Do you know these words from previous lessons? element (n), metal (n), non-metal (n), steel (n), brittle (adj.), crystalline (adj.), condense (v), sublime (v), solid (adj.), gaseous (adj.), liquid (adj.), mass (n) New vocabulary: compound (n) – sloučenina amount (n) - množství symbol (n) – značka molecular structure (adj+n) – molekulární struktura atomic number (adj+n) – protonové číslo stable isotope (adj) – stabilní izotop half-life (n) – poločas rozpadu cause (v) - způsobit environment (n) – životní prostředí combines with … to form (v) reaguje s … a vytvoří… occur (v) – vyskytovat se be exposed to/exposure (v/n) být vystaven / vystavení metalloid (n) - polokov treat (v) – ošetřovat alloy (n) - slitina high/low levels (adj+n) –vysoké / nízké hladiny ARSENIC^3 Arsenic is the chemical element that has the symbol As, atomic number 33 and atomic mass 74.92. Arsenic was first documented by Albertus Magnus in 1250. The element is a steel grey, very brittle, crystalline solid.^ Arsenic is a poisonous element that occurs in the earth’s crust. It is metalloid with many allotropic forms, including a yellow (molecular non-metallic) and several black and grey forms (metalloids). Three metalloidal forms of arsenic, each with a different crystal structure, are found free in nature. The most stable of arsenic's isomers is^ 68mAs with a half-life of 111 seconds. In the environment, arsenic is combined with oxygen, chlorine, and sulfur to form inorganic arsenic compounds. Arsenic in animals and plants combines with carbon and hydrogen to form organic arsenic compounds. The most common oxidation states for arsenic are −3 (arsenides: usually alloy-like intermetallic compounds), +3 (arsenates(III) or arsenites, and most organoarsenic compounds), and +5 (arsenates: the most stable inorganic arsenic oxycompounds. Arsenic and its compounds are used as pesticides, herbicides, insecticides and in various alloys. Arsenic is made on an industrial scale by heating appropriate minerals in the absence of air. The arsenic is condensed out as a solid. FeAsS (700°C) → FeS + As(g) → As(s) Upon heating arsenic sublimes (transfers from the solid to the gaseous state, without passing through the liquid state). You may be exposed to arsenic by: Taking in small amounts in food, water or air / Burning smoke from arsenic-treated wood / Living in an area with high levels of arsenic in rock / Working in a job where arsenic is made or used Exposure to arsenic can cause many health problems. Being exposed to low levels for a long time can change the color of your skin. Exposure to high levels of arsenic can cause death. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Table: basic information about and classifications of arsenic. * Name: Arsenic * Symbol: As * Atomic number: 33 * Atomic weight: 74.92160 (2) * Standard state: solid at 298 K * CAS Registry ID: 7440-38-2 * Group in periodic table: 15 * Group name: Pnictogen * Period in periodic table: 4 * Block in periodic table: p-block * Colour: metallic grey * Classification: Semi-metallic (Metalloid) [LINK] Skull and crossbones.svg Structure of yellow arsenic As[4] 7. Complete the table according to the article: Symbol Atomic number Atomic mass Properties Occurence (Where is it found?) Forms Half-life Oxidation states Compounds Uses Production / lab preparation Ways of Exposure Effects of Exposure 8. Now read the text again and complete the second chart with words needed for a description of an element. Nouns Verbs Adjectives symbol occurs crystalline 9. Speaking. Work in pairs. Without looking at the text, try to summarize all the facts that you have learnt about arsenic according to the tables in exercise 7. and 8. 10. Speaking. Work in small groups. Each student should choose 2-3 elements from the periodic table. Try to describe the position in periodic table, properties, occurence, forms, compounds, uses, reactions etc. Use the standard phrases, structures and vocabulary. The other one has to guess which element it is. You can use these phrases: This element combines with …. to form … It is used as / in ... It is made by … 11. HOMEWORK: Comparing^4 2. stupeň (comparative) light → lighter lehký → lehčí Example: How shall we travel? By car or by train? Let´s go by train. It´s cheaper. Don´t go by train. It´s more expensive. a) koncovka –er: jednoslabičná přídavná jména a dvouslabičná přídavná jména končící na –y po souhlásce (light → lighter, y→ier: heavy→heavier) b) pomocí výrazu more:všechna ostatní přídavná jména a také příslovce, která končí na –ly. (abundant → more abundant, heavily → more heavily) c) nepravidelné tvary: good/well→better, bad/badly→worse, far→further (nebo farther) little→less, old → older/elder (elder brother – o členech rodiny) - před druhým stupněm lze použít následující výrazy: far (= a lot), much, a lot, a bit, a little, slightly (= a little); e.g. much heavier – mnohem těžší, slightly lighter – o trochu lehčí * Let´s go by car. It´s much cheaper. (nebo It´s a lot cheaper.) Pojeďme autem. Je to mnohem levnější. 3. stupeň (superlative) the lightest nejlehčí Example: * What is the longest river in the world? * What was the most enjoyable holiday you´ve ever had? a) light → lighter → the lightest, heavy → heavier →the heaviest b) abundant → more abundant → the most abundant c) good → the best, bad → the worst, far → the furthest, little → the least, old → the eldest Po třetím stupni používáme předložku in s místy(města, budovy, atd.): * What is the longest river in the world? S časovým určením se běžně užívá of: * What was the happiest day of your life? V kladných větách a v otázkách používejte konstrukci as.....as (NE so...as): * I´m sorry I´m late. I got here as fast as I could. Omlouvám se, jdu pozdě. Dorazil jsem jak nejrychleji to šlo. * There´s plenty of food. You can have as much as you like. Je tu spousta jídla. Můžete sníst kolik chcete. Také narazíte na konstrukci twice as....as, three times as...as, atd.: * Petrol is twice as expensive as it was a few years ago. Benzin je dvakrát dražší než býval před několika lety. Říkejte the same as (NE the same like): * Ann gets the same salary as me. nebo Ann´s salary is the same as mine. Anna má stejný plat jako já. Than me / than I am.Obvykle se používá: * You are taller than me. (NE than I) * He is not as clever as her (NE as she). Less..... (than) je podobné jako not as ....(as): * I spent less money than you. Utratila jsem méně peněz než vy. Exercises: a) Přečtěte si úvodní věty a dokončete větu další. Použijte tvary s –er nebo more... . 1. Yesterday the temperature was nine degrees. Today it´s only six degrees. It´s colder today than it was yesterday. 2. The journey takes four hours by car and five hours by train. It takes.............................................................................................. ................... 3. Dave and I went for a run. I ran ten kilometres. Dave stopped after eight kilometres. I ran ................................................................................................. 4. Chris and Joe both did badly in the exam. Chris got 20% but Joe only got 15%. Joe did ................................................................................................... ............... b) Jaký je druhý+třetí stupeň těchto slov? 1. small – smaller – the smallest 2. ugly 3. dectrucive 4. unpleasant 5. far c) Použijte slov v závorkách a dokončete věty. Použijte much / a bit + druhý stupeň, popř. than: 1. Her illness was much more serious than we thought at first. (much / serious) 2. This bag is too small. I need something ................................................... (much / big) 3. I´m afraid the problem is ................................................ it seems. (much / complicated) 4. You looked depressed this morning but you look ............................................................ now. (a bit / happy) 5. I enjoyed our visit to the museum. It was ....................................................................... I expected. (far / interesting) d) Dokončete věty, použijte as......as: 1. I´m quite tall but you are taller. I´m not as tall as you. 2. My salary is high but yours is higher. My salary isn´t ..................................................... 3. You know a bit about cars but I know more. You don´t .................................................. 4. It´s still cold but it was colder yesterday. It isn´t ............................................................. e) Vytvořte věty, kde použijete the same as: 1. Sally and Kate are both 22 years old. Sally is the same age as Kate. 2. You and I both have dark brown hair. Your hair ............................................................. 3. I arrived at 10:25 and so did you. I .................................................................................. 4. My birthday is 5 April. Tom´s birthday is 5 April, too. My ............................................ f) Dokončete věty. Použijte than.... nebo as .......: 1. I can´t reach as high as you. You are taller than me. 2. He doesn´t know much. I know more ....................................................................... 3. I don´t work particularly hard. Most people work as hard ....................................... 4. We were very surprised. Nobody was more surprised ............................................. 5. She´s not a very good player. I´m a better player .................................................... The lesson was adapted from Milada Pavlovová. Sources: ^1 Available at http://www.privatehand.com/flash/elements.html , Transcript http://www.edu- cyberpg.com/iec/elementsong.html ^2 Adapted from www.wikipedia.org ^3Available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2AbKwAvyos ^4 Raymond Murphy: English Grammar in Use (A self-study reference and practice book for intermediate students), second edition, Cambridge University Press 1994. Adapted frrom Marie Sabolová.^ Week 6 – Vocabulary – Periodic Table of the Elements (+Words from HW) magnify under a microscope zvětšovat pod mikroskopem transmit radio signals přenášet rádiové signály process vast amounts of data zpracovat velké množství dat convert energy (v+n) přeměnit energii renewable energy sources obnovitelné zdroje energie rotate (v) otáčet se fluid (n) tekutina compounds (n) mixtures (n) sloučeniny a směsi boiling / melting point (adj+n) bod varu / tání point of condensation (n+prep+n) bod kondenzace freezing point (adj+n) bod mrazu evaporate (v) / evaporation (n) vypařovat se / vypařování condense (v) / condensation (n) kondenzovat / kondenzace liquefy (v) / liquefaction (n) zkapalnit / zkapalnění melt (v) / melting (n) tát / tání solidify (v) / solidification (n) tuhnout / tuhnutí sublimate (v) / sublimation (n) sublimovat / sublimace desublimate (v) / desublimation (n) desublimovat / desublimace alkali metals (adj+n) alkalické kovy alkaline earth metals (adj+n) kovy alkalických zemin halogens (n) halogeny chalcogens (n) chalkogeny noble gases (adj+n) vzácné plyny chemical symbol (adj+n) chemická značka atomic number (adj+n) protonové číslo half-life (n) poločas rozpadu relative atomic mass (adj+adj+n) relativní atomová hmotnost poisonous (adj) jedovatý occur (v) vyskytovat se metal (n) / metalloid (n) / non-metal (n) kov / polokov / nekov alloy (n) slitina amount (n) množství molecular structure (adj+n) molekulární struktura stable isotope (adj+n) stabilní izotop common (adj) obvyklý environment (n) životní prostředí combines with … to form reaguje s … a vytvoří… be exposed to (v+prep) / exposure (n) být vystaven (chemikálii)/ vystavení se treat (v) ošetřit cause (v) způsobit high/low levels (adj+n) vysoké / nízké hladiny sample (n) vzorek volatile (adj) těkavý dispose of (v+prep) zbavit se powder (n) prášek