JAF3 Unit 2: WATER


Task 1: Do you understand the idioms below?

A) I can't seem to get my head above water. Work just keeps piling up.

B) Bill got in deep water in algebra class. The class is too difficult for him, and he's almost
failing.

C) Things were going along quite smoothly until you came along and muddied the water.

D) George and I were friends once, but that's all water under the bridge now.

E) You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make it drink.

F) You can't close the airport because one airline has problems - that's just throwing out the baby
with the bath water.

G) I think you would like working here, and I'm happy to offer you the job. Come on in, the water's
fine.


Task 2: Discuss in pairs:

1.    What do you think about alternative sources of energy, like hydropower?

2.    Do you try to save water? If so, how do you do it?

3.    Do you prefer to take a shower or a bath?

4.    How much water a day do you drink? Is it bottled or tap water? Still or fizzy?

5.    Do you like swimming? Why/ why not? If so, how often do you go swimming? Where to? Why is
swimming considered beneficial to our health?

6.    Do you do any other water sports? Which ones?

7.    What is your favourite natural water reservoir (for swimming in the summer or walks or for
water sports)?


Task 3: Read the quiz below and decide whether the sentences about water properties are true or
false:


1.    Water contracts when it freezes.

2.    Water has a high surface tension.

3.    Condensation is water coming out of the air.

4.    More things can be dissolved in sulphuric acid than in water.

5.    Rainwater is the purest form of water.

6.    Sea water is slightly more basic (the pH value is higher) than most natural fresh water.

7.    Raindrops are tear-shaped.

8.    Water boils at a lower temperature at Denver (5,000 feet above sea level) than at the beach.

9.    Distilled water is water that has many of its impurities removed through the process of
boiling and then condensing the steam into a clean container.





Task 4: Read the text, fill in the gaps with suitable prepositions and complete the information
chart below (adapted from: www.wikipedia.org)

                                           Water (H[2]O)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/H2O_2D_labelled.svg/135px-H2O_2D_labelled.
                                              svg.png

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Water_molecule_3D.svg/106px-Water_molecule
                                            _3D.svg.png

                                            Properties

Molecular formula


Molar mass

Appearance

Density




Melting point


Boiling point

Conductivity

Surface tension






                                             Structure

Crystal structure




Dipole moment


Water is the chemical substance with chemical formula H[2]O: one molecule of water has two hydrogen
atoms covalently bonded to a single oxygen atom. Water is a tasteless, odourless liquid
_________ambient temperature and pressure, and appears colourless ______ small quantities, although
it has its own intrinsic very light blue hue. Ice also appears colourless, and water vapour is
essentially invisible ________ a gas.

Water is primarily a liquid under standard conditions, which is not predicted from its relationship
_________ other analogous hydrides of the oxygen family in the periodic table, which are gases such
as hydrogen sulphide. The reason that water forms a liquid is that oxygen is more electronegative
than all of these elements _______the exception of fluorine. Oxygen attracts electrons much more
strongly than hydrogen, resulting ______ a net positive charge on the hydrogen atoms, and a net
negative charge on the oxygen atom. The presence of a charge on each of these atoms gives each
water molecule a net dipole moment (1.85D). Its molar mass equals 18.01528(33) g/mol.

When cooled from room temperature liquid water becomes increasingly dense, as with other
substances, but at approximately 4 °C (39 °F), pure water reaches its maximum density of
1000 kg/m^3. The solid form of most substances is denser than the liquid phase; thus, a block of
most solids will sink in the liquid. However, a block of ice floats in liquid water because ice is
less dense. Upon freezing, the density of water decreases ________ about 9% and reaches 917 kg/m^3.
This is due to the 'cooling' of intermolecular vibrations allowing the molecules to form steady
hydrogen bonds with their neighbours and thereby gradually locking into positions reminiscent of
the hexagonal packing achieved upon freezing to ice I[h][  ](the hexagonal crystal form of ordinary
frozen water). Water also expands significantly as the temperature increases. Water near the
boiling point (99.98 °C, 211.97 °F, 373.13 K) is about 96 per cent as dense as water at 4°C.

Air pressure affects the boiling point of water, which is why it takes longer to boil an egg at
Denver, Colorado than at the beach. At higher altitudes the air pressure is lower, which means that
the boiling point of water is lower. Thus, it takes longer to hard-boil an egg. At sea level water
boils at 212°F (100°C), while at 5,000 feet, water boils at 202.9°F (94.9 °C). The melting point of
ice is 0°C (32°F, 273.15°K) at standard pressure, however, pure liquid water can be supercooled
well below that temperature without freezing if the liquid is not mechanically disturbed. It can
remain in a fluid state down to its homogeneous nucleation point of approximately 231°K (−42°C).

Water has a high surface tension of 72.8 mN/m at room temperature, caused _______ the strong
cohesion between water molecules, the highest of the non-metallic liquids. This can be seen when
small quantities of water are placed _______ a sorption-free (non-adsorbent and non-absorbent)
surface, such as polyethylene or Teflon, and the water stays together as drops. Just as
significantly, air trapped _______ surface disturbances forms bubbles, which sometimes last long
enough to transfer gas molecules to the water.

Pure water does not conduct electricity. Water becomes a conductor once it starts dissolving
substances around it.


Read the text once again and find words corresponding with these synonyms,  phrases or definitions:

Par.1: circling/rotating; basic/elemental; colour;

Par.2: mainly; a binary compound formed by hydrogen and another, usually more electropositive,
element or group; a compound of sulphur with a more electropositive element or, less often, a
group;

Par.3: circa; raise on surface; because of; firmly placed or fixed; by that/ and so; similar to;
enlarge;

Par.4: the height of anything above a given planetary reference plane, especially above sea level
on earth; composed of parts or elements that are all of the same kind;

Par.5: the act or state of uniting, or sticking together; gathering (a gas, liquid, or dissolved
substance) on a surface in a condensed layer; capable of/tending to suck up or soak up;

Par.6: to serve as a channel or medium; to melt, liquefy;







Task 5: Watch the video (source: http://www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/hydro.htm) and complete the
script with what you can hear.

170 000 cubic metres of water flow past here every minute at almost 60 km/h, that’s enough water to
fill about a hundred thousand 1_______________________ every day. Standing here you can actually
feel the power of the water. Harnessing that power is what hydroelectric stations have been
designed to do for over a hundred years on Ontario. In essence, they’re factories that convert the
energy of falling water into the 2_______________________, or what is commonly called electricity.
Electricity that powers the province.

Most hydroelectric stations use either water diverted around the natural 3_____________________,
such as a waterfall or rapids or a damn is built across a river to raise the water level and
provide the drop needed to create the 4________________. Water at the higher level is collected in
the forebay. It flows through the plant intake into a pipe called the penstock, which
5________________ to a turbine water wheel at the lower water level. The water pressure increases
as it flows down the penstock. It is this is pressure and flow that drives the turbine that is
connected to the generator.

Inside the generator is the rotor that is spun by the turbine. Large 6_______________ are attached
to the rotor located within coils of 7__________________________ called the stator. As the
generator rotor spins the magnets, a flow of electrons is created in the coils of the stator. This
produces electricity that can be stepped up in voltage through the 8_________________, and sent
across 9__________________.

The falling water, having served its purpose, exits the generating station to the tailrace, where
it 10________________________ of the river, to continue the cycle of creating clean, renewable
energy for Ontario.

Task 6: Now label the parts of a hydroelectric station in the picture below, using the information
from the listening.


hydropower station, ss.jpeg