žGlobal health governance has been defined as concerning ´the collective forms, from the sub-national to the global level, which address issues with global dimensions (Lee and Goodman, 2002:115) ž žBoth statist and globalist perspectives agree on the utility of global health governance, žStatists - utilility of global governance in its capacity to co-ordinate states ž ž žGlobalists - global health governance as a new form of politics that transceds state sovereignty and directs the focus on individual and their vulnerabilities žIn the post-Westphalian governance, some non-state actors have the financial and political clout to shape international health agendas more than some government ž(Davies, 2010:32) žInternational organization žCreation of WHO was a two-year process of drafting what would become the 1946 constitution žSigned 1948 by 61 countries (now 192) žWorld Health Assembly (WHA) ž ž žWHO mandate was to assist the attaingment by all people of the highest possible level of health, defined as a state of complete phisical, menbtal adn social well-being žAnd not merely the absense of disease of infirmity (WHA, 2006:1) žWHA (2006): Constitution of the World Healt Assembly. Geneva: Horld Health Organization. žWHO s contribution to global health policy has proceeded though 4 phases žFirst phase - WHO establishment 1948- mid 70s, organization focused on technical matters ž žControl of specific diseases žVs. comprehensive health care ž žVertical programmes- not integrated into health care systems ž žDuring this phase, emphasis was placed on reducing morbidity (disease) and mortality through massive vertical programmes žAccording to this strategy, health care efforts would be directed at eradicating single deseases such as small pox or would focue on one primary health initiative such as nutrition (Davies, 2010:35) ž žThis was a period of medical marvels, penicillin prove to be a magic bullet, for most infections, while vaccine development was at it peak žEradication of smallpox by a global programme let by WHO demonstrated the potential of medical advancement ž žImportantly for WHO, showed that interntational organizatios were capable of leading large and multifaceted project with immediate impact (Burci,podle Davies, 2010:35). ž žA new director general Halfan Mahler (1973-1988) žMade his tenure primarily about humanitarism - using hte offices of Who to advocate primary health care and healt equity as the day to improve lives of millions arougn the worlds ž(Davies, 2010:35) ž žMahler sought to use the legitimacy that WHO had reated as a leader in the technical health matters to advocate for public health policies that would improve the health welfare of all humankind ž(Davies, 2010:35-36) ž žIn some respect, Mahler´s position was a middle ground between those who want WHO to focus on primary healt care aht those who wanted to continue focusing on technical missues, whic no doubt explains his widely ackowledge success as director- genreal ž(Davies, 2010:36) ž žLeading to the 1978 Alma Ata Declaration on Primary Health Care and the some arugen unrealistic Healt for all in teh year 2000 statement ž(Davies, 2010:36) ž žAt the same time Mahler sought to continue the organizations technical focus wt pragmatic, low-cost intervention such as Gobi - growth monitoring to fight malnutrition in children ž žOral rehydration techniques to defeat diarheal diseases žBreastfeeding to rpotect children and immunization with Unicef žMahled advocated international equality and rational use of resources ž žAlong wt UNICEF Mahler challenged the food intustrypromotion of infant formulas over breast milk, leadig to the development of International Code on Breast Milks Substitutes ž ž žRaising questions about pharmaceutical practices and pricing which led to the creation of the Essential Medicines List ž(Davies, 2010:36) ž žThe internationally agreed framework of 8 goals and 18 targets was complemented by 48 technical indicators to measure progress towards the Millennium Development Goals. žThese indicators have since been adopted by a consensus of experts from the United Nations, IMF, OECD and the World Bank. . žEach indicator below is linked to millennium data series as well as to background series related to the target in question. žTarget 1. Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than $1 a day žIndicators 1. Proportion of population below $1 (1993 PPP) per day (World Bank) a* 2. Poverty gap ratio [incidence x depth of poverty] (World Bank) 3. Share of poorest quintile in national consumption (World Bank) ž žTarget 2. Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger žIndicators 4. Prevalence of underweight children under five years of age (UNICEF-WHO) 5. Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption (FAO) ž žGoal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education žTarget 3. Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling žIndicators 6. Net enrolment ratio in primary education (UNESCO) 7. Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5 (UNESCO) b* 8. Literacy rate of 15-24 year-olds (UNESCO) žTarget 4. Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015 žIndicators 9. Ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education (UNESCO) ž ž10. Ratio of literate women to men, 15-24 years old (UNESCO) 11. Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector (ILO) 12. Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament (IPU) žTarget 4. Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015 žIndicators 9. Ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education (UNESCO) ž ž10. Ratio of literate women to men, 15-24 years old (UNESCO) 11. Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector (ILO) 12. Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament (IPU) žTarget 5. Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate žIndicators 13. Under-five mortality rate (UNICEF-WHO) 14. Infant mortality rate (UNICEF-WHO) 15. Proportion of 1 year-old children immunized against measles (UNICEF-WHO) ž žTarget 6. Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio žIndicators 16. Maternal mortality ratio (UNICEF-WHO) 17. Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel (UNICEF-WHO) ž žTarget 7. Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS žIndicators 18. HIV prevalence among pregnant women aged 15-24 years (UNAIDS-WHO-UNICEF) 19. Condom use rate of the contraceptive prevalence rate (UN Population Division) c* ž ž19a. Condom use at last high-risk sex (UNICEF-WHO) 19b. Percentage of population aged 15-24 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS (UNICEF-WHO) d* 19c. Contraceptive prevalence rate (UN Population Division) 20. Ratio of school attendance of orphans to school attendance of non-orphans aged 10-14 years (UNICEF-UNAIDS-WHO) žTarget 8. Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases žIndicators 21. Prevalence and death rates associated with malaria (WHO) ž ž22. Proportion of population in malaria-risk areas using effective malaria prevention and treatment measures (UNICEF-WHO) e* 23. Prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis (WHO) 24. Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under DOTS (internationally recommended TB control strategy) (WHO) žTarget 9. Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs and reverse the loss of environmental resources žIndicators 25. Proportion of land area covered by forest (FAO) 26. Ratio of area protected to maintain biological diversity to surface area (UNEP-WCMC) ž27. Energy use (kg oil equivalent) per $1 GDP (PPP) (IEA, World Bank) 28. Carbon dioxide emissions per capita (UNFCCC, UNSD) and consumption of ozone-depleting CFCs (ODP tons) (UNEP-Ozone Secretariat) 29. Proportion of population using solid fuels (WHO) ž žTarget 10. Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation žIndicators 30. Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source, urban and rural (UNICEF-WHO) ž31. Proportion of population with access to improved sanitation, urban and rural (UNICEF-WHO) žTarget 11. Have achieved by 2020 a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers žIndicators 32. Proportion of households with access to secure tenure (UN-HABITAT) ž žTarget 12. Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, nondiscriminatory trading and financial system (includes a commitment to good governance, development, and poverty reduction?both nationally and internationally) ž žTarget 13. Address the special needs of the Least Developed Countries (includes tariff- and quota-free access for Least Developed Countries)exports, enhanced program of debt relief for heavily indebted poor countries [HIPCs] and cancellation of official bilateral debt, and more generous official development assistance for countries committed to poverty reduction) ž žTarget 14. Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island developing states (through the Program of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and 22nd General Assembly provisions) ž žTarget 15. Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term ž